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thus e rate in the aggregate at about 2 O, OCO meta hichperhapses , O may be ad ded so the troops os Italy the marines of the Jeeis, and the et ache hodie statione in eacem provinces. 23. his organitation a a hole date Dona AuguStus, and was maintained by Tiberius as e mund t. ithout ther changeo importance than the transferen ce of the electionis magistrates tolli Senate, and the concentratio of the praetorian guar in Rome. O alterations Ider Zaudius and Nero. 24. Unde Claudius more an more of the work of the State passed ut of the and of the senate an iis magistrates and knight o Deedmen, a minister of the em peror, respons ibi tollim alone, ere appo in te ove ne depariment of administrationat home an abroad Nero proses sexto restore to the senate an dlaw- couris functions that ad been usurpe by his predecessor's creatures xiii 4, 3 . ut hi restoration even is sinceret intendedat the uiset, a out o harmon with the natural trendis evenis: the old-fashioned, cum brous machiner of the senate made it ahindrance ather than a hel in the work of govern ment. Again, fro iis quasi- independent statuS, the senate as, in the emperor seyeS a perpetua fource os possibi rebellion Andis in the courseo his rei gn Nero' original altitude of prosesse respect so the Senate Change to ne of ear an suspicion. He exterminate iis nobi est an mos eminent members, an it is recorde that he eventhreatene at ne timerio abolisti the whole orde and gover solelythroughanight an Deedmen Suet Ner. 37). 23. A the reach etween the em peror and the aristo CraCyContinualty id ened he was rought into Close relation illi thepopulaCe. The transferen e of the cost of the cor dole homo heaerarium to the fiscus, hether actualty the work of Claudius orNero Seem to have orne iis hie fruit unde the alter ThemaSS, homo thus in the mos direct way looked to the princeps for thei Mod, dispense in his nam an by his officerS, and Supplemente by gist o various in d an by constant an gratuitous amu Sement S, forme a vas an increasini clientela Caesaris,' incomparison ith hic the adherent of the hattere an im- poverishe aristocrati hous es could have been O more than ahand sui.
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A the lose of the si xth book of the Annals Tacitus gives his vlew of Tiberius career an Character, the considerationis hic hinvolves Some account of his life a a Whole includin the periodprior to that hi chrialis illi in thi volume. Tacitus estimate o Tiberius is holi condemnat ory. His character is represente a ba an vici ous, no allowed fuit playwhil pressure os circum Stances require iis repression and while his position a no absolutet Secure Toward the end of his life , however, hen ali externa re Strainis ere removed hecis declare dio have come ut in his true colour a a monster os crueit an d
The facts of Tiberius early lis malae it evident that suci a description must not be accepte Without qualification. Even Tacitus oes no refuge to hi a measure os commendation in regardo his early Career, Callin him egregium vita famaque
quoad privatus vel in imperiis sub Augusto fuit' vi I, in Nowthis period of his life extend to Tiberius fisty-Sixth year, an age bywhicli a person ' character i usuali develope and cani seen in iis true nature Soriar, however no allegations of Such debaucheryas is attribute to im a the lose of his life by Tacitus an bemade the Contrary, hi CharaCter a b ali accounts temperate an auster and the sentence just quote invalidates the charge of drunkennes made against hi by Suetonius. The occupations, moreover, in hicli these ears er Spent eremo Suchis could possibi have been ive io, or underi aken by a man os ad character an vici ous life wein Tib rius at through his periodengage in public assair of reat importance, and conducting them honourabi and efficiently He entere o thes cursus honorum,'with Augustus sanction, at an earlier age than a Customao excepi sor member of the imperia fami ly, and when only twentγ- two ear old received the important commission os se illing the affair of the East, in o .ci, when, o the occasionis the Parthianagreement Wit Rome, he received rom Phraates the standard scapture seo Crassus in DB. C., an institute Artaxias o the XXXui
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throne Os Armenia Aster his he was constanti employed by Augustus in his great oriuos securing the northeria fronti ers of the empire. In I B. be in in command among the Helvetii, heco-opera ted illi his brother Drusus in the subjugationis the tribesto the norit os taly bringin Rhaeti an Vindelicia unde the
