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I. V knowledge of the hie facts an dates in the lis of
Tacitus est maint on allusion in his mori tings and thoseos his frien the o unge Pli ny Who addresses severa letters tollim an osten spealis of him in thers. His praenomen is no mentione in his corresponden ce, an dis differenti give by later aut horities a Gaius o Publius. issam ii connexion are unknown; ut he would appea to have been the firs of his nam to atta in senatoria rank, though os sufficient position to have egu his cursus honorum at theearli est, or almos the earli est, legat age os e can hardi have been or earlier than 32-54 A. D. an mus have been quaestorno later than 79 . . by hicli time e ad also received inmani age the aughter of Agricola, ho a at ready a con Sular, an one of the firs me in the State. Hi boyhood salis thus unde the timem Nerou his assumptiono the toga virilis' ould coincide, o nearly so, illi the terribie year o Galba Otho, an Vitellius his early manhood was pentunde Uespasian an Titus ohe prime of his lis unde Domitian the memor of hos tyrann is Seen in ali his historica writings, whicli, ere compose a various dates in the great time of Trajan. Mos of his lis may be supposed to have been pent in Rome, here e ecame ne of the eader of the Bar, an one of thebest nown iterata nam es of Rome so that a strange sitiingnex to im a the games, and findita hi in to e a manis letters, asked hether he was mali in to Tacitus oro Pli ny . He is surther nown as havin been consul suffectus an in that capacit colle ague illi Nerva in 7 A. D. an as associaled illi Pli ny in the prosecution o Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, in
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io A. D. his is the last fac in his lis definitet known and there is no eviden e that heiullive Trajan. I. The Annals more properi entit lex Libri ab excessu divi Augusti, comprisin in si Xtee Books the histor of sty-Muryears frona the death of Augustus to that o Nero, are the latest in date of his ritings, an are hown by an allusion to the Easter conquest o Trajan ii Ι, et to have been publisti edat om date no earlier than IIS A. D. an probabi besore theretrocession of the aster fronti e unde Hadrian in II A. D. Theirst si Books, Compri Sing the principat o Tiberius, reSt ona single manuscript calle the FirS Medi Cean writte probabi in the tentii or eleventi Centvry, and o preserve at Floren ce. The ex o Book Xi-Xii, i ven in his volume, is based on a S. known a theraecon Medicean, hicli containsal that we have o Book xi vi besides at the extant par of the Histories, illi the exception os i 69-73 and 1 86-ii 2. It is known to have been sent rom FlorenCe to Rome in I 427 A. D. , hut it was horti asterward returne to Floren Ce, here it paSSed to the Conventi St. Mark, and thence to the Laurentia Library, where it stili rem ains Other existin MSS. cannot e proveclto he of earlier date, an are generali regarde a based i nolinthe Medi ean S itSelf, at an ratem the fame SourCera that stomwhicli it was ahen, thei variations heing et ther attempte dimendations o preserving the right ex in places Where the original letters of Med. have become illegibi an been reproduce by a lateriand. Material a allabia Io Tacuus. 3. It is no Tacitus usua practice to give the ames of theauthorities homi followed, and in the Case of therars si Books of the Annalsi cloes somni t vice, mention in the histor of the German wars by C. Plinius, in i 69, 3, and the memoirs of theyounge Agrippina in iv 3, 3. In ach of these cases it ould appea that he is here giving Someth in overtooked by the ther aut hors hom e usuali followed. As a ule his reserence are
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mades in heret aenerat terna he speatis auctores and ptores.' introduces state ment quidam tradidere,' serunt, or tradunt.' and the numberos Such expression indicates that the ources Dona hicli e gathere his materiais e re abundant. Not many ames of the historians ho deali it the periodcovered by the Annati re main, ho ever. Os Contemporata account Sos Tiberius times ali that is extant is no containe in a se paS- sage of Valerius Maximus, an in the clos in portion os Velleius Paterculus histo . publi Shed in O A. D. in hicli is a hortrahet chos the firs siXteen ear os Tiberius rei It is not known Panyother historie o Tiberius rei ere produce in his lilatinae, butsoon aster his death severat Works, nox lost, came ut here asTiberius' own autobiography, referre to by Suetonius Tib. I in; there a a volume os memoti s by the ounge Agrippina, givinga account of the inne histor os the our an sanati os Tiberius, whicli probabi supplied Suetonius illi much of the scandal hichii repent S, and may have greatly influence the historians hoprecede Tacitus by hos time the book seem to have passedout os circulation and Claudius also rote an autobiography, as ellas a genera histor sto the en of the civit ars onwards, a voluminous or in orty-three Bootis It is also nown that M. Seneca, the ather of ero' tutor, compose a histor froin thebeginning of the civit ars to a time horti besore his own eat hothis too place early in the rei gn os GaiuS, O that e may OnjeC- ture that his histor went down to the death os Tiberius. innother famous historian, os a lighil later date, a M. Servilius Nonianus, who was consul in 33 A. D. and di ed in s A. D. bucit is notinown hat was the period with whichie deali. more information re main a tothe work of Aufidius Bassus, ho die finio A. D. he wrote a historyof the wars of the Roman in Germany as et a a generali isto , to hich a continuation a sortite by the et de Pliny, and asPli ny calle this continuation histor os his o vn times, Bassus wor probably en to the time o Claudius Pli ny also roteanother or in t ent Look o the wars of thes Roman in Germany but illi the exception os his Natura HisIor ' his rit-
