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ui venena nobilem dignitate sormae vi mentis ac propinquo Sulatu, i 28, Nith his may be compare the rachylogical
ablative os materiaici moenix non saxo sed Cratibu et vimentis,
ii I 6, 3. 19 3ol. The Causa Ablative is sed illi much reedom in the
A IN ID, here a P reposition ac propter , or causa ori gratia , illi genitive, out be expected regem . . . adversi Proeliorum exitiosum, vi 36, 2 Continuo abscessu velut exilium obiectando,
vi 38, 2 amore, i 26, D largitione aut Spei magnitudine, i 36, 2 caritate. ii 4, 3 desectione, ii IO, qua neceSSitate, ii 46 6. 2O. Such an ablative is osten associaled illi an adjective meaning amous castellum insigne fama, ii 3, 2 egregium vita famaque Vi I S. 2I 3IJ Ablative Absolute. The sol lowing uses are characteri Stic a the neuter ablative singular of the participi stand by it Seis: multum certato xi Io, L nec ultra expectato quam, i 26, 7 this osten introduces a substantiva clauS : non di Stincto Sua an aliena manu peri Sset), X 38, 2 comperto Graecam quoque litteraturam non Simul coeptam absolutamque X I3, 3 bi the participi is sed, ithout an wor in agreement, herei can asil be supplied frona the sense of the passage: OnCedente eo), viri 6, D invalido imperatore), vi 47, G o the participi is sol lowed by a relative, it ho ut XpreSSion Osthe antecedent additi quae ante deliquerant, vii Ici mi SSi qui . . . Pelli Cerent, i 9, 3 exciti quorum de sententia Petitu rex, xii I 2, 3. 22. It hould e remembere that the ablative has the widegenerat unctio os expressing the circumstance attendant on anaction his expla ins a the frequent occurrenc os a substantive an adjective in an ablative no definitet reserable to the categories absolute, Cau Sat,' deScriptive, &α, hic are names o special devel opinent of the genera function. Besides ordinar absolute ablatives, equivalentio a tempora clauSe like caede Continua vi 29 I, there are manysor hich ablative os attendant circumstance' out be a bet tername Some of the se approaCh the causal use, a Certo Si abnueret exitio et non nulla fallendi spe, simul magni praemii S, iI 2, 3 Chauci nulla dissensione domi et morte Sanquinii alacres,
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X I 8 Some Xpre S manner, a non nulla Spe et aliquando ira, i 37, G Sonae are early descriptive, a actae principi grateS, quae Sitiore in Domitium adulatione xii 26 suscipi bellum avio itinere, importuoso mari, ii 2O 2 ignobilem Hiberum mercennario milite disserebat, vi 34, , Seem parti causal part ly
present participi eo temporal clause introduced by dum' adiciendo, 6, D ordiendo, ira obiectando, vi 38, 2 ventitando, ii 3 I memorando, ii 44 S. D. Genitive. 23 32J. Partitive an quasi-partiti ve genitive are abundant, an osten there is no stres o the partiti ve notion the phraSebecomin equivalent, as in poetr se. g. Strata viarum, in Lucretiu Sand Uergil), to a Simple substantive an adjective. a With neut Sing. extremo anni vi 27, I lubricum iuventae,
vi 49, 3 per medium diei X et I x post multum vulnerum, ii 56, D medio diei, ii 69, Ι.