three campiam in Pannonia, the effect of hicli, a to secure thesroniter os the Illyri an province Aster his, pon the dea th os Drusus in Germany in Q, he ook up the wor os the exten Sionos Roman influence in that quarter, and brought the tribes bet weenthe Elbe and the Rhine into submission Allo his as or thatoni a generalis real capacit and energ could have ac compli Shed vitii Success and Augustus howe ho muchae valued histo erS by as Sociat in him in the tribunicia potestas sorive ear Dom
B. Q. an by Sendin him ut again rom the ear Oto I A. D. , when serious troubie again rohe ut in Germany an Pannonia. But in spite os his career of honour the circum Stances of hi Sprivate life were notiappy he was exposed to Sorro S an diSap-pointinent that mus have oured his character. He a treat edb Augustus S a sessi instrument for sorwarding the imperialpolic and was honoured a suci, but to the em peror' convenien Celiis Wia personat inclinations must at waysi Subordinated Abo ut
IS . . he was arrie to ipsania, claughter of Agrippa, but Soonaster Agrippa' death, in Iet B. C., he was sorceda put a Way the wisese Whom heia a dee affection, an to mare Julia the daughter of Augustus Agrippa's wido . In regar to the Succession, OO, hi po Sition a un Satisfactory. ad Augustus die at this stage, he ould have been content that Tiberius, a maia os trie abili tyan experien Ce, hould e his successor But hen Tiberius returne frona his or in Germany it hecam evident that it was Augustus ambition that his heir liout be ne of his xv blood, and that he wouldie Mund in the person fine of his grandSonS,
lenaear Oid Tiberius, then, aster pendin his est energies in Augustus Service an sacrificin his own domestici appines at theem peror' bidding, Mund that he must now yiel di the prospectis surther ad vance mento his otin rival s. Realigin this, an dis-gus ted a Julia' infidelities, he resolve to et ire frona public lise,
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and went into reti rement a Rhodes, in is Q, persistin in his determinatio even against the expres Wi Sh of AugustuS, ho anted hi in to underiali the Setti ement of the Easter province S, where the disturbances in Armenia ere a dange to the continuance of eace. His refusa brought ponaim the displeas ureo Augustus, and when the tribunicia power hic hae ad received sor sive ear expired hi position a by no means sala, an his reti rement Camerio amount very nearlycloianishment He obtainedleave to return to Rome in A. D. , ut continue in seclusion untii the death o Gaius Caesar in A. D. Then, Lucius Caesarie ingat ready dead Tiberius a admitte Once more to the em peror'Sfavour he wa no adopte into the fami ly of the Caesars, Wasassocialed with Augustus in thes tribunicia potestas, and was dis- played a the et besore the reateSt armie of the State i 3, 3). A secon perio os militar activit no enSued Tiberi u Conducte Campaigias in Germany in and 3 A. D. thenaei ad to dealiuith the great rebellion hi charohe ut in Pannonia in 6 A. D. and he remat ne in that country unti the di faster suffered by arus in
ganiged the arm actin in delance of the Rhine fronti er in I A. D. , an advance into German in II A. D. re-eStabli Shin Order, and finali returning to Rome or a triumph in the followin year. Hewas then re arde with a renewal of the tribunicia potestas, and was surther associale with the emperor in his proconsulare imperium. At the time of Augustus last lines he had se forti forthe Illyri an province, hence e returne to succee to the principale. At the time of his accession Tiberius as in his fisty-Sixth year. The evenis of his lis sociar, alternat in belween militar activi tyan reti rement, hi gli hono ur an obscuri ty, and bringingiereave-ment an disappointinent, est hi in austere an re Served prone totali a cynica view of societ and to Set Smali Store on the deserenceno pat hi m. A Sentence in Tacitus irao, ), that his penetrationwa keen ut his resolution eah seem to e orne ut by the facis, and this mixture of ealines an Strength, Clear insight couple wit irresolutio in action, afford the kento much of the
conductis the ne ruler. In a paSSage here Tacitus revi eut the first ei ght year of
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Tiberius re igia iv 6ὶ this period is admitte to have been ne fgood andi pright administration Sisar, the Senate a continuat lybein consul ted and was reated illi respect the Republican
magistrates continue to exerci Se thei functions and the worolestinen ere selecte sor ossi ceci in the provinces, Crueli an extortion e re repres Sed at home the laxus, illi the exceptionis that
