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blood, it is quali so that, contracting these avities houldeXpe thei content and this no in an triflin measure Forneither are the condulis mali nor the contractions se in number, but frequent, an always in ome certain Proportion, hether ith a thir or a siYth, O an ighth, to the tota capacit os the ventricles, o that a like proportionis biood must be Npelled, and a like proportio received with ach strok of the heari, thecapacit of the ventricte Contracte alway bearin a certain relation to the capacit of the ventricte hen dilated Andsince in dilating the ventricles cannoti supposedo ge fili edwith nothing or illi an imaginary Omething, o in contractingthe neve eXpe noth in or aught imaginary, ut at ways acertain Something, vis. blood, in proportion to the amo unt of the contraction. Whenc it is to e concluded that i at ne stroke the hear in man, the cor the heep, ejectibu a single drachmi biood, and there are ne thousan strokes in hal anhour, in his interva there,ill have been tempound Stave unces expellex is illi acti stroke in drachm are expelled thequantity ould of Ourse amount to tinent pound an tenounces hais an unce, the quantity ould come o orty-onepound an eight Ounce and were there ne unc it,ouldbe a much a eighty-three ound an Mur unces the wholeos,hich in the ourse of ne hal hour, ould have been transfuse sto the Vein to the arteries. The actua quantit ofblood expelle at each strok of the heari, and the Circumstances under hicli Dis either greater o les than ordinary I leave sorparticula determination sterward S, Dona numerou ObSerVation Swhiches have madein the subjeci. Meanti me his much I know, and would here proclaim torali, that the blood is transfuse atine time in larger, at another in Smalle quantity and that the circuit of the lood is accompliShe no more rapid ly, o more lowly, CCordin to thetemPerament, age, Q, of the individual, to externat an internat
eXercise affections of the ind, and the like But SupposingeVen the malles quantit os loo to e passe through thelieaci and the lungs with ach pulsation, a Vastly greater amo uni
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would stili e thrown into the arteries and whole Ody than could by an possibilit be supplied by the ood consumed. It couldie furnished in no the way than by malain a circuit and
This truth, incleed presentiitSel obvioust be re us hen we consider hat appens in the dissectioni livin animal the reat artery nee not e divide d. but a very mali branch only, as alen even proves in regar to man), o have the whole of the bl ood in the ody a weli that of the ein sin os the arteries, drai ne away in the ourse of n long time so me hal hour orless. Bulcher are et Paware os the fac an ca bear it nessio it for cuti in the throatis an o an so divid in the esseis of the neci , in tes than a quarteris an hou the have ali hevesse is loodless the whole mas of loo has scape TheSame hin also occasionali occurs illi great rapidit in per- formin amputation an removin tum our in the humansubjeci. Nor ould his argumen lose any of it force, id anyone say that in illin animal in the hambies, an performingam putations the lood escape in equat, fiso per hanc in large quantity by the ve in than by the arteries. The contrar of this state ment, in deed is certa in ly the truth ohe e ins
force, in hat abundance, and o qui chly the whole lood in the ody, of the ein as ei as of the arteries is empti ecl. Butthe arteries receive lood rom the ein in no the way than by transmission through the eari, as e haUeruire ad Seem Sothat f the aorta be tie at the base of the heari, and the carotido any ther arter be pened, o ne illiso be surpri sed tofinxit empty, and the ein sint replete illi blood. An nox ulte cause is manifest, hyci ou dissections e
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usuali findis large a quantity filood in the eitas, socii ille in the arteries hy there is much in the right ventricte, litti in the est, hicli probabi te the ancients to belleve that thearteries a thei nam implies containe nothing ut spiriis
during the lis of an animal. erhaps the true cause of the di D renc is his that a there is no passage to the arteries, saVethrough the lungs an heari, hen an animal has eas e tobreathe and the lungs to move, the lood in the pulmonaryarter is prevente Dom passin into the pulmonary Veins, and Do thence into the est ventricle of the heari justos et aveaiready Seen the fame transit prevente in the embryo by the want os movement in the lungs and the alternate pening and closin of thei minute orifices an invisibi pores. ut theliear not eas in to ac at the fame precise moment a thel ungs, ut furvi ving them an Continuin to pulsat for a time, the est ventricle an arteries o on distributin their lood toth bod a large an sendin it in to the ein receiving non esro the lungs, howeVer, the are oon Xhausted, and est, ascit were, empty. ut even his fac confirm ou vierus in no tristingmanner, Seeing that it Canae ascribe toto other than the cause we have jus aSSU med.
Μoreove it appears rom his that the more frequently orsor ibi the arteries pulsate, the more speedily ill theiod beexhauste of iis lood durin hemorrhage. Hen Ce also, ithappens that in satiatin fit an in states of alarm , he theliear beat more languidi and es forcibly, hemorrhages rediminished an arreSted. Stili surther, it is Domitiis that aster death, hen the earthas eased to beat, it is impossibi by divid in either the jugularo semora vein and arteries by an efforto force ut morethan ne hal of the wholeonas of the lood Neither could the bulcher ever bieed the arcas effectuali didae neglectrio cut the throat of the o whichae has nockedin the hea an dstunned, e re the heari ha ceased beating.
