Perí hierōsýnēs (De sacerdotio) of St. John Chrysostom

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the consent os the presbyter o deacons and ordem hin to retuler an account of thos revenues to the provincia synod Chrysostoni divelis pon the necessityos alcin precautions against a possitae Charge os mis- appropriation os the fund of the Church arul hiso vn later experience Ilustrates the importance of the δ The right o Churcli patronage vas veSte in the bishop. e, is a rute, coliate to the benefiCes villiin his diocese, conserring by ordination to a Particular litter the spirituat auras lictio 3vhicli dre v xvith

N. C. c

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The office os protectin ali inat avere distresse lanc helples was assigne to bishops Arnon these

No vhere, probably, have the responsibilities of the Episcopa office been more suli set orth than in the

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describe Livit greater eloquence an Chrysostoni the priviles es of that office, an in opportunities sor good assorde trio litin umo holdscit.

The de sacerdotio ina be Considere theonost celebrate i realise, at least os thos ivritte in ancient times, o the subjectis the praesti office and praesti diities. But Chrysostor is hymo means alone in deatins xviininis subjeci . The majority of the Fathers. as D S vetehas Sat 1 vere not only writer an preachers, but diligent an experience guide os fouis ' Thus Cyprian, Ambrose Basu, Theodoret ali have contribute to athocly o Pastoraua vilicia has in recent ear eSPeCiassy, done much to stimulate an encourage the pastoralactivities of men place in the naidsi os a civilisationver disterent Doni at o whicli thos Fathers vrote.

os Gregor osmagianetus, in vise of is ministrorum os St Ambrose, Si Jeronae's leti e to Nepotianus, the re M pastoralis o Gregor the Great, and the de moribus et in cis episcoporem os St Bernard. I. The secon oration o Gregor os agiangus, nam Heluia froni the factisat it vas urittemio κplain his regison sor voluntarii xvit,ira in frona in praest

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has long been regarde a closely alcin to the de sacem dotio sor Gregor talces the opportunit o describing the importance an in responsibilities os fine praestly office Dor in fame potnti viein acinat whicli ve findi Chrysostom. An examination os in is sacerdotio and the de fura si te by fide heius many clos parallelSanc resemblances both os subject-matte and of phra. Seolog whicli an carcet hie entiret due to accident. Thus the topic os voluntat retirement is haritale in both os these vorks in in sanie way in both wein alistis ine chies herestes prevallinii thedourth centu : in both in suggestion that ill-regulate violenc against any give heres inandrive us into a heresnos opposite tendency in both a long and elaborate encomtum Ponine character and woricis Si aut . The is se a date Doni 362 an in de sacerdotio a xv have Seen is abolit a quarter of a Centur later. The question os an indeblednes os the later to theearlier vori cannot perilaps be definitet decided butit seenis at any rate probat te that chrysostoni Masacquainted villa the de via'. e mob ly cne v fand sympathieted vith the actionis Gregorros Naziangusin resignin his se in 381, a sexu ear before in de sacerdotio vas vriti en and is so this sympath may have turne his thoughis to vard the work in vhicli

Μigne xxxv o6 asseris that both in Goacerdotio and the remula fauoralis see laeto lare a mere expansionis the desum.

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a. The de incias ministrorem frat Ambrose in three books date about 39 H, is a manualis Christianethic vulticia derives great importance roni the oble

iis uinor. The ori os in treatis is suggeste by Cicero' de inciis, o hicla it present an interesting

R. emblances to Chrysostoni have been detected ina vori de Hortate sacerdotali, attributed tori Ambrose This vork however, is Spurious an os late date. 3. Si Geronae' lette to Nepotianus se iii date 394 contains an interestin discussion os the luties of the presbyter anc monk of that time.

4. The re M or cura pastoralis os Gregor the Great Bishomos Ronae 39 to 6 h vas uritie by hinaso the instructionis his clergy, an is os specia interestio Englishmen ecause ins Alsred thought so hi lyo it that he himself translate it so the se of the Englis clero os his time. The original voin, whichat ne tinae vas give to ver bishoria his Consecration, resembles in de sacerdotio in in emphasis ivliichi lays pon the necessit os the stud of individualtemperaments by the priest, and the value os knowledge

of human nature .

s. Si Bernard of Clairvaux, who die II 33, 3vrotea voin entit te de morseus et o ro episcoporum, vhichii addresse tomen , Archbisho os Sens. The de consideratione also present many oint os resemblanceto the wo k of Chrysostom.