b With neut plur. simulationum falsa, vi S, P caStellorum ardua, ii Ici incerta Oceani, ido 2 montium edita, ii 36, 4. o A Substantive accompani ed by an adjective, is alien ut fit natural case, an diu in the partiti ve genitive Cuncti Civium, ia2 4 adversis proeliorum in adverSi proeliis in vi 36, , SO, Prob- ably, provinciarum vectigalibus the tribute-payin provinces, i
Et Such a genitive a stan without an word XpreSSing partition ein expressed Caninius Gallus quindecimvirum, vi
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ith adjectives, it expresses Sometimes the direct Objeci, aspraescium Periculorum vi 2I. osten, a more remote objeci, as fi place of an ablativeri matrimonii certa xii 3, 2 sceleris certa xii 66, 2 CL Aenea . . . iam Certu eundi, Verg. En iv S4 ;an it is ver frequently used, quite oosely, to denote in hat respectra epithe is applied Genitive of Referen ei trepidus admirationis et metu S, vi 2I, 4; Occulto Con Silii, ut 36, 3 vetu Sregnandi, vi operum et labori ignava legiones in X 18, 2 atrox odii, ii 22 oblatae occasionis Propera, ii 66, 2 vitae manifestam, ii SI, 5; praecipuus olim circumveniendi Titii Sabini, vi ab Sentium aequo fair-m inde in regar to absent'. nons), vi 36, 3. et 3 34J. The enitive of Oualit is sed illi the sanae brachylo the correspondin ablative I 8 effusae clementiae, vi 3o, , ademptae virilitati S, vici I, 3. 2o 37J. In Such phrases a the solio ing the genitive os gerundo gerundi ve hows a bol extensionis the dea telongin to': a defining a noum cuius apiscendae olium apud Rhodum . . . habuit, vi 2o, L pecunia omittendae delationis, vi O, spatium exuendi pacta, i 43 IG b used predicati vel : quae Conciliandae misericordiae videbantur, i So Sall. Car. 6, regium imperium initio conservandae libertati atque augendae reipublicae uerat. III. UERBS. 27 38, 39J Verbs of speaking thinhing, and eveni motion are omitte wit more reedom than in earlier classical Latin haec dixit), vi 2 6 haec apud senatum acta Sunt), Virio 2. Paris os esse, ther than pre Sent indicative an infinitive, re omitted even in dependent ClauSeS: quae retinenda . . . e SSent), X IS, , quidquid Neronibus avitum fuerit), i 33, 2 also, in apodosis o Conditiona sentence, oppressa cunctantium dubitatio erat), vi 43 notice also the omission os fuisse aster a future partici ple periturum X 3, 2.28 4oJ Simple verbs are osten sed sor compound alii poetry:no Scere so CognoScere, vi 9 7 ii 6O, L firmare so confirmare, Vi
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gens admonuit C. Cestium patrem di Cere, vi , 3 Vibidiam . . . OrnVit . . . adire, i 32, 3 hortatur . . . capeSSere, iri 6, 3 impulerat uxorem Suam iuvenem inlicere, vi 43, 5 inducunt sententiam eXPromere, ii , Ι perpulit . . . Subire, i 29, 3. The se of a
passive infinitive in his a is noticeable liber quem Gallus
recipi inter Cetero . . . postulaverat, vi 2 I; Cieri Narci SSum poStulat, icio, G permitti Meherdaten . . . Orabant, X IO, veteranos Coloniamque deduci impetrat, ii 27 I. Other instances may be Seen in vi 2 4 V I9 4 vi 23, 5; vi 33, I 26, I ii II, 4; ii 29, 2. The omewhat doubifu instabat . . . aperire of X 34, 2 may bereferre to thi S Se. 32 44J. The accusative an infinitive, expressin an indirect statement, is Mund with veri, no usuali associaled illi it aseum . . . inColumem ore gratatur, vi 2I, SQ f. Trebellenum incusans
popularium iniurias inulta Sinere, iii 38, 4. 33 43J A persona constructio is osten Mund where in earlier Classi Cal prose the impersona Construction ould e usual this is speciali Common illi verbs of accusing incusabatur facile toleraturus exilium, vi , Sex. Marius defertur incestasse filiam,