Finalty, e re no in a condition to suspect where recit is that no ne has et sal anythin to the purpos uPOn the anaStomosis of the ein and arteries, either acto here o ho it is
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The in si Position in the Quanti Aod assingston the in to the Arteries And that there is a Circuit of the Aod inreed rom Objections and Furtherioni med θ Experiment.
vis. that the mlood is cincessantly poured into the arteries in large quantities haesit an e supplied by
the ood so that the whole passing ove in a hori pace ostime, it is matter of necessit that the lood persor a circuit, that it return henc it et ut But Danyone hali here objec that a large quantity ma passthrough and et o necessit be found for a circulation that alima come sto the meat an drin consumed an quoteras an illustratio the abundant supplWo milli in the mammae-for acow,illiive three Mur, an even even gallon an more in aday, and a Woman w or three pinis hilst nursin a chil ortwins, whicli must manifestly be derive Do the Mod consumed i may be answered that he hear by Computationioe a muchan more in the course of an hou O two. An is not et convinced, he hali stili insist that when an arter is divided, a preternaturat Oute S, amit,ere, opened, and that so the lood escapes in torrenis, but that the fame thingdoes not appen in the ealthy an uninjure bod when nooutiet is made and that in arteries filled, o in thei naturalstate, o large a quantit os lood anno pas in o hor a Space of time a to malae any retur necessar to ali his it ma be answered that sto the calculation iready made, an d
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Is a live nake e laid open the heari,illae See pulsatin gquietiy, distinctly for more than an Our, OVin like a Orm, contractin in iis longitudina dimensions, forcit is os in oblongshape), and propellita it ContentS. It ecomes of a pater colour in the systole, os a deepe tint in the diastole and almostat things eis are Seen by hicli I have at ready said that thetruth I conten for is established, ni that here verythingi ake place more lo ly, and i more distinct Thi potnt in particular a be Observe more Clearly than the oon-Jay Sun: the vena cava enter the hear at iis lower part the arter qui isit at the superior part the vel bein no seige ei the withforceps or etween the finge and thumb, and the ourse of thebl ood sor so me pace belo the ear interrupted, ou illperceive the par that intervenes et ween the finger and theliear almos immediatet to ecome empty the lood eing exhausted by the action of the ear at the fame time thel, cari ill ecome of a much pater Colour, even in iis state Ofdilatation, than it a bes ore it is also malle than a first, froni antingilood and then illegi nito beat more lowly, sothat i seem at tength as i ii ere bout o die. But theimpediment to the flow of lood ein removed instanti thecolour and the fige of the heari are restored.
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immediatet return to thei natura state in colour, Sige, and impulSO.
Here, then, e have eviden ce of two kind of death: extinctionsrom deficiency, and suffocation Dom excess. Xamples of both have no been et e re you, and o have had opportunit osviewing the truth contende so withbour own yes in the heart.
The eoon Position is Demonstrate
'HAT his may the more Clearly appea to Ueryone Ι have here to cite certain Xperiments fro in hi licitu seem obvious that the lood enter a lim by the
arteries, an returns rom it by the ein that thearteries are the esset carrying the lood rom the eari, and the ein the return in channeis of the bloo to the heartu that in the limbs an extreme paris of the od the lood passes ei ther immediat et by anastomosis frona tho arteries in to the Veins, o mediate ly by the pores of the flesl, o in both ways, ashas atready been sal in Speat in of the passage of the lood through the lungs hen ceci appears manifes that in the circuit the lood moves rom that place to this place, and Do that potn to this ne from the centre to the extremities, o it; an stom the X treme paris bach again to the centre Finalty, upo ground of calculation, illi the fame elements as besore, it villi obvious that the quantity an ei therae accounte forby the ingesta, nor et be hel neceSSarnio nutrition. The fame hing ill also appea in regar to ligatureS, an
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where re thenare sal to dram though this is either romthei eat, nor the patia, nor the vacuum the occasion, nor in deesssrom an Other cause et thought of it,ill also explain theu se an ad vantage to e derived rom ligatures in medicine, the principi upon whicli thenei ther suppres O OCCASion hemorrhage 'o the induce lough in and more e Xtensive mortification in Ytremittes and o the ac in the castration os animal and the remova o waris an flesti tum ours. ut itha comerio pass, Domi one havin duly eighed an under-stoo the causes an rationale of these various effecis, that though almos ali, pon the aith of the old writers recommendligatures in the reat ment of disease, et Ver se comprehendthei proper emplOyment, orieriVe any rea assistance Dom them
Ligature are either very tight or os medium tightness. Aligatur I designate a tight o perfect when it o Constrict aneXtremit that no esset ca be et pulsat in beyon it. Sucha ligature e se in amputation to contro the flow of lood an such also are employed in the castrationis animal and the ablation os tumours. In the alter instances, at a lucos nutriment an heat bein prevente by the ligature, e se the testeSand large flesti tumour diuin die, die, an finali sal off. Ligatures of medium tighinesses regar a those hicli om-pros a lim firmi ali round but hor of ain, an in suci, a Way a stili suffers a certain degre o pulsation tot fel in the arter beyon them. Such a ligatur is in se in lood-letling, an operation hicli the ille applied bove the ibo is notdrawn o tight but that the arteries a the wris may stillis felibeat in unde the finger.
graspin the lim lightly illi his and the est subject for tbeing one ho is lean, and who has large eins, and the est time after Xercise, hen theiod is arm the pulse is fuit, and the loo carrie in large quantit to the Atremittes for allthen i more Conspicuous unde suci circumstances et a ligaturei thrown bout the extremi ty, and drawn a tightly a can
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net ther in the wris norinnywhere else, do the arterie PutSate, at
the fame time that immediate lymbove the ligatur the arterybegins to rise igher at ach diastole, to thro more violent ly, and o wel in iis vicinit with a kin of tide; ascis it strove tobreala through and Vercome the obstacleo it current 'heartery here, in hori, appears as i ii ere preternaturali sui l. The an unde suci circumstances retain iis natura Colour an appea ranci in the oursem time itie in suo sali somewhat in temperature, in deed, but nothin is draeton into it. Aster the bandage has been epi on for so me hori time in this way, et it e lachene a litile brought to that state orterna of medium tightnes whicli is sed in ieed in g, an it illbe se en that the whole and an arm ill instanti hecomedeeply coloured an distended, and the Vein Alio them selves tu mi and noti ex aster ten or twelve pulses of the artery theliand will e perceived excessivel di Stended, injected gorgedwithilood, Getem ascit is sa id by this medium ligature, ithout
pain, O heat, o any horror fis acuum, Orinny ther auSO et indicat Od.
I the finger e applied ver the artery ascit is pulsatin by the edge of the illet, at the momenti stachen in it, the lood will e et to glide through, ascit ere, underneath the finger
mal in it way along the Courge of the esset and diffusing tsel sthrough the hand which at the a me timetegins to Dei hol, and hecomes distended. As e have noted in Connection illi the tight ligature, that the arternabove the andage a distende an pulsated notbelox it, o in the case of the moderatet tightiandage, o the contrary do e in that the ein below, neve above, the illet,swell, and eco me dilated, hiis the arteries lirinii and suchis the degre os distensio of the e ins here, that it is only verystron pressure that will orce the loo heyon the illet, and cause any of the velias in the uppe Par of the arm to rise.
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From these facts it is eas for very caret observe to learn that the lood enter an e Xtremit by the arteries vhenthenare effectu alty compresSed noth in is meton to the member; the an preservescit Colour noth in flows into it,meither is it distendex but hen the pressure is diminished ascit is illi thebleed ingillet, it is manifes that the lood is instantly thrown in illi orce so the the and egins o wel ; hicli is asmuchos o say that he the arteries pulsate the lood is flowin through them, ascit is hen the moderatelntight ligatureis applied but here the do no pulsate, as, hen a tight ligatur is Sed the ceas stom transmittin anything they areoni distende ab ove the part here the ligatur is applied. The Vein again ein Compressed, nothin can o throughthem the certain indication of hicli is that belo the ligature the are much more tum id than bove it, and than the usuallyappear hen there is notandage pon the arm. It there re plaint appears that the ligature revenis thereturn of the bl ood through the ein to the paris bove it, and maintain thos beneati it in a state of permanent distension. But the arteries, in spite O iis pressure, an unde the orce an dimpulse of the heari, sen on the lood rom the interna paris of theiod to the paris beyon the ligature. An herein consist the differen ce et ween the tight and the medium ligature, that the forme notin ly prevenis the passage of the bl ood in theve ins but in the arteries also the alter, Cwever, hiis it cloes no prevent the orce of the pulse stom Xtendin heyon it, and so propelling the loo to the Xtremities of the ody, CompreSSes the vel nS, and greatly or altogether impedes the returno the blood through them. See in g, there re that the moderatet figlit ligature renders the ein turgi an distended, and the whol hand sui os blood, ast , henc is his p Does the lood accumulate elow theligatur comin through the eins, o through the arteries, orpassin by certa in id den ore. Through the ein scit cannot come Stili es can it come through an system os invisibi epores it must need then, arrive by the alteries, in Conformi ty
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ili Vein appears laint enough Dona the ac that the lood cannot e force toward the ear unles the ligatur bere move when his is done suciden lyal the Vein collapse, and disgorge them selves of thoi content into the superior PariS, theliandis the a me time resumes iis natura pale colour, tho tumefaction and the stagnatin bloo havin disappeared. ΜOrCOVer, he hos arm o wris has thus been ound sorsonae litile time illi the medium andage so that it a noton ly go sinollen an livid ut old when the ille is undone isaware os Someth in col mali iniit way pward along illi thereturning lood, and reachin the elbow o the axilla. Andes have myself been incline to thini that this cold loo risingupinard to the eari a the cause of the faint in that osten Occur asterito od-lettinget latratin frequently supervene even in robust subjecis, and osti a the momentis undo ing the