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exile in the ear O7'. The occasion vllicli eventuassy led to the compositiono the de sacerdotio is describe a considerable tengili in the pening hapter of this realise an a raefflatenaent vili suffice here' Chrysostoni ha been onili potnt of entering upo the monastic lis in company viil his intimat menci Basil, viae he learn that hetin Basi ha been chosen or consecration a bishops, though they vere not et even deacons. Chrysostona 'sileeri Sense of the weight and responsibilitnis the
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X INTRODUCTIONpraestinossice, and of his o vn unu orthiness, inade hirnshrint isoni the de os ordination. O in other hanci, he considere inat Basil Was eminenti fitte sorthe cluties of a hishop andine resolved that in Churchshould not lose in services of his mend 'Vlien ineresore Basi proposed inat thenshouae acti concert, an Should together ither accepi or rejectine prosteret honour, Chrysostona retende to aC- quiesCe, Whsse at in fame time resolvin to talce separate action Thus when the time os consecrationarraved Basil vas seige ami brought besore thetistiops: and was aes consecrate i in spite of hi rellaClance. Chrysostor laad inean hil conceale himself, and vas nowhere tora e ound Basil, who at the time of his consecratio hare been assured that Ch sostom liadalready submitte to be Consecrated, oon discoveredili deception vllicli his men had practised Hevisite Chrysostor in the herniit' celi vhere the lalter hac apparently talcen refuge. Asine struggled vit his
emotion, Chrysostom burs into laus liter, an expressed his leasure at the succes of his tot but bein re-proached by Basi in language of great dignit ancigentieness, he proceede to desen an to explain his
ili account is parti imagina , vas viliin to bethought to have hewn,-it must O be orgoite that severa os the ather talce a viei disserent Dona urow o the subject os pious fraud. and that ivliat Chrysostona carrieci ut in practice had been advocate l
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LNTRODUCTIO M long besore his time talces, hoWever, Inuch urerground When, in explanationi his conduci, he enlarges upo in heau responsit ilities of the episcopa office, combine 1 9 1 his xv unfitness, as in cause of his desertionis Basil si 'o vi I 3). In these eloquent in lmovin descriptions os the dignit of the praesthoodlies e main interes of the present vo k 1t is ineseuthici have given i iis ille περὶ ἱερωσυνης, and whichinalce itis permanent valuerio the clergyis evet age. The date ivlaei the evenis bove describe took place is probalal 373 a year o so besore Ch Sostomle Antioch, and entered pon that se os monasticretirement aulaiCh, as velave Seen laste unii 38o. The date os the composition os theo sacerdotio is a quite distinc question and Dor ancient times disterent opinions have been hel on inis subjecto. Someliave assigne the work o Chrysoston ' diaconate 38I-386), ther to an earlier period inat vhicli hepasse in retirenient 37 38o). It can, I inlc, be
present edition. I. Internat evidence of the de sacerdotio.
I a Socrates' the Chureli historian fim centu ), and George of Alexandria isevent centuσ), tellis at
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κiI INTRODUCTIONChrysostona Composed in de sacerdotio Gr1n his dia- Conate. Omine ther hand Synaeon etaphrastes tenui centu hassigns the work to the earlier perio 37 38o. in Chrysostor himself, in a sermon preactae ait Antioch, the genuinenes of whic is beyon question, reser to a vork on in praesinoo whichine intentis toput listi at a future date. his xx oin annot be ther
ciose similarii y illi the topic hancile in ine ab sacemistio, attine solio vin analysis os in passage vili prove. Ch sostonicis spealcingi in audacit of Κin UZetiali, who transgresse against the Lord his God, and ventinio the temple os the Lor 1 to bur incense pon thealtaris incense. an is te to speal of the office of the praest a greater tha that of the cinx ἱερωσυνη γαρ καὶ αὐτης της βασιλείας σεμνοτέρα, και μείζων ἐστὶν ἀρχη'. The throne of the praesthood is et innotinearth like that of the cing, ut in heaven τίς ταυτὰ
Cp. de ac ii 5 άπερ in ἐκνὐσωνται κάτω o ἱερεις, ταυτα ὁ θεὸς νωκυροῖ καὶ τὴν των δούλων γνώμην ὁ δεσποτης βεβαιοῖ. ole also inesimilarisse of δεσποτης an δουλος in the wo passages.