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Τlae treatis is cast in ine ornit a dialogue o themode os inose os Plato hiet xx een Chrysostor an Basil: 1 ut Chrysoston has by sar in large sitare allotte tohim, aini in in later book Basi is sor in most part a

The style os in de sacerdotio is ighi elaborate l,

an bears lea trace os in care ivlaici Chrysostomtook viui it composition. t long in osten complicate period are constructed notae basis of therules os Greel inetoric. ne sentence may be cite attenm in illustratio of this καθά περ γὰρ οἱ σωμάτωνερῶντες, ως μὰν ν πλησίον εἶναι των ἐρωμένων ta, χαλεπωτέραν του πάθους την βάσανον εχουσιν, ταν δεῶς πορρωτάτω των ποθουμένων ἐαυτούς ἀπαγώγωσι, καιτην μανίαν ἀπηλασαμ ουτω καὶ τοῖς ταύτης ἐπιθυμοῖσιτης αρχῆς, ταν μὲν πλησίον αυτης γένωνται, ἀφόρητον γίγνεται το κακον, ταν δὲ ἀπελπίσωσι, καὶ την επιθυμίαν μετὰ της προσδοκίας σβεσαν . In is sentence ve have is Caresul a Sem παρίσωσις an παρομοίωσις

as in Isocrates himselfoclier traces of the influenceis ines hietorices trainingos Chrysostoni pon his trilings may be een in therepetitionis vorcis o the falce os emphasis, an in the

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LNTROD NON Xκκui Them equentis os similes an metaphorci charac teristic os in Syria school an no ne emplo theminore frequently an Chrysostoni The vocabula is the de sacerdotis Contains, ac fila in elevation os the subJect anil style, Certain votas vhicli are more frequent in metr inan in prose' ere

again ve are rem iri te of Ρlato. The reatis contains severa reserenCes, whic arehere Collected, o Classica authors.

b Sophocles ina possibi be referre t in ne

passage': but is is uncertain. o Euripides alatos certaint suggest to ChiγSo-Stom a sentimenti in sub)ectis invalids d Aristophanes seenis to be imitate in ne passage'. There is soni reason to belleve at Chrysostom vas son os readin Aristophanes', vho probat ly t-

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1 The Basil vho ecante Bisho o Raphanea, to v in Syria noto sar Doni Antioch. his suit ine conclusionis the dialogue virere Chrysostor PronaiSesto visit his men Doni timeo time. In his inere vovici he no difficult is one vas at Antioch, in otherat Raphanea. IV fin a Basi bisho o Raphanea present at the Synod os Constantinopi in 38 I, eight

years aster the probabie date os in consecrationis e Basil of the de sacerdotio. This is the lexv vhichiseenis to have gaine generalacceptance. It is adopte i sor instance, by Fronto Ducaeus, Baronius, Tissenioni, ontiauCon, Barden

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et Basi in Greetit, bishomo Caesarea in Cappadocia This te vos thought to gesin suppori rom a passage in the historia Socrates hiat Socrates' vords, righil considered, meret prove that Chrysostom vas intimate ii Basilis Caesarea ine have no reserenceto the die sacerdotio. The great Basil, vlio vas bor in 33 accordin to iners in ar), was a leastra Lyears older an Ch sostona, an ineresore could Carcelyliave been a the Basi os the dialogue certainly vas

Chrysostona's sellox, student. Oreove in Consecrationos Basi as Usho o Caesarea uould naturali talce place at Caesarea noto Antioch an is, a seenas certain the de sacerdotio vas miten iste 38o it uould SCarcet have been possibi sor Chrysostom to excludeat reserencerio Basir note vorthy episcopale at Caesarea

37 379 hac the Basilis the dialogue an Basi the

Basilius. It is clear roni the dialogue iself that the

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circumstances in ivllic Chrysostor deceived his mendurere videly known an hac been Deelymanvassed ancline change of nanae volit have been quite purposet S.

The distance bet veen Antioch and opsuestia in Cilicia,

3 It has also been hel inat in character, and

ineresore in narne, o Basi is a pure figment os Chrysostom's imagination. It is surelybeyonc questionina the pisocle o whicli the de sacerdotio is base lis an historical one, o ineret invented an so ithas been talcen by an ver ulielmin majorityi inose who have vritte o in subjeci.

I. Lis of the mos important Editions. I. The de sacerdotio vas prinie separatet longbesore in appearance of the farsi complete editio of the work of Chrysostoni in in original Greetc. In Isa in editio princeps of the de ara vas issue Donathe rinting res os mel en, at Basle. It containedine Greel texi, vitii a prelator letter ad iresse byErasnaus to Vilibald tricheimer, the learne humanist