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34 46J. The Histori In sinitive is no only used in graphicn.ir itive in mala Sentence S. a in ii I, 3, c., ut also occur in subordinate clauSex ubi . . . non Cremare qui Squam V I9 4 cum
Tiridates . . . distrahi consiliis, vi 44 also, after cum X 34, 3 aster ubi X 37. 3. 33 47J. The ' Epexegetic Infinitive, o common in Horace, is employeda perrumpere adgreditur, ii I S. B. Indicative. 36 48J. The histori present is ver common, an is ard lydifferentiate Domin ast ten Se POStulantur, et . . . adiciebatur, Vi9. Subicitur, vici 2 P renoVat . . . Contulit, ira, 6. I may havea subjunctive dependent pon it in the imperieci tens impellit milites ut pacem flagitarent, ii 46, Q See also vi 48 6. 37 49J. Explanator clause in the indicative are inserte in the id si os oratio obliqua: inde Phoenicas, quia mari praepollebant, intulisse Graeciae gloriamque adepto tamquam reppererint quae acceperant, i 4 I. 38 3oJ. The indicative is sed vividi in place of the subjunctive, in the apodosis o conditiona clauses, statin what might have
happene a though it ad actuali occurre&: Contremuerant . . . ni . . . Xemi SSet, Vi 9 6 ni aedem NarcisSu properavisset, verterat pernicie in accuSatorem, i 37 or an incomplete actionor tendency, sho in Vividi What was o the oin os appening : summum supplicium decernebatur, ni proseSSus indicium foret, vici, k offerebantur . . . ni Si . . . iuSSiSSet, i 4 4 See also vi 36, I xii 42, 3 or hat ould have been in contrast o hat didii appen si statim interior . . . Peti Vi SSCt, . . . Omne in unum cedebant, V 43 ne fugam Si Stebat, ni legione proelium excepi Ssent, ii 39, In reciperare Vebat, ni . . . Cohibitus oret, iIo, I, an ellipsis may be underStood he RS ager i reCOVer . . ., and would have done so iste hadiso been prevented. 'B
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C Subjunctive. 39 si . ne Hypothetica Subjunctive, illi condition notformali expressed, o Potentia Subjunctive is se : ne ideo ad- Sequare, vi , in non omi Serim vi 2O, 3 CiaS, Ι 8, 3. o 33J. The subjunctive sol lows quamquam', even though expressin a faCt quam Uam mater . . . tranSi erit, Vi SI, quamquam multa simul offunderentur, XL2O So, OO, quamVisci quamvis bellum negavi SSet, i O, , at So donec even here the notion os purpOSeir eXpectation is no implied donec Carenem . . . globu SCircumveniret, ii 4 4. 41 32J. The subjunctive is frequently used in subordinate ClauSeS, os cases frequently occurring aster nisi v II, G Si, Vici, O, quantum, V I9, 3 qui Vi 8, 4; quoties Vi IO, L 2I, G ii 47, 3. The luperfeci indicative, preferre in Such cases by Cicero and Caesar, i Seen in V 24, 2. U. PARTICIPI ES.Cf. also LII. 42 34J. The aoristic' se of the present participi e liould enoti ced F in abi abs. praemonente NarcisSo pauca Verba fecit, Xi 33, 3 So, hortante, vi 29 P accusante, vi I 8, 2 b in nom. Ouadratus cognoscens proditum Mithridaten, ii 48 I; c as equivalent to a relative Clause illi a past ense gloriam trucidantium CraSSum, ii 2, 4. 43 54J. Participies are sed in the place of Subordinate Clauses a causal adnectebatur Crimini ibi . . . ut CaSu priori Simpatiens, ii 2 tamquam pasSuS, i 36, 3 b final auxiliis ... contractis tamquam reciperaturuS Armeniam, xii 49, 2; c indirect statement : subdito rumore tamquam Mesopotamiam inva SuruS, Vi 36 I. 44 33J A participia construction is used a in Livy giving the sense of an abstrac nou solio ed by a genitive et non permissa provincia dignationem addiderat, vi 27, 2 See alSo vi 33, 5.
