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OCCASion numerous piis o depressions They constitute a indo smali muscies, hicli are superadde an Supplementar tothe eari, assistin it to Xecute a more poWersu an persectcontraction, an so proUing UbServient to the complete e Xpulsionos the lood They are in o me sor like the elaborate an Mart fularrangementis opes in a hip bracing the hear On Ver sideas it contracis, andis enabi in i more effectu alty an forci blyto expel the charge of lood rom it ventricles This much splain, at ali evenis that in Some animal the are es Stronglymari e than in ther Pand in ali that have them, thenare more numerous an Stronge in the est than in the right ventricle and whil som have them present in the est, et they are absent in the right ventricie. In man they a re more numerous in the est than in the right ventricte more abundant in the ventricles than in the auricles an occasionalty there appea tolemone PreSent in the auricles They are numerous in the large more u Scularan hardier odies of countrymen, ut se e in more tenderisames an in emales. In hos animal in hicli the ventricies of the ear ares mooth within, an entirely ithout fibre o musculariands, oranythin like hollo piis, as in imos ali the malle bircis, thepartrid ge and the common sowl, SerpentS, rogS, OrtoiSOS, and mos fiShes, there areis chordae tendineae, noriundie O fibres,neither are there an tricuspid valve in the Ventricies. Some animal have the right ventricle sinooth internalty butthe est provide&with fibrousiancis, Such a the gOOSC, Wan, Andlarge bird and the reason is the fame here a else here Asthe lung are Spongy, and oose, an Sost, no great amount offorce is require t force the blood through them, thereire theright ventricle is ei the without the bundies in question, o theyare se errand wealter, and notis flesti or like muscies Those of the est ventricle however, are both Stronger an more numero uS, Ore flesti an muscular, ecatis the est ventricle
require to e stronger inasmuch a the bloo whicli it propeis has tot driven through the whole Ody. An this too, is thereaSOn hy the est ventricle occupies the id die of the eari, an has parieties three times thicher an Stronger than hos of
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the right. Hence ali animais an amon me it is similar that are en dowed with particulari stron frames, and with large an flesti limbs at a great distance rom the eari, have this centra organ o greater hichness, Strength, and mu Sculari ty. This is both obvious an necessary. ThoSe, O tho Contrary, that re of soster an more tende malae ave the hear more flaccid, Oster, an internali et ther es o no at ali fibrous. Consider, further the se of the severat alves, hicli are ali soarranged that the lood once received in to the ventricies of thelieari hali neve regurgitate once Orce in to the pulmonaryarter an aorta halliso flo backispo the ventricies. Whenthe valves are ais e and rought together the fori a three- cornere line, suchis is es by the bite o a leech and themore thenare forCed the more firmi do thenoppos the passage of the blood. The tricuspid valve are placed like gale-kOePOrS, at the entra nc in to the Ventricte Dona the Venae CaVae an pulmonar Vein S, est the bloo when most forcibi impelle shouldflo bach. It is for his reagon that the are o Mund in allanimalS, no do the appear o have been constructed illi equat care in ali the animal in hicli the are Mund. In omethe are more accuratet fitted in ther more remiSSty Or Rre-lessi Contrived, and always illi a Vie to their ein closed Unde a greater o a lighter orce of the ventricie. In the est Ventricte, there fore, in orde that the occlusion a be more per c against the greater impulse, there re ni two UalVOS, like a mitre, an produce into an elongate Cone, O that theyco me together an toti ch to their id die ; a Circumstance hichperhaps ted Aristoti into the error of supposing this ventricle ob double the division tal in place tranSUersoly. For the Samereason, and that the lood a no regurgitate pon the pulmonary Veins, and thu the force of the Ventricle in propelling the lood through the system at large come to e neutrali Zed itis that these mitra valves Xcet hos of the right ventricle in Sige an Strength, an ex acines of CloSing. Hence, it is essentia that here an e no ear Without a Ventricte, sincet his musti the ource an storehous of the blood. The samela cloes no hol good in referen cerio the brain. For almost
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no genus os hird has a ventricle in the brain, ascis obvious in the goos and wan the brains of hicli early equa that of rabbit in sigi no rabbit have ventricle in the brain, hil stthe goos has non e . In like manner, hereve the hear has a single ventricte, there is an auricle appended, flaccid, membran OUS, hollow fille ruith lood and where there arct twO Ventrici OS, there are likewise two auricles. On the ther and Someanimal have an auricle ithout an ventricle or at ali evenis the have a sa analogo u to an auri Cle the Vein iis et dilate at a particular pari, per rm pulsation S, a i Seen in horneis, bees, and ther in SectS, hicli certain Xperiments of my wn nable me to demonstrate have notini a pulse, ut a respiration in that part hicli is calle the ait, henc it is that this par is longate an Contracte no more rarely, no more frequently a the creature appear to be lown an to require large quantit os a tr. ut of theSe thhings more in urTreatis On Respiration. It is in like manne evident that the auricle pul Sate, ContrRCt, a I have sal before, and throw the lood in to the ventricles so that whereve there is a Ventricle an auricle i necOSSary, notmeret that it a serve, accordin to the genera belles, as a
Source an magagine for the bl ood for hat were the se of iis pulsations ad it ni to containci The auricles are prime movers of the lood, speciali the right auricle, hicli, asal ready said, is the irstrio live the last to die ' whence thenare subservient to ending the lood in t the Ventricles, hicli, Contra Ct in Continuousty more readit an forcibi expel the bl oodalready in movement jus a the ball-player cara strii e the ballmore forcibinand further fieriat es itin the rebo und than is hesinapi thre it MoreOvor, an Contrar to the genera Opinion, Since either the ear no anythin et se an dilate or distendiiset so as to dra anythin into iis cavit during the diastole, uni ess, like a sponge, it has been firs CompreSsed, and i return indit it primar condition; ut in animal ali loca move mentprOceedifrom, an has it origi in the Contractionis some Pari: consequently it is by the contractio of the auricles that theblood is thrown in to the ventricles, a Phaverat ready Shown and
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hom here, by the contractio of the ventricles, it is propelledan distributed. Concern in loca move ment, it is true that theimmediate movin organ in very moVement O an animal primarit endowe with a motive spirit as Aristoti has it, his contractile ; in hich way the wor νευρον Sieri Ued rom νευω, nuto, contraho an is nam permitted o procee in mysurpos eo mali in a particula demonstrationis the organ Sos move menti animal hom observations in in possession Pirus Pshal beable to malae sum cienti pia in o Aristolle as acquainted with the muscies, an ad visedi reserred ali movement in animais to the nerves, O to the Contractile element, and there re calleuthos litile band scin the hear nerUOS. But that w may procee with the subject whicli, have in hand vis. the se of the auricles in illing the ventricles, eshould Ypec that the more dense an compaci the heari, thethicher iis parieties, the stronge an more muscula must be theauricle o force an fili it, an Oice versa. No this is actuallyso in Some the auricle present itfel as a sanguinolent Vesicle, RS a thin membra ne containing lood, as in isties, in hicli thesac that stand in te of the auricle is of Such delicac an dample capaci ty that i seem tot suspende or tomoat aboveth heart. In hos fishes in hicli the sacri sorne inhat more fleShy, as in the carp, barbel tench, and therS, it bears a Wonderfui an stron resemblance to the lungS. In O me men o sturdie frame an Sto uter malae, the right auricle S So Strong, and so curio usi constructed within, o baiadsan variousi interlacin fibres that i seem to equa in Strengththe Ventricle of the heari in ther subjecis andes must a that am astonishe to in suci, diversit in his particular indifferent individuals It is tot observed ho ever, that in the foetus the auricles are ut o ali proportio large, hicli is becau Se the are present e re the hear malae it aPPea ranceor uices for iis ossice even hen it has appeare and theythere re have, as it were, the duinos the whol hear committedio them, S has miready been demonstrated. But whates have
In the book de Spiritu, and elSeWhere.
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observe in the formatio of the scelus as e re remari ex and Aristolle ad atready confirme ali in tu clying the incubatedegg, throws the reates light and likelthood pon the poliat.
Whils the scelus is et in the irini a Sost worm Or, HS i Common ly said in the milli, there is a mere bl ood potiati pulsat ingVCSiCle, a portio apparenti of the umbilica vein, dilate at iis Commen Omen or base Asterwards, hen the ouiline of the
foetus is distinci indicated an it begins o have greater odi lyConSiStence, the vesicle in question beComes more flesl, and Stronger Changemit position, an paSSes into the auricles, bove
numerou Observations on the formation of the foetus.
Finalty it is not withou goo ground that Hispocrates, in hisbook, De Corde, entilles it a muscle it action: the Samo, oicit function, vis. to Contraci an move Ometh in elSe in his caSe the Charge filood. Further, e Can infer the actior an use of the heari rom thearran gement of iis fibres an iis genera structure as in muscies
generat ly. Alli natomist admit, illi Valen that the od of the hear is made uino various courses of fibres running Strat hi, Obliquely, and transversely, illi referenCe to ne another; ut in cheart whicli has been bolle the arran gement of the fibresis seen to b different. All the fibres in the parietes an Septumare circular a in the sphin clers otiose again, hicli are in the Columns Xten tengthwise, an are oblique longitudinalty and s it comes o Pass, that he at the fibres contrac Simul-
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ianeou Sty the apex of the cone is pulle toruard iis has by the column S, the walis are drawn Circulari together into a globe thewhole ear in hor is contra ted and the VentriCle narrowed. It is heres ore impossibi noto perceive that, a the actio Ofthe organ is o plaint contraction, it function is to prope thebloo into the arterio S. Nor are e the es t agree illi Aristolle in regar to the importan Ce of the eari, o to question is it receives Sense and movement Dor the brain, blood rom the liver, or hether it belli originis the ein and of the blood, and such like. The who affirm thes propositiones, Verlook or domo rightly understanditie principat argument, to the effect that the ear is the firstpart hicli exisis, and that it contains illiin iis et blood, lise, Sen Sation, an move ment, e re either the bra in or the liver ere Create Or ad appeare distinctly or, at ali Venis, Osire the Could persori an function. The eari, ready furnishedwith it pro per organs of movement like a in o internat Creature existe besore theiody. The irs to e formed mature wille that it should afterward fashion, Ouri Sh PTOSOTUO, Om plete the entire animal, as iis orti and wel ling-plaC an asthe prince in a kingdom, in hoseianditi the chie an hi hestauthori ty rule OVer ali, the ear is the ource an foundationDom hicli ali strengili is derived on hicli ali strengili dependsin the animal ody. An many things havin referen cerio the arteries surther illus trate an confirm his truth. Wh does no the pulmonary Veinpul Sate, eein that it is numbere among the arterie. Orwhere re is there a pulse in the pulmonar arter Becau Seth pulse of the arteries is derive Dor the impulse of the bl ood. Why Oes an arter differ o much Domin veli in the thici nessan Strengili scit coat. Becaus it sustain the hoc of the impellin hear an stream in blood HenCe, as per Ct Naturedoe nothin in Vain, an suffices unde ait Circum StanCOS, Ofind that the eare the arteries are to the eari, the Ore dothe differ frona the e ins in structure here thenare both Strongeran more ligamento us whils in extrem paris Of theiody, Sucha the feet an hands, the brain the mesentery, and the CSticleS,
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the w orders of esset are so much alii e that it is impossibieto distinguish et ween them illi the ye No this is sor thesollowing ver sufficient reasons for the more remote the esset sare froni the heari, with so much the less sorce are the distended by the strok of the heari, hicli libroken by the great distanceat whicli Dis given. Ad to this that the impulse of the heari exertexupo the massis biood, whicli must need fili the triani sand branches of the arteries, is diverted divided, as it were, and diministi e at ver subdivision so that the ultimate capillarydivision of the arteries look like eins, and this no meret inconstitution ut in function, o the have either no percepti blepulSe, o the raret eXhibit ne an never XCept here theliear beat more violenti than usual or at a part here theminute esset is more dilate or open than else here Henceit appens that at times e are aware os a pulse in the eeth, in inflammator tum ours, an in the finger at nother time elae noth in of the fort. y this single sympto Phave ascertaine for certain that yotin persons, whOS PutSe are natural lyrapid, ere labourin unde seVer an in like Anner, o Compressing the finger in ovilii an delicate subjecis durin alabrile paroXysm, I have readii perceived the pulse there Onthe ther and when the ear pulsates more languid ly, it is osten impossibi e to seel the pulse no meret in the fingers, ut the wrist, an even a the temple, as in person afflicted illi lipothymiae SphyXia, o hysterical symptoms, an in the debilitate an moribund. An here surgeons are to e ad vised that, hen the lood
escapes illi force in the amputationi limbs, in the remova offumo urs, an in ound s, it Constanti Comes DOm an artery no at way indee per saltum, ecause the malle arteries dono pulSate, especiali is a tournique has been applied. FO the fame eaSon the pulmonar arter no oni has the Structureis an artery, ut it cloes no differ o widely Dom thevein in the thichnes of iis alis as cloes the orta The orta Susiain a more powerful shocli frona the est than the pulmonaryarter cloes fro the right ventricte, and the walis of this astvesse are thinne an soster than hos of the orta in the fame
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proportio a the walis of the right ventricle os the hear areweahe and thinne than those of the est ventricie. In like manner, the lungs are soster an laXer in structure than the flesti an other Constituent of the ody, and in a simila way the walis of the branches of the pulmonar arter differ fro thos of the esset S derive Do the aorta. An the fame proportio in theSe Particular is universali preserved. The more muscular an dpowersul me are the firme thei flesti the stronger, thicher, denser, an more fibrous hei hearis, the thicher Clofer, and Stronger are the auricles an arteries Again, in hos animais the ventricies os hos liearis are mooth o thei in ne Suriace, without illi or valves, and the walis os hicli are hin, as infiShOS, Serpents birds, and ery many genera Os animais, the arteries disse litile or nothin in the thichnes of thei coatsseo the eiNS. Further, the reason hy the lungs have suci ample veSSeis,
both arteries an veins, for the capacit of the pulmonaryvein e Xceed that os both the crural and jugular esseis, and why the Contain o large a quantityis biood, as by Xperien cean ocula inspection e no the do admonishe of the factin deed by Aristotie, an no te into error by the appearan CeSMund in animais hich have been led o death,-is,aecauseth bloo has it Muntain, an storehouse, and the workshOP fit las persectio in the ear an lungs. Why, in the fame way e n in the ourse os ur anatomica dissections the pulmonary ei and est ventricle so ut o blood, of the sameblac colour an cloite character a that with whicli the right ventricle an pulmonary arternare filled is hecause the blood is incessanti passing rom ne id of the ear to the therthrough the lungs. Where re in fine, the pulmonary artery haSthe Structure of an artery, and the pulmonar vein have thestructure of Vein s. In functio an constitution, and verythingelse, therars is an artery the ther are eins, Contraryri Whatis common ly belleves and the reason why the pulmonary arterylia S large an orifice, is hecaus it transporis much more blood
than is requisit for the nutritionis the lungs. At these appearances, an many others, to e note in the
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course of dissection, is rightly eighed seem Clearlyrio illustrate an sullyrio confirm the truth contende so throughout thesepages, an at the fame time to oppos the vulgar opinion forit ould e ver difficult to Xplain in any the wanto halpurpos ali is constructed an arrange as, have seen i tote.