deal in xvit l, male Stas, werem prighil administere&; in his private lis the em peror a frugal and moderate, and dispute about propert, bet ween citiaen an himself,ere Settie in the ordinaryco uris. For ali hi S however, Tacitus, in his final account of Tiberius, alloius hi in no credit at alici it is meret show of virtve. hypocriticali assumed, and maint prompte byriear and jealous of hi Son Dru Sus an hi nephew Germanicus. Much, however, pon hicli Tacitus bases his strictu res is capablem a more favoti rabie interpretation. Great tres is laidon the hypocris o Tiberius prosesse dissidence in acceptingilie principate at the uiset. Lut it ho ut be remembere that
there a a ye no recedent so the succe S Sion princeps and to malae the ne utiler' poSition that os a constitutionat monarchan no that os a despot, it a important to emphasige that his elevation a by the fuit consent of the governed. his as halthe Senate' invitation to Tiberius to tali u Augustus powersimplied. Nei ther scit Hirrio regar Tiberius irent mentis Germanicus Sattributable to non but ealou an malici ou motives Tiberius actuali Strengthene the o versalven to Germanicus by Augustus ii 3, G 4, 3 an re arde hi in illi a triumph and the ille of imperator' i D 38). His recali froni German cani accounted forin ther g round than the ealous of thes princeps' his expeditions eremo produc in an rea profit but erem the contraryinflictin Severe burdens on aut ii , in and Tiberius' ownaCquaintance illi the condition prevalent in Germany might elljustis his decision to discontinue surther campaigia in that ounto. Nor an Tacitus Statement e accepte that Tiberius Sent Germanicus to the ast illi the sinister intention os compassin his destruction amoliri specie honoris, ii a I). There is noeviden e that Germanicus death a due to ther than naturalcauses Some in dee ascribe it to itch crasti Other declare d
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that he had been Oisoned, ut the evidenc sor his rokemown completely. Piso, ho ad thwarte Germanicus by ali means in his powe when in the East, a put o tria sorii misbehaviour, an fel so sure os condemnation that he committe sulcideri there Was a uinour that his interserence illi Germanicus ad been
prompte by Tiberius iii 6), ut Tacitus oes no uouch sor ita a laci. e caniel leve that Tiberius hadiso great affectio forGermanicus Whom atine timete muS have regarde asin possibierivat, and whose ise, Agrippina, a os an aggressive dispositionan personali obnoxiou to ima there is absolutet no eviden ce, an no much lihelthood, that he scheme his destruction. It is possibi that he ut Piso in charge of Syria, durin Germanicus' mission to the East, no in him to e a maia o independent character, and wi Sh in that here hould e Some Counterpois to Germanicus power di not however, fore Se the tengilisto whicli Piso, through sheer persona distilae os Germanicus, ould carr his oppoSition, an he howe no Sigia o condon in Piso'sactions or attemptin to hield him, but Solemni charged the Senateat his trial to sis the charge against hi in illi the utinos impartialit and without an consideration o what the might sanc tobe the emperor' vie of the CaSe or his istic in the matter
It has been mentione that Tacitu cite the cases trie under the law of maiestas ' a the exception to the equitable administrationis justice. It was unde Tiberius that trials of this sor firstbecam frequent, and this sine of Tacitus Strongest reasons for his uniavourable vie w of him. The Statute under hicli Such cases were trie&wa one capable of wide interpretation Tacitus declares that unde the Republic person guilinos reacher in the fiet orseditio at home ere actionabie so maiestas, and that thendeed alone, not ords, made them labierit 72, 2). AS a mattero faci, however, it a possibi even unde the Republic o prosecute unde this count for libet an Stander : Such a vie is to beseen in Cicero ad Fam iii II, 2), an it was enforcedi Augustus in the Case of libellous publications though unde hi morial for maiestas occurre but Seldom. In the ourge of Tiberius re ignthere a nitentiful cropis prosecutions of this Sor in hic,word sas et a deed were charged, and there aros the odi Ou proseSSion
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word O acts against the Emperor, Obtaining re Us heia the, ei secte a conviction. Nouem e ma notice that at the uiset the practice os bring ingilies accusation Wa no encourage by Tiberius, nor ut heallo citra be exerci sed, ithout moderation. In his firs periodis his tale twelve a Ses a re recorde by Tacitus, in t w of hici, theacis is prove di ould have been indictable sor reason unde any go verninent in three cases the charge of maiestas was disinis sed by the em peror himself an in three more in Stances the result a S
Such a prosecutiora, sor an offence of words, deat was inflicted by the Senators ithout consuli in Tiberius, an he expostulate Niththem so thei precipitate action iii I).