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6 3 63J. The solio in are sol ne of the mos characteristi Cusages in Tacitus Apud is osten sed illi names of places and countries as et aswith common ames, in place of the locative or in , illi ablative apud Cycladas insulas, v IO, apud oppidum Edessam, ii I 2, 4; apud forum, ii ,3 In xii I, I it is equivalent to inter'. Ad osten in regar to praecipuos ad Scelera, vi , , ad
hone Sta . . . le Vi S . t 33 I. Circa, concernini' publica circa artes bonas Socordia, iras, Iri Circa necem Gai Caesaris narratus, i 29 I. So in Seneca and
In s t With accusative, much used to expres the effect intendedo resulting like εστ or πους in diversum, X I9 in Speciem, ii 44 6 in barbarum corrupta, vi 2 also Sed holdi in place of a genitive or dative amore in maritum X 26, D in fratrum filias coniugia, it 6, D adoptio in Domitium, ii 23 tristia in bonOS . . .eSSe, vi 22, 2 in reliquo data Venia, ii 32 4 bi illi ablative of a neuter adjective, sed a alternative to theemplΟymen Os an advert, or an adjective predicat maxime in lubrico egit, vi SI, L in incerto iudicium est V 22, . Iuxta is sed metaphorical ly, as a reposition, neX to,' close pon' laqueum iuxta, populi imperium iuxta libertatem vi 2, 3 an as an advert, in the sense of pariter' iuxta invisi Vi , . Per is sed in expression os time, here ablative might beexpecte : per idem tempus, v Io, per medium diei, i 2I, 2 or has the force of an instrumenta or modat ablative animus per libidine corruptus, i 37, D per maerorem, per deridiculum auditur, vi 2, 2 per Silentium X 37 See alSO magna Per Pe S, vi 22 4 Super, de frequently V 49, 3 i 23, ii 22, Ι.
Simul is sed a preposition, illi ablative like μα), in vii, S.
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VII ADVERBS AN CONJUNCTION S. 47 64J. Comparative Sentences are osten abbreviated -
a by the omission magis o potius besore 'quam'
mitem et recen repertam quam e Severitate prisca rationem
b by the se of the positive illi 'quantor an Swerindit a Comparative illi uanto ' tanto accepi tu . . . quanto modicu S, Vi 43, 2 quanto ignota barbaris, tanto laetiora, ii II, 2; o by the omissionis eo ' or tanto' magis, in the apodosis :quantum Saevitia glisceret, mi Seratio arcebatur, V I9, 3 quantum introSpiceret, magi a magis trepiduS, vi 2I, See alSO Vi 26, 3. 48 63J. The omission os conjunctions asyndeton is frequent,owinito Tacitus rhetorical tendencies cilli vel narration amplecti adlevare adhortari xii I, L in enumerations ostendead in uinto a
inlustres ignobiles, vi 9, 3 decu pudorem CorpuS UnCta regno viliora habere, ii 63, 4. 49 66J. Adverbs are used as adjectiveS attributively, a in Greela: nullis extrinsecus adiumentis, ii I, and even predicati vel :
multi coram vi 2 6 nulli Palam . . . CRUSi S X 22 I.
So 67J. Tamquam, quaSi, an fles frequently velut are sed a of omethin pretende or allege to e the reason for the fac described finem accepit quasi nescius Xercendi vi II, G Suelut propria ad negotia digredien . . . vi O, in eXilium agitur
quasi finem principis per Chaldaeo Scrutaretur, ii 2 gloriam adepto tamquam reppererint, ici 4 I θ os a rea reaSon, or ne belleve in by the person statiniit: Rubrio Fabato, tamquam . . . Parthorum ad mi Sericordiam fugeret, u Stode additi, vi 4 L cupido auri immensa obtentum habebat quasi subsidium regno pararetur, ii , 7 S al SO, quaSi. . . RCratum, ii 47, 3 so somelimes these ord Simpi introduce a reporte reaSO Orthought nocturnae quietis specie alteri obiecta, tamquam vidisset. . ., i , L laeti hoStibu tamquam ducem . . . bellum absumpsisSet, ii 39, 3 primo tamquam dolus Pararetur territus, vi 43, 3.