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LNTROD NON HIσυνης, καὶ σον της αξίας το μέγεθος, ἐν τέρω καρον δηλώσομεν. Novgii de sace otio se sootnotes Contain a Comparison etween the praestinand the inelyoffices, in favour of that os the praest it contains e Sarne quotation rom Si mali hew's Gospei, sed so the Same purpos an it Contain the fame remaricabie expression inat God confarans above in heaven wliat the praest oes, o decides, belo on alet h). There Seem to be no oom so doubi inat theri reatis omine praesthood promise in ine vord περὶ Ῥωσύνης. .. ἐν ἐτέρφ κα. δηλώσομεν is the treatis Whicla v POSSeSS. II. The evidenc astorde by the de sacerdotio itfel supporis the conclusion inat it belong notrio inetime os monastic retirenient, haut to a later perio in Chrysostona's life The maturity of thought an i sobrietyos tone Whicli appea in is vork, a Contrasted villatiae characteristic os vritings of undoubtedi earlydate, re proos that it maric a later developniento Ch sostoni' min and ullook Pon the worid. This is particulari noliceat te in What he says of the asceti lis of the monices Toward monastiCiSm Chrysostoni adopis in the de sacerdotio a Cratical notrio Saria antagonistic altitude, vhicli oes no harmonige villi the viei that he was himself a monte ulae he vrote this vo k l ut is entiret consistent vitia the vie that at the time os iuratiniit he had reata abandonedili asceti lis an ha been ordaine so the ordina service of the Church. Thus externa an interna eviden e combine tostaex that the de sacerdotio is later than the time os
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xIV INTRODUCTIONsrom Ch sostor himself, reachin mas no par of thedur os a deacon but vas confine to in bisho and the wiser of the presbyters ' enceolae sermon inquestion is ceri des later inanili sostona' ordinationas presbyter Bardenhe ver places it in 386. Tillemoni andionifaucon incline to place it later stili, in 388. Thus 386 is in te inus post quem so the date os
the de sacerdotio. The eminus ante quem is affordeclla Jerome, Who, in a voin writte in 392, refers to the de sacerdotio a at ready known to hini . Andove must apparenti Place the eminus ante quem earlier ilia 39 in orde to allo v the reputationis the twol tinae toreac Jeronae. ence ue inser that the de sacerdotio Was vritte bet veen the ear 386 an irim. The late of the work cannot e haps be fixe with greater reCiSion o the evidence no v avallabie. Buti xve nia have recoum tora priori considerations, veshali incline to place the date at the beginning ratherethan
o Ch sostona' praesthood vas the natura an fittinginomen sor in to publisti a vois in ivhicli the ignclainis of the praesthoodore so strongi emphasiged, and iis prerogatives o lowingi describe l. Again, this vas also a natura momen sor in to et fontito the wori the me motives of his actio at the
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ta Chrysostoni that he vili assist Basil by his counse in sulfilling the uties of his office.
It is no always asyrio distinguisti ine various Stagmo Chrysostom' argument, Whicla is sonae ullat desulio an is at times interrupted , digressions. 4 OCCaSionali return to araxit Ject vhicla e seenieci to have sullydiscusse atready Tlius the Eucharist is ivvice describe lin much the fame ternas' the sanie nia be sal of the contrast hiet veen the praest anil the monic', and thesaulis os Chrysostona's Character The genuinenes of the de sacerdotio is attested by
quotations ingui frona it by the solio ving authors: i George of Aleκandria sevent century quotes
et Suidas tenth century singles ut the de sacerdotio sor prais on account of iis admirabie style an iis tost eloquence' e also quote froni it two passages o considerable tengili'. 3 innonymus Scriptor vitae Chrysostonii' aster