V see, then, that a firS Tiberius a not ager that these prosecutions hould e multiplied, o that condemnation Should solio, accusation a a niter of courge. At the Same time, Tiberita S, in no repreSSin them altogether, a respons ibi sor thei introduction, and encourage thei extension by permittin a hare os the propert of thos condemne to go to the accuserS. Nor RSthis a time hen Strong meaSure were ne CeSSar a a Pre Cautionagain St insurrection there a a generat submissi venes to hi Srule the Senators Domininongst hom mos of the victim of the prosecutions sor maiesta S were dra via, ere, as e Cornsul ly
the Se prosecution wa due, probably, noto the hirs sor lood whicli Tacitus oui ascriberio hina, but .rathe to a certain timidi tyos nature hicli ed hi in to th in that his own securit might bethe et te maintaine through the intimidation by this means os possibi opponent to hi domination. Veio come to the thir os the period into hicli oti historiandivides Tiberius' i se For the ex si years, While hi mollier stili lived a perio covering the in th to the ste enth ear of his re ign, and the si Xty-Murth to the eventieth of his life heris sal toliave been 'inter bona malaque mixtus ' Some evit traiis that S, Such a crueity and covetou SiaeSS, began to escape rona thei disgui se, i ii Piso an Antistius Vetus, iii 38 r.
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This vas the time heia his reat minister Seianus as a thelleight of his influence Seianus hel the office of praefectus urbis las et a the command of the praetorian uard s. Theselie ad concentrate xvit hi a Cam clos to the Cit Wall, an in virtve of his xv appo iniment an his Close connexion vitii theem peror, in hos imperium, though he was ni an equeS, hewas associale iv 7, 2), he acquire an immen Se ascendanc in Rome, and e came in effect the emperor' vi cegerent. Nobles Courte his avo ur a the necessar ste toward obtaining office iv I, 4 68, 2); an attac by one of his creatures vas et tomahe condemnation certain iv 32, 2). His ambition accordingio Tacitus, as unbo unded, and e Scheme a removin ali poS- sibi rival that he might eventuali succee to the principate nTiberius deat h. o his en he contrived the murderis Tiberius' Son Drusu S, and then egan intriguin against the fami ly o Germanicus an Agrippina. The whole of this perio is describe as ne of cruel OrderS, inces Sant CCuSationS, reacherous friendShips' i 33, 3), and
in deed the domestic histor of this time is larget talien up ithtriat for state offences. The number of Such case rige tori ventyin the ourse of Si years, ut analysis of them holus that they vere by no mean allis usti fied, o the mere excesses of malici ous RutOCraCy. In Mur Cases Seriou charges vere proved, and acquit tal
vould have been an abuse of justice' some of thos condemne dwere informers, a Firmius Catus iv I, 7 in three cases there Sult va acquitial*; another caseoas indefinitet adjou ed i 66, 3); in another the emperor interve ne to ardon ivas, I); an in another the graves Charge vas dropped i 2I, ). The
par of the em perornoward libels, and a more pronoun Ced tenden Cyto insisti Condemnation. The attachin Cremutius Cordus iv 34)sor a passage in his history eulogi gin Brutus an CasSius the mur-derer of Julius CaeSar, Seem peculiari harSh Eviden ce vas Silius iv 19, 5; Serenus iv I 3, a Capito ivo5, 3 Suillius iv 3I, 6.
Carsidius Sacerdos an C. Gracchus iv 13, 3 Fonteius Capito V 36, .