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I. INNO TioNS IN NOCABULA RV. si 69 7oJ. Tacitus osten preser unusual orna S, a Claritudo, firmitudo. to the ornas in aM Cognomentum, vimentum, to the forna in men ; medicamen, tegumen to the ornas in mentum besides introduc ing ord no previ ou si Mund o Mund n ly in
The illo in are sonae of the mos noti Ceable se Maia substantive in tor and Sor are Sed in an unus ualsense or are introduce by TacituS: desector, ira L cupitor, ii 7, 44 provisor, ii repertor also in Sallust), xii 33, 6 auxiliator also in Petronius an Ouintilian in vi 37, 4. Ne v form in uS, Sdi Stinctus, vi 28, 3, a re introduced. b New negative adjectives incelebratus, vi , 6 innumera, xii 29, 2. L Ne intensive forna perintempeStiva, ii 26, 2. d Frequentative are preserre to Simple forins os vertis advectare vi I 3, 2 auctitare, Viri 6 tractare Vi 44,4 di SSertare, xii II, coeptare, ii 32, 4.
Noterat SoranaruS, motu S, Vi 33, 4 an et Se hereri ignarus, ignotuS, vi 22, 3 an et Se here. II RHETORICA AN POETICAL COLOURING. To his ea belong many of the syntactical Sages at ready noti Ced. 32 74J. The solio viniare sonae of the moSt stri hin metaphorical expreSSion S ardescere in nuptias in Ce Stas , i 25, 8; Xuere amicitiam), vi S induere, illi diem', vi 2O vitii diversa', vi
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veneno), Vi 32, 3 provolvere dispoSSeSS, Vi 7, 4; reSolvere venas in V 48, 5 at So, XSolVere, i 3, 2 rumpere vocem), vi 2O Vergere, applied o time, ira, . Notice also ambiguuS, icis, lubricu S, vi 49, 3. 33 73J. Personificatio is employe to render expreSSion more forcibi : adulto autumno, i I, 4; modestia hiemis, ii 43, 3; idem annus gravi igne urbem adfecit, vi S, IN so, tulere illa tempora, Vi locorum rauS, iii, 2.34 75J. Hendi ad yS, O the co- ordination of two ord in the Same age of whi Ch the ne defines the ther like an adjective orgenitive quasi valetudine et Contactu, Vi 7, 4 Scientiae caerimoniarumque Vetus, Vici 2, 2 famam et posteros, i per in Sectationes et nuntioS, ii I 4 Veterano Coloniamque, ii 27 I.
a os preposition is frequent in the CaSe of ab ad apud eX, in , and inter butio Mund with Circa Praeter prope, Sine, SUPTA, and pro note alSo iuXta, V 9, 3 ii 2I, 2 intra XLIO, D infra, X 2O,4 b of conjunctions ut occur fifth wordi Clause, X 49, 3 mole also anastrophe of quamquam', vi O, 7. 56. Anaphora multa, ii 33 non, ii 32, G per, ii 39, 3 quod, ii 46, . 57. The folio in eXpres Sion may be also notice here: a instea os using a Concrete Substantive quali fied by adjectiveor participi e Tacitus osten Se an abstraci SubStantive Coupledivitii a concrete in the defining genitive iniectu multae vestis se multis vestibus inieCtis), vi O, in ConcurSu plurium in Concurrentibus pluribus), ii 47, 4 abScessu Suorum et incursantibus barbaris, ii 49, 2. Notice alSO egres Sibus adhaereScere, i 2 4 egit gratis benevolentiae patrum vi 2, 5 an other Simila uses of abstractiouns in vi 2I, I ii 43, 5 ii 66, 1. b an adjective is ome times ut in agreement illi a ordinowhicli it does no seem properi totelon Hypallage ' : rudes et informe SaXorum Ompages, ii 35 5 nova litterarum formas, i I 3, 3. his figure is common inmorace, a Graia Victorum manus, Mod X I 2, an in ree drama, a νῶικος ἀνδρων ξυνοιμον, an is due o reatin the substantive illi it quali syin genitive a asin te notion.