Ait these wouldae avat labierio Tacitus a materia so the historycontaine in his volume Later aut hors, o hom Tacitus resers
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in his histor os Nero 'sustigia, ere M. Cluvius Rusus, a comparatonos Nero in reece, author os a histor sprobably Do Gaius to Uitellius. Fabius Rusticus, ne os Tacitus aut horities for his reat-ment of ritain Agr. Io, in and the genera Corbulo xiii et :xv 6). Other materials vallabie so the Annals generalty ould ebiographies of famous men, such a that, produced later of Thraseab Arulenus Rusticus, and thos reserre t by Tacitus a prece dentisor his own or o Agricola A r. I). Frona Such a So urcelle probabi dre hi sanowledge of the cases os victim si Tiberius, whicli ha been testinrecordedi his other aut horities se vi , 6 . There ould also e funera orations o public men publishedspeeches, an collections os letters like that published lateri theyounge Pliny. There ere also the public record acta or commentarii senatus' ad been hept since the firs consuis hipo Julius Caesar, hora the fame time also started thes acta diurna urbis, the dati garet te chronici in proceeclings in the Couris and hie event of public importance an Tacitus made use of both e. g. v 74, 3 iii 3, 2. The event of Which e rote, too, eresufficienti nea to his own dansor a considerable amount of tradition abolit them to e stili existin and worth recording, a the frequeno, serunt, traditur,' c. besore torie cite by him
Historical ame of the Annais. 4. A Dio complains, it a more dissiculi sor historians to gelat the truth unde the Empire than unde the Republic Politi swere o longe so the generat public in jurisdiction, in the
administratio of the provinces, an in the conduci of war, muchwas done by the princeps an his private adviser that could onlybecome nown rom ossicia version issue at the time, o Domsuch reminiscenCe as generat o imperia ossiciat care to publis hsubsequently Person out si de govemment circle rema ined at themercy of the ossicia version remini Scences of a genera might emere sei Gglorification Tacitus belleve limself to e writing
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impartialty and was a diligent student an compiter of material S,aim in a basin his narrative consensus auctorum.' ut lilae ther ancient historians e probabi ha litile sense of the necessit os correcti estimat in the intrinsic merit of the aut hors stom hom e re his materiai. An d in the earlier par of the Annals it is more than probable that his portrait o Tiberius sunta iri coloured because he has rawn or his facts pon authorities violenti prejudice against that monarch. For Such Suspicion against the subject-mat ter of the Mur las books there istes Mundation. The evenis there recorde too place in Tacitus' own Childhood as a oung man e mus have ad requent
opportunit of meet in and alliing ith peopleolio ad lived unde Nero, an in the light of hat he ear stom them hewould e les likel to e misi e by the writers hom e Consul ted i the were uili of mis representation. An these riters ere certaint in a position to kno the facis. Tacitus conception V Me funuion of historF. S. Tacitus professe purpos in rit in histor is a moralone, to e Scue virtve Dona oblivion, and that base ord and
deed should have the ea os post humous infamy' iii 63, i) hewishes, in laci, o influence me in the right directio by hold ingu examples of nobi conduci or imitation, o base conduci foravo id ance A the fame time it is his imo potnt ut the right politica conduc so the subjects of the principale; io evenunder ad princes there an e good citi etens' Agr. 42, 3 that the best courge is a the fame time the salast, an is ne of digni- sed moderation, suci a that followed by Manius Lepidus under Tiberius, Memmius Regulus unde Nero, an Agricola under Domitian avoid in o the ne and the vile obsequiousnes of thematterer an tools, who after ali,ere discarde by thei mastero punished by his Successor, and o the ther Such truculent an dostentatious oppositio a that os Helvidius Priscus, invit in and incurrin destruction. This poliat o vi e gives his orca wider range tha that os mere biographer like Suetonius To Tacitus the general orkingo the Roman system is interestin a a fiet so the displa os Character, an event a re selecte an represente in illustrationi X
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of the motives of the genis. Thi ouilook mahes hi caret essabout exact et ait o strategy, geography, and chronoloin, Sucha are expecte os a modern historian, an bring him into linewith the Satiri sis, hom e further resembles in his bold characteri ration his vivi contrast an tenden cies to exaggeration, and the epigrammati style of his diction.