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tiscation sor the bene fit os the exciteque Nas ensor ed iv o informersi ad the irae vard aSSure to them even hen the accused anticipate condemnation by sulcide iv o). Toward the lose of this period too began the ominous di Spatches Dona the em peror at Capreae iv O); the em peror' absence rom Rome ecam permanent, and the eviis prevalent becam intensi fled, illi Seianus in Charge a Rome and working pon his master' timidi tyrio surther his own end s. An So e in that the ou Se o Germanicus hasno falle into ange of destruction, though at the eginia in os this perio it a stili in favo ur ivra). The ast stage pens illi the death of Livia Augusta, homTacitus at this poliat represent a hau in afforde protection Oth hou Se of Germanicus against the murderous plot of SeianuS, in Spitem previ ous insinuation that She was the terribi Step-mother,' to blam for ali the deallis that ad occurre in the ouse of the Cae SarS. Now, o e ver her dent licis Sal to remove the restraintupo Tiberius regeniment against Agrippina an her fons and Tiberius an Seianus in consequence immediatet effectat heianishment of Agrippina an Nero, an a ea later Drusus icimprisone dalso. But Seianus influenc stili ad iis limit Agrippina' third Son, GaiuS, was in Tiberius favour, and was regarde a his heir, and Nero Sur vive two ear more Seianus a no permitte tomahe the oped-so marriage hich would have uni ted hi in to the imperiat fami ly, and was no aSsociate in the tribunici an Power. Soon Tiberius, ver prone to Suspicion, hen other ground sor it were remoVed, turne against his mini Ster, an Seianus a de- Stroye a guill of plottin against the empero an Gaius It is no certa in hether his tot reali exi Sted seem inherent lyprobabie frona hat weanow of the Character and career of Seianus biit though iis existence was belleve in by Tacitus an Suetonius, an it is relate a a fac by Josephus, it oes no appea to have been sormali prove in the Senate hicii condemne hina, and the account in Dio sugge St that no Conspiracy was ver matured . In Tacitus account, at the egi nning of Loo vi, of the event Ssollo in the downsal of Seianus, e read os a very re ignis terror.
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Tiberius a neve wear of accusations and Xecution I men
perished sor id offences as et a recent ones for Ord a wella deed ; a very plague delation brohe ut an immensa Strages, o ali ho ere accuse of complicit With Seianus, asper petrate sui I9, 3). A close vie shows that Such a descriptionexaggerates the facts There are cases Stilli pardo an acquitial
other receive a les sentenc than death vi , 3; 8, 2-3), andami the horror of the time prudent men, suci a M'. LepiduS, L. Piso Aelius Lamia Poppaeus Sabinus, an stili hol theiriwn in honour vi 27, 4; IO, 3 27, 2 39, 3). O courSe even aster suci deductio is made, there is stili a long lis of victim S, amount indito ome fori in number, and there mus have been an others hoSe destruction a narrate in the lost par of the Annals The immensa strages ' o vi I9, 3 ma reser to the execution of twentyin one da a reporte in Suetonius Lib. I). ut hen ali allowance is made, no leS than et glit person mus have perished in the last si X ears o Tiberius rei , and o mos of these deat lis theemperor a reSponSible, though at the en the were directly brought abouti Macro actin in his master' name. Some of these victim would e Creatures of Seianus, and is his conspiraCy a a faCt, ould ea uili os complicit with him, and were justi executed ut there ere Circumstances of horribie crueit in the executioni Seianus Children and the oldiother of
Fufius Geminus vi Io I an in the accusatio of the descendant so Theophanes vi I 8, 5 . inalty in regar to the CloSin years of Tiberius life both Tacitus an Suetonius charge imo illi the
Constant practice of abominabie sensu alit in his reti rement at Capreae. The referenCe to Tiberius in earlier authors, a Philo, JoSephus, Seneca, and the eide Pli ny domo offer an confirmationo these Charges; eve Juvenal, ho, ne might SuppoSe, Ouid tali up suchis subject illi avidi ty, represent hi Companion at Capreae a no OrSe than Strologers x 93), and even in Tacitus' descriptio of the em peror' retinue hen e se sortii Dominomet Capreae there is no indication that he is preparin to et ire to Scene of Vici ou Sel Dindulgetice his attendant are hie fi Greelimen o letterS, Chosen for thei interest in Conversation iv 38).