An anatomical dissertation upon the movement of the heart and blood in animals : being a statement of the discovery of the circulation of the blood

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FOr e See moVement generatin and keeping up eat an dspirit unde ali circumstances, an res allo ing them to escapean be dissipated. The lood, there fore, ecoming thici orcongealed by the old of the Xtreme and ut ar paris, an drobbe oscit spiriis, jus ascit is in the ead it was imperative that rom it Munt an origin, it hould again receive heat an d

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em actatio an decay, or vitii disordere fluid an crudity, which ngende ali manner o dise ases an consume the OdyO man. For very affectionis the in that is attended illieither patri or Pleasure, ope or ear, is the cause of an agitationwhos influence eκtend to the eari, and there induces changesto in the natura constitution in the temperature, the pulSe and the est, hicli impatrin ali nutrition in iis ource an abatingthe power a large, it is no Onder that Various ornas of in- curabie diseas in the extremities an in the trun are the con- SequenCe, in ASmuchos in Such circumstances the whole Odylabour unde the effect of Vitiate nutrition and a Want of native

ΜorOOUOr, hen e See that ali animal live through Mod digeste in thei inferior it is imperative that the digestion and distribution e perfectu and a a consequence, that there e place an receptacle here the alimen is perfecte and whenceit is distribute to the severa members. No this place is thelieari, for it is the only organ in the od whicli contains lood for the generat se at the ther receive it meret for their peculiari private adUantage jus a the hear also has a supply1or iis own specia belloo in iis coronary vein and arteries. But it is os the store hicli the hear contains in iis auricles and ventricles thates here speat . The the ear is the ni organwhicli is o siluate an constitute that it an distribute theblood in due proportion to the severa paris of the ody the quantity Sent O ach bein accordin to the dimensions of the artery whicli suppliescit, the ear servin a a magagine or Munta in ready to meet itidem and s. Further, a certain impulse or Orce, as ellis an impelle or rcer, Such a the eari, as require to effect this distributionan movement of the blood bothaecause the blood is disposed frona light causes, Such a Cold, alarm horror, and the like, to collect in iis ource, to Concentrate like paris to a hole, o thedrops of water pili pon a table to the mas o liquid and becauserit is orce fro the capillary veins into the smalle ramifications and rom these into the large trunks by the move mento the extremities and the compreSSion of the muscie generally.

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Thealood is thus more disposed to OVesto the circumferen Ceto the centre than in the Opposite direction, even ere there novalve t oppos it movement here re that it ma leave iis Source an enter more confine an coide channeis, and lowagainst the direction to hic licit spontaneousi inclines the blood requires both sorce an an impelling ower. No such is thelieari and the ear alone, and that in the way an mann erat ready eXPlain ed.

The Circulation in the Aod is urther Proved fom

3T HERE are stili certa in phenomena, hicli, alien Sconsequence of thi truth ASSumed a proven, aret nos i thout their se in Xcitin belles, Scit ere, aposteriore I and whicli, although the manseem orae involve in much doub and obscurity, nevertheles readi ly admitos havin reasons an cause aSSigne for them. O such a natur are thos that present them Selves in Connection illi contagions potSOned wound S, thesbite of Serpent and rabid animais, lues venere and the like we Ometimes se the whole system contaminat ed though the partirs insecte re mains Ounx the lues Venere has occasionali made iis attach with patias in theshoulder an head, and ther Sympto in S, the genita organs bein ali the whil unaffecte and then e no that thewound madet a rabi do havin healed sever an a train fclisastro u symptom ma neUeriheleS Supervene. Whence tappears that the contagio impressed pon o deposite in particula pari, is by and by carrie by the return in current of blood to the heari, and by that organ is sent to contaminat thewhol hody. In tertia sever, the morbi sic cause eeking the ear in the firs instance, an hangin abo ut the ear an lungs, renders

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the patientishort-win ded, dispos e to sighing, an indisposed toeXertion, beCaus the Vita principi is oppresse and the lood force in to the lungs an rendere thic does no pas throughthei substance, as I have myself seen in pening the hodies of those ho ad die in the egi nning of the attach, when the

pulse is always frequent, mali, an occasionali irregular ut the heat increasing the matteriecoming attenuated the paSSageSforced, and the transit made, the whole od begins to ris intemperature, and the pulse ecomes fuller an Atronger Thelabrile paroxysin is fuit sormed, hiis the preternatura heatl indie in the ear is thenc diffused by the arteries throughthe whol bodymion with the morbi fic matter, hicli is in his Way Ver Ome an dissolve by Nature. When e perceive, further, that medicines applied externalty exert thei influenc on theiod jus as f the had been alien internalty the truth, are contendin sor is Confirmed. Colocynth an aloes in his a move the et ly, Cantharides eXCites the urine, garii applied to the soles of the Dei assisls Xpectoration cordials stren then, an an infinite number of example os the samea in might be cited. Perhaps it,illisol, therefore, be und n re ason able is, say that the velias by means of thei rorifices, absor Some of the thing that re applied externalty an carry this in Ward with the lood, nolitherwise, it may be, than hos of the mesenter imbibe the chyle Do the intestines

entering the mesentery by the coelia artery, and the Superior an inferior mesente rics, proceed to the intestines, Dom hicli, along illi the chyle that has been attracte into the eins, itreturn by thei numero us ramifications into the vena portae of the liver, and Do this into the Vena cava, and this in Such wisethat the bl ood in these eins has the fame colour and ConSiStencyas in ther eins in opposition to hat an belleve to e thes act. Nor in deed an e imagine No contrar movement in an Capillar systein the Chyle pward S, the blood downward S.

This could carcet tali place an must be hel as altogether improbabie. But is no the thinguather arrange ascit is by the ConSummate providen ce of Nature For were the chyle ingled

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with the blood, the crude with the digested in equa proportions,

the result would notae concoction, transmutation, an sanguification, ut ather, and ecause the are severati active and PASSiUe, a miXtur Or Combination, o medium Compound of thei O, preciSel a happens hen in is mi Xe with water and Syrup. ut hen a Ver minute quantit os hyle is ingled with a very large quantit O circulatin blood, a quantity fchyle tha bear no i in os proportion to the massi filood, theeffect is the fame, as Aristolle says, as hen a rose of water is adde to a casti of wine, o the Contrarn the masicloes not thenpresent iis ei as a mixture, ut is stili sensibi either in orwater. O in the mesenteri Vein o an animal, domo findeither hyme o chyle an blood, tende together o distinci, but only blood, the Same in Colour, Consisten Cy, and other sensibie properti CS ascit appears in the ein generat ly. Stili a there is certa in thoughis mali an inappreciable proportio of chyle orin completet digeste matter mingle with his biood Nature has interposed the liver in hos meandering Channeis it suffers delay an undergoes additional Charage leSt arrivin prematurei and crude at thera eari, it should oppres the vita principie. Hence in the embryo there is almos no se so the liver but the umbilica vel passes directi through, a foramen or annStomosis eXistin Dor the vena portae. The lood return Do the intestines of the foetus, no through the liver but in to the umbilica vein mentioned, and lo sint once in to the heari, in gled with the natural lood hicli is returning rom the placenta whence also it is that in the devel opinent of the scelus the liveris ne os the organs that is ast formed. have observe ali hemember perfecti mari ed ut in the human scelus, even thegenital organs, hiis there as et carcet an trace of the liver. An in dee at the period hen ali the paris, like theliear iis et in the egi nning are stili hite, and Xcept in the Vein there is no appearance of red ness, ou hali se nothin in the seat of the liver ut a hapetes Collection, a it ere, se Xtravasate blood, hici, o might tali for the effect of a

But in the incubate eg there are, as it were two umbilica l

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vesseis, ne seo the album e passin entire through the liver, and goin straight to the hear another fro the olli enclingin the vena portae sor it appears that he hicla, in the rstin stance, is entiret sorine an nourished by the whiteri ut by the olli after it has comerio persectio an is excluded rom thesheli sor his part a stili e Mund in the abdomen os thechich many Jay after iis exclusion, an is a substitute for themilli to the animalS. But these matters illi belle spolieni in m observationso the formatio of the scelus, here many PropositionS, thesollowin among the number, ill e discusseuci here re isthis par forme or perfecte firSt, that last, and of the severat memberg, hat par is the cause of anotheri An there remany potnis havin specia referen cerio the heari, Sucha where rei oescit res acquire consistency, and appea to posseS li , movement, en Se be re any the par of theiod is persected, as ArisIoue says in his hir book De partibus Animalium' An s also os the bl ood, here rei oes it precede at the est An in hat way does it posses the vitat an animal principio, an Sho a tenden cyclo move ment, an tote impelle hi the and thither, the en for hicli the ear appears to e mades In the fame Way, in Considering the pulse, hy should ne in os pulse indicate death, another recover An s of ali the therkind of pulse, hat a b the cause an indicatio of each Likewise e must Conside the reason o Crises an naturalcritical discliarges of nutrition, and speciali the distributionos the nutriment; and of defluXions os every description Finalty, reflecting on very par of medicine, phySiology, Pathology,

illustrate by the truth, hau declared, the light in have madeto hine I se a fiet os suci vas eXtent in hiches might pro- ceed soriar, an expatiate So widely that this ni tractate ould nolint swell out into a volume which Walbeyon mysurpoSe, but my whol life perchance Would nos Sussice forsit Completion. In this place there fore, and that in deed in a single Chapter Ishal en deavour Onlyrio reser the Various Particular that present

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themselves in the dissectio of the ear an arteries to their severat se an causes so shali meet with many thingswhicli receive light Do the truthes have been contendinisor, and whicli, in thei turn rende it more obvious. An indeed Ιwould have it confirmed an illustrate by an atomical argumentsabove allitherS. There is ut a single poliat hicli incleed ould e more Correctly place among our observation On the use of the spleen, but whicli it illiso b altogether impertinent to notice in his place incidentally. Frona the spleni branch whicli passes into

the an creaS, and sto in the uppe pari, aris the posterior Coronata, gaStric, an gaStroepiploi Veins, at o whicli are distributei upo the stomach in numerous branches and wigs, justas the mesenteric esset are pon the intestines in like manner,

Dona the inferior par of the fame pleni branch, and long the back of the colon an rectum proceed the emorrhoidalveins. The lood returning by these eins, and ringing the cruder uices along illi it ora the ne and Do the stomach, where the are thin, atery, and Ot et persecti chyli fled onthe ther thici an more arthy, as derive froin the faeces, ut ait oured into his spleni branch, re ut tempered by the admiXtur os contraries an nature inglin together these twokind os uices, difficulti coction by reasonis mos opposite defecis and then dilutin them illi a large quantit of warmblood, for e See that the quantit returne Dor the spleen musti Ver large hen e contemplate the Sige of iis arteries,)the are brought to the porta of the live in a state of higher preparation. The defecis of ither extreme are supplied and compensated by thi arran gement of the Veins.

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Chapter XVII.

IDO notin theraear a a distinc an separate part in all

se distincti by reason of the malines of the ody stili in bees, flies horneis, and the like we an perceive omethingpulsatin with the helino a magni*ing-glaS in pediculi, also, the fame hin may be een, an a theiod is transparent, thepassage of the ood through the intestines, like a lacli spo orStain, a be perceived by the id of the fame magni ing-

But in ome of the pale loode an coide animais, as in Snails, hellis, lirimps, and hell-fish, there is a part hicli pulsates- kin os vesicle or auricle ithout 'eari flowlyindeed, an no tot perceived eXCept in the warmer eason of the ear. In these Creatures his part is o contrived that itshali pulsate, a there is here a necessit for Some impulse to

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distribute the nutritive fluid, by reason of the variet of organi Cparis, or O the densit of the substance but the pulsations OCCU Unfroquently, and o metimes in Consequence of the oldno at ali an arrangement the best ad apte to them asieinio ado ubila nature so that so metimes the appea to liUe, SometimeSto die ; Sometimes the show the vitali ty Dan animal, SOmetimOSo a vegetable This seems also tot the case illi the insects whicli conceat them selves in inter, and te, Scit ere, defunci, o meret manifestini hin dis vegetative e Xisten Ce But whether the fame hin happens in the casei certain animal that havere bl ood, suchis Dogs, tortoises, SerpentS, Wallo S may beVery properi do ubte d. In ali the large and warme animais hich have reditood there was nee of an impeller of the nutritive fluid, and that perchance poSSeSSin a Considerable amolant of Oxver. In ShOS, SerpentS, ligard S, tortoises, rogs, and ther of the fame in there is ahear present, furnis hed illi both an auricle an a ventricte, whenc it is perfecti triae, as Aristoti has observed, that nos anguineous animal is ithout a eari, by the impelling ower of hicli the nutritive fluid is orced both ith greater Vigo uran rapidit to a greater distance an no merely agitate byan auricle ascit is in lower fornas. An then in regar to animal sthat are et largor, armer, an more pers Ct, a the abound in blood, hicli is always otter an more spiritu ous, and whicli posses bodies of greater ire an ConSiSten Cy theSe require larger, Stronger, an more flesti heari, in orde that he nutritive

fluid ma be propelle with et greate force an celeri ty Andfurther inasmuch a the more perfeci animal require a stili more perfeci nutrition, an a large suppi o native eat, inorde that the aliment a be thoroughly concocte an acquireth last egre os perfection, the require both ungs an a Socon ventricle, hich should force the nutritive fluid throughthem.

Every animal that has lungs has there re two ventricles to iis heari, ne right the ther est; and whereve there is a right,

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there also is there acies ventricle ut the contrar of this does no hol good here there is a est there is no alway a right ventricie. The est ventrici I cal that hicli is distinc in ossice, not in place fro the ther, that ne amet whicli distributes the bloo to the od a large, noto the lung Only. Henc the est ventricle eem to Orm the principat par of thelieari siluate in the id die more strongi marked, and constructe with greater care the hear se em forme for the salie of the est ventricte, and the right ut o minister o it Theright either reaches to the apex of the heari nor is it early of Such strength be in three times hinne in iis alis, an in omesort oin te on to the est, as Aristolle says though in deed itis of greater capaci ty inasmuch scit has not ni to supplymaterial to the est ventricte, but likewiserio furnisi aliment totheciun LS.It is to b observed however that ali his is therwis in theembryo, here there is no suci a dissereno belween the two VentriCles There, as in a double ut the are early equa inali reSpe Cis, the ape of the right reachin to the apex of thelest so that he hear present itfel as a sorti double-po in te dcone. An this is so, ecause in the foetu S, S already aid, whils the blood is no passing through the lungs rom the right to the est avities of the heari, it flows by the foramen vale and ductus arteriosus, directi Dor the vena cava in to the orta, w en cecit is distribute to the whol hody. Both ventricles havethere fore the Same ossice to perform, henc thei equalit os ConStitution It is only hen the lungs come o be sed, and itis requisite that the passages indicate sit ould e locked p, that the differen ce in potnt of strength and the thingibetWe enthe two ventriclesie ins orae apparent. In the altere circumstances the right asininto rive the bloo through the lungs, whils the est has to prope it through the whol body. There are fui the within the ear numerous races, in thesorm o flesti columns an fibro us bands, hici Aristolle, in his thir book on Respiration, and the Paris of Animais, entilles nerUeS. TheSO are vario usty X tended, and are either distinc orcontaine in rooves in the walis an partition, here they