NOTR-Mos of What is here sat is applicabie to the writi nil os Tacitusas a Whole, and especiali to the Annals but the instances ive arealmost holi ho the fou Books containe in his volume.
By the time o Tacitus, Latin prose composition ad atready departe much Do the standar o Cicero or Caesar, throughthe frequent adoption o word an form os expressio sto the great classi poets, ho ad by that time ecome exibook in ever grammar-School also through an increasin tolerance of Gree word an grammatica Graecisms, parti due o suchstud of Augusta poet , parti to an increa sing asterior hat was Gree a such fThe specia qualities of the style o Tacitus have been et to consis chi est in rhetorical or poetica colouring in the stud of brevi ty, and in that o variet ; at o whicli characteristic areno doubi due maint to his prosessiona career'. e has im-self tol us that the leade in his a Could n longe expatiate like Cicero, ut a bound to e terse, epigrammatic, and stri hin g, an to grace his style it poetic colouring rom thetreasur of Vergi an Horace, or even rom more recent poets'.
In fallin in illi his ashion, Tacitus raws the poetic elementi his style almos exclusi vel fro Uergil, o hom he is repeatedi an abundanti indebled whil his hie pro se modelsare Sallust and livy, his areat ire decessori in the dieit of
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histo The filari a variet os expression besides hein naturalin the a se os an orator, is further due to the historian 's destre torei leve hat he eel to belli oppressive monoton os his subjecti by saying the fame hin With the ut mos variet O expreSSion, by osten giving the Sentence an nexpecte turn by inventin ne v
Os the various sages note in the folio in Section S, Comparati vel se are altogether peculiar o Tacitus; ut many arene in prose, an ali are so sar Tacit ea that the are sed by him illi more oldnes and Deedom ha by earlier proSe
The reserences in quare brachel are to the paragraphs in the Introductionon Synta in the large edition Vol ΙJI SUBSTANTI UES, ADJECTIVES, AND PRONOUNS.I I, 3J. Abstrac nouia are Sed for Concrete, speciali in the plurat, a nobilitates, ii O, perhapS, dominationes, ii O, 4. Notice also matrimonium m iis, ii , , SerVitium M laves. xii I7 senectutem Tiberii ut inermem despiciens, practi catly senem Tiberium, Vi 3I, IPSO also pueritia Domitii, puer Domitius,
xii 8, 3 2 4 6J. Adjective are sed Deely in the neuter illi the force of substantives a in the plurat, a novi S Sima, vi O, suprema, vi o, 3 xii 66, 2 Summa imperii, i so laetus prae Sentium et inanium Spe, v IO, 3 brevia illorum, vi 33, 5 b in thesingular, a lubricum iuventae, vi 49, 3 lubrico, vi I, 3 intellegens falsi xii 26, 2.
Adjectives are also Sed adverbially, as Secondar predicates pergit properus, Secretu agitat, i 2I, 2. Neuter adjectives ometime standis adverbS praecep S, Vi 7, 4 aeternum, xii 28, 2. Se below 68. yrae iv 3 and 33.
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An adjective sonaetimes Stand in agreement illi a nou orpronouno fori a phrase hich might have been expresse hya clause illi quod as nihil . . . novum, xii 2 nihil nisi atrox . . . terrebat, ii 35 I; nullae . . . litterae suspicionem dabant,
vi 7, 4 3 ah 8, J. Pronouns of thothird person are omitted, speciali finthe accusative, in spite of the arshnes o obscurit involved. Se is omitte in vi 48, 3; 4, 2 an many other place note in the commentata. Eum is omitte in vi 46, 7 4 4 eam, in xii 63, 4. b The indefinite quis is sed in the phras ut qui S lar ut
o Quis ille is sed illi a peculia brachylog in i , Ι
4 Ii J. The poetica o Gree accusative of the par Concerned, no frequent in prose, is Deely usedci clari genus, vi , D adlevatur animum, V 43, 3. 5 IOJ. The accusative of the place toward whicli motion ahes
6 IIJ Transitive accuSative arem Sed a in apposition to the sentence, i. e. in explanationis the actiondescribed noti a single ord in the sentence auspicium pro Speri tranSgreSSUS, Vi 37, 2 terrorem, ii 29, 2 so, o sprobablyὶ, pretium sestinandi, vi 29, 2 subsidium, ii 32 4 sb aster verbs expressing the eelings, a PaVeSCere c aster compound verbs, here a dative or a repetitio of the preposition illi it case ould e more usual: genua advolvi, vi 49, 3 accedere, ii 3I, , erumpere, ii 63 2G Vadere V IO, exire V 49, 3 praeiacere, xii 36, 4 praeminere, illa 2 Ι; praesidere, ii 4, 7. 7 14J. The se of adverbial accusative suci a id temporis seXtende to ne expressions as id auctoritatis, xii Ι 8 I.
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sa fi 3J Aster compotand verbs expreSSin de privation, Tacitus sol lows poets an Liv in Sin a dative rather than ablative illia prepositi O extrahere, vi 23. eximere, Vis 6. si IIJ. Aster compound verbs, Tacitus solio S poets inusing a dative rather than ad or in illi the accusative penatibus induxerit, v I L indicibuS CCeSSere, vi , 3. 9 I9J. The dative os a nouia, o closely connected illi another that a genitive out be expected i frequent in poet an Livy, and stili more so in Tacitus : ministri sceleribus, ut 36, 4 corpori custodes ibid. rex Hiberis, ira, . Io I 8J. The Dative of Agent is sed ithout restriction to thegerundi ve or adjective in bilis, and without an prominence of the de of the interest' of the agent posSessa Cyro, Vi I, 2 mihi narratus, i 29 cui pars provinciae habebatur, ii 34, 3 most os Such expressions hould e referre to this case ratherthan ablative, a Macedonibus sitae, vi I, 2 audita Scriptaque
Senioribus, i 27, 2 qui . . . ultio . . . timebatur, iii, 2.
II 22J. The Dative o Purpo se or or contemplate is very frequent, the gerundis gerundi ve in hi Case sollowin a participi or a verb, in the sense of a final clause componendis patrum acti delectus, reciperandaeque Armeniae Hiberum Mithridaten deligit, vi 2 SQ quibus abluendi . . . egredien S, iet, 4 dissimulando metu digrediuntur, i 32, alSΟ, i I, I xii 66, I, and many Other PASSAgeS. Sometimescit follows adjectives accipiendis suspicionibus promptior, ii 4 L sacilis capessendis inimicitiis V II, I. A nou may be sed in his way custodiae eius imponit, ii I. 8 excubiis adest, ii 69 diem locumque foederi accepit, ii 46 6 coniugio accepit, Vilao I.
I et 23J. his shouldae distinguished rom predicative ' datives,
sho in that hicli a th in or person serves a or CCa Sion S, Su Cha rubori, X II, 34 Stentui . . . dehonestamento, ii 4 6 Premedio quaeSita, Vi 7, 3 Curae, vi 22, 2 exitio, i 24. S. In i 4, u Sui Stand S, in an unuSual manner, attributive ly.
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C Abrative. 13 et J. The Ablative o Place hen e S sed Deely, ithout preposition both os proper ames : Etruria Lucaniaque et omni Italia in Senatum accitos, i 24, 2 and of Common amex ordine Senatorio movetur, ii 4 4 of te also aster compound verbs implying Separation depromptum Sinu, vi O, PS al SO, probably, exutum Campis, ii 45, 3.14 23J. The Ablative o Place here is sed, ithout prepo Sition, as Deel a in poeirri domibus, vi , , terra CaeloVe Vi 33, 3; Campo, ii 36, 4. Is 26J. The Ablative o Time ma denote a hole periodduring vhicli omething too place a post- Augustan se bellis civilibus vi II, 3 duodecim annis, vi I, Secuti S diebus, i 38, 3. On the theriand the preposition 'in 'ris somelimes sexto denotea po in or a periodis time : eo in tempore, i 29 I. The followin ablatives also may be referre to this eading, as denotin the occasio at hicli omethingi appen S Solita Convivio, i 38, 2 proelio solita, ii 56, 2 prosperi dubiisque Sociam,
16 27J. The Instrumental Ablative is sed os personS, herethe fac of the presenc os a person, ather than the personali tyof the agent, is emphasiged Tiridates simul fama atque ipso Artabano perculSUS, Vi, 44 3. This case is also sed to describe the force illi hicli militaryoperations are conducted like the Gree Uἴρειν στρατω : multis equitum milibus in castra venit, Vi 7, 4; multa manu . . . adUentabat V 44, 3 17 Tacitu Sometime affect the poetica collocation os an ablative of Respect with an adjective, as editam loco, ii 6, 3 rudem iuventa, ii 5, 1. Cf. Such expreSSion a Curvam compagibus alvom, Verg. Aen. ii SI; Saeva Sonoribu arma, Aen. X SI. 318 29J. The Ablative os ualit is used, ithout the associationis a common noui Such ac vir 'in truci eloquentia habebatur, vi 48,6 et quidam summi honoribus, vi , D Cotta MeSSalinu . . . inveterati invidia, vi , I Sometimes the epithet is omitted: