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should it e therwis, Heat an pa in an a Vacuum raw, in deex; ut in such inise ni that pari are filled, o preternaturali distende or gorged, and notis sudden lyand violently overwhel med illi the charge of blood force in pon them, that the flesti is lacerate and the esset ruptured Noth in of thel in a an effect of heat, orsa in or the Vacuum force, i either credibi or demonstrabie. Besides the ligatur is competent to occasio the afflux inquestion ithout illier ain, Ora eat, or a Vacuum. Ore ain in an way the cause ho fhould ita appen that, illi the armbo und above the elbow the han and finger si, ould siuel belowthe andage and their eins e come distended y The pressure of the bandage certain ly prevenis the bl ood Dominetling there by the Vein s. An then, heres ore is there eithe gwelliri nor repletion O the Veins, nor an Signi Sympto mi attraction Orafflux, above the ligatures Eut this is the obvious cause of the preternatura attractio an swellin below the bandage, an in the han an fingers that the blood is entering abundantly, and with force, but anno paSS ut again. No is no this the cause of ali tumefaction, as incleed Avicenna has it an o ali oppressive redundanc in paris that the acces to them is open, but the egress sto in them is loged When cecit comes that they are gorge an tumefied. An mayno the fame hin happen in loca inflammations, here, Solon a the wellin is ora the increase, an has no reache iise Xtrem term a sui pulse is fel in the pari, specialty heia thecliseas is of the more acute hind, and the wellin usuali tali es place mos rapidi 3'. ut these re matters for aster discussiora. O does his, hicli occurre in myiwn case, happen rom the
structi m forehea a low pon the place here a twi of the arter ad Vances rom the temple an immediat ely, illi in theti me in hich twent beat could have been made, I fel a tum our the Sige of an eg developed, ithou eitheraeat o any great aim; the ea vicinit of the arter had caused the bl oodio e effuse in to the ruised part illi unusual force and velocity.
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An now too we understand wh in phlebotomy e applyOur ligatur ab ove the par that is punctured, o belo it didit, sto come rom bove no sto below the Constrictio in this case ould not only be of no service, ut WOuid ProUe apositive inde rance it ould have to e applied elo theorifice, in orde to have the sto more Dee, di the lood descend by the ein Dom superior o inferior paris 'ut ascit Selsewhere orce through the extreme arteries into the Xtremeve in S, and the return in these ast is opposed by the ligature, Sodo the fili and well, and eing thus ille an distended theyare made Capable o projecting thei charge illi force, an to adiStRnce, he any one of them is sud dent puncturex; ut theligature ein Stackened, and the return in channeis thus est open the lood orthiuith no longer escapes, ave by rOPS and a at the wori linows, i in performin phlebotomy the bandagete ei ther lachene to much o the limbie bound too tightly the lood escapes ithout force, because in the ne ASCthe returning Channeis are not ad equalet obstructes in theother the charaneis of influx the arteries, recim Peded.
That there is a Circulatis of the Aod is hown rom
thera condiosition Demonstrate IE hos things e so another potni,hicli I have at ready
rosei red O vis. the Continuat passage of the blood throughtheieari,il also be confirmed. e have Seen that theblood passes rom the arteries into the eins, no from theve in into the arteries; e have seen surther, that almos thewhole of the blood a be illidrawn Domin puncture made inone of the utaneous Velias of the arm is a bandage properly applied e sed ' have seen stili surther, that the bl ood lo aesso Deely an rapidi that not ni is the whole quantity hichwa containe in the arm beyon the ligature, and e re the
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Puncture a made, discliarged, but the whole whicli is containedin the body both that os the arteries and that Of the Vein s. When Ce e must admit,irst, that the bl ood is sent along ithan impulse, and that it is urged illi force belo the ligature; sor it esca pes illi force, hicli force it receives rom the pulse an power of the eart so the force an movement of the bloodare derived rom theaear a lone. Secondi that the amu proce edis rom the eari, and through the ear by a Course romthe reat ein sor it et in to the paris elo the ligature through the arteries, no through the Vein and the arteries no here receive loo Dona the Veins, nowhere receive lood save and Xcept rom the est ventricle of the heart. Nor Could So large a quantity of lood e rawn romine vetes a ligature havin been ut applied), nor illi suci impetuosity, SuchreRdineSS, Such Celerity unles through the medium of the impelli nil power of the heart. But is ali hingsi a the are no represented, e hali Delourselves a liberint calculate the quantity of the bl ood, and tore ason ora it circula movement. Should anyone, o in Stance,
in persormin phlebotomy, suffer the blood toto in the mann erit usuali cloes, illi force an Deely for so me ais our Or o, no question ut that the reates par of the lood ein abstracted la intings an Syncopes ould en Sue, and that notin lywould the arteries but the rea Velias also bem early empti e osthei contenis It is ni consonant illi re ason to conclude that in the ourse of the hal hour inted at, o muchos hasesCape has also passed rom the great ein through the eartinio the orta. An surther, is, calculate O many unCOS fio through ne arm or O many pas in Kent O thii typulsation unde the medium ligature, e hali ave Somegroundiso estimatingio much passes through the ther armin the Same pace of time ho much through both lowereX tremities, o v much through the neci on ither fide, and
through at the other arteries an vein of the hody, ait o whichliave been supplied with freshalood an a this bio od mus have passe through the lungs an ventricies of the heari, an must
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iation is absolutet necessary see in that the quantities in tedat cannot e supplied immediat ei Dom the ingesta, an a re Vasti more than ante requisit for the mere nutrition of the
It is stili further tot observed that in practis in phlebotomythe trullis contende so are so metimes Confirme in another Wan fortavinitie up the arm properly, and ad the punctureduly, stili, is hom alarm o any other CauseS, a State O sa intra esssupervenes, in hicli the eat alway pulsate more languid ly, the lood oes no flow reely, ut disti l by drops only. Therea son is that with the omewhat greater than usual resistance offere to the transit of the bl ood by the bandage, couple withthe wealter action of the eari, an iis diminished impellingPOWer, the Stream anno malae it way unde the ligatur and further, win to the weali an languishin state of the eari, the blood is no transferre in suci quantity a won Do in thevein to the arteries through the sinu se of that Organ. S also, an for the Same reasons, are the menstrua fiuXe Os omen, an inde ei hemorrhages of very kind Controited. An now, a Contrar State of thing occurring the patient gettinguid of hissear an reCoVei in his coiirage, the pulse strength S in creased, the arteries begin again to beat with greater orce, an to driveth blood even in to the par that is ound so that the bloodno Spring DO the puncture in the ein, an flows in a con
The Third Position is Cons, med and the Circulationos the Aod is Demonstrate from it.
'HUS sar, have pol e of the quantityis biood pass- in through the ear and the tangs in the centre os the ody, and in like manne Dom the arteries into the ein in the periphera paris and the od atlarge have et to Xplain, however, in hat anne the
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blood finditis a bach to the hear sto the extremittes by the
Velias, and ox an in hat way these are the ni vesset that Convey the blood rom the X terna to the centra part whicli done I conceive that the three fundamental proposition laiddown so the circulation os the blood ill e so plain, o ellestabit Slied, o obviousi true, that the may laim generat Creden Ce No the rem aining position ill be ad sussicientlyclear rom the valves hicli are found in the avities of the e insthenaseives, Dona the Se of these, an se Om Xperimonis Og-nig able by the en SCS. The celebrate mero; mus Fabricius DAquapendente, ab OStskil fui Anatomist, an venerable old an or a the earn edK lan illi ave it, Jacobus Silvius, firs gave representations os the valves in the e ins whicli consistis aised orcio os portion Sof the in ne membranes of these esset S of Xtrem delicaCy, and a sigmoi or semilia nar hape They are sit uate a different distances rom acti ther, an diverset in different individual the are connate at the fides of the ein the aredirectedispward o to ard the trunk of the ein the wosor there are for the mos part two together regard acti Other, mutuali touch, an a re S ready to come into contac by theiredges that i anythin attemptrio asscirona the ruralis in to thebranche of the eins, o fro in the greater esset in to the ess, they complet ei preverit it the are surther so arran ged that the horns of thos that succee are opposite the iddie of the conveXity of thos that recede, an iis On alternately. The discoverer of these valves di no rightly understan theiria Se nor have Succeed in Anatomist adde anyth in to uri nowledge for thei ossice is by o means Xplained whe weare old that it is to inde the lood by t weight Do in aliflowin into inferior part the edges of the alves in the jugula Vein han downward S, an are so contrived that theyprevent the blood froni rising pward the at Ues, in 'ord, dono invariabl look pwards, ut alway to ard the trunk of the vel ns, invariablynoward the seat of the heart. , an in deed Others have so metimes Mund valves in the emulgent Vein S, and in hos of the mesentery the edges of hicli ere directed
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loward the vena Cava an vena portae . et it be ad ded that there remo alves in the arteries, and that OgS, Xen, α, have invariabi valves at the division of thei crura veins, in thevein that meet to ward the op of the os sacrum, an in those branches hicli come frona the hau nches in hichis suci effecto gravit Dona the erect position a to e apprehended. Neither are there valve in the jugula Velias for the purpOSe os uardita again St apopleXy, a Some have ais; ecause in te epthe ea is more apto be influenced by the content of the caroti arteries. Neither are the valve present, in orde thattheiloo may be retatne in the divarication or malle trunt San minuter branches, an not e suffere t fio entiret into the more ope an Capacious Channeis for the occur herethere remo divarication although it musti owne that theyare mos frequent at the potnis here branches Oin Neitherdo the exist for the purpos o rendering the current of lood more sto frona the Centre of heiody sor it se enas likely that the loo would e disposed toto with sufficient lownes ofit own accord a it ould have to asscirom large into On-linuati s malle vesSeis, ein separate fro the reas and fountain head an attaining rom arme into Colde places. Eut the valves are solet made an institute les the lood should pas frona the reater into the esse vel ras, and itherrupture them o Cau Se them Oraeco me varicose; est, instea ofad vancin Do the extrem to the centra paris of theiody theblood should ather proce ed long the ein Do In the centre tolli eviremities; ut the delicate valves, hile the readit open in the right direction, entirely provent ni Such contrary OVOment, hein s si tua te an arranged that i Anythin escapes, o istes perfecti obstructed by the cornua of the ne bove, the fluid passing ascit ere, by the chin ks etween the cornua, it is immediately received o the conveNity of the ne beneath, whichis place transverset with referen ce to the former, an so is
effectuali hindere from gettin an surther. An this I have frequently experience in m dissections of the ein Pattempte to pas a probe Dor the trunk of theve in into ne of the malle branches, hateve care took Ι
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fig. 2, and keep the poliat os a finger po the vel inferiorly, you illiseemo influx of lood Dona bove the portio of the vein et een the oint of the finge and the valvem ill e obliterated; et ill the esse continue sufficienti distendedabove that valve o G . The blood eing thus preSSed ut, and the et emptied is ou no appina finge of the ther hand
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tilled fro below, and the armiecomes alit appear atii fig. I. That the bl ood in the e in theresore proceed Dor inferior Ormore remoteri Superior Paris an to ardes the heari, movin in these esset in his an no in the contrar direction, appearSmost obviou Sl3 . An although in Some places the alves byno acting illi suci perfeci accuracy, or here there is ut a Single alve, o no Seem totali to reverit the passage of thebloo froni the centre, stili the reater number of them plain lydo SO and then, here things appea contrive more negligent ly, this is compensate ei the by the more frequent occurrenc Ormore perfeci actionis the su CCeed in valves, O in ome therway the Velias, in Shori, a thenare the re an ope Conduits of the lood return in to the eari, o are the effectu allyprevented rom Servin ascit Channeis of distribution iram the
But his ther circumstanc has tot notex The arm e ingbound and the vel ris made turgid, and the alve prominent, Sbes ore, apply the thum o finger Ver a vei in the sit uation os
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one os the valves in Such a way a to CompreScit, an preventan blood rom passing 9ward froin the and then, illi a finge of the ther and Streal the lood in the et up ward stili it has passe the ne X valve bove N fig. 4, the esse nowremain empty but the fingerint L hein removed sor an instant, the ein is immediati fille frona elow appinthe finger again, an havin in the fame mann er Streat e the lood pwards, again remove the finge below, and again the esset ecomes distended a be re and this repeat, say a thousan times, in Shori pace of time. An no compute the quantityi blood whicli ou have thus presse u beyon the valve, and thenmultiplying the assume quantit by one thousand yo wil findiliat so much bloo has passe through a certain portio of the vesset an I do no bellove that ou illin yourseis convincedi the circulationis the bl ood, and of iis rapi movement. But is in his Yperiment ou illisa that a violenc is done to Nature do notio tibi but that is, oti procee in the Same way,oni tali in a great a tengiliis vel a possibie, an mere lyremari , illi ha rapidit the bl ood flows 9warcis, an filis the
Concission of the Demonstration in the Circulation.
the circulatio of the lood, an to propos it sorgen erat adoption. Since ali hings both argument an ocula demonstration, sho that the blood passes through the lungs an heari by the orce of the ventricles, an is sent si distribution to aliparis of the ody, here it mal es t way into the ein and pores of the flesti, and the flores by the ein Do in the circumferen Cein Very Siderio the centre, fro in the esse to the greatervellas, an is by them finali discliarge in to the vena cava an d
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right auricle of the eari, and this in such a quantity or in such aflux an reflux thilhe by the arteries, hi the by the Veins, ascannot possibi be supplied by the ingesta, an is much greater than ante requiret for mere purposes of nutrition cit is absolutet necessar to conclude that the lood in the animal odyis impelle in a circle, an is in a state O ceaseles m OUement that this is the acti sinction hicli the hear persornas by means oscit pulse and that it is the sole an only en of the move ment an contractio of the heart.
The Circulation of the Aod is Further Con med θ
froni Certa in familia reaSonings, that the circulation is matter both o convenience an necessi ty. In the si rest place, Since death S a corruption hic li akes placethrough deficiency of heat, an sincerat living thing are Warm, ali dying things coid there must be a particular eat an clsountain a in of home an hearth, here the cherisher os Nature, the original of the native sire, is store an preserved from hicli eat an iis are dispense to ali paris Diso a Muntain head hence susten ance a b derived an disponwhicli concoctiora an nutrition, an ali vegetative energ may depend. Now that the ear is his place that the ear is the principi oscii , and that ali passes in the an ne jus mentioned Pirus no ne illi eny. The blood, there re, require t have movement, and indeed such a movement that it ho ut retur again to the eari forsent to the externa paris of the od far rom it Muntain, asAristoti says, and without move ment, it would heco me Congealed.
Aristoteles De Respiratione, lib. i. et iii. De Part. Animal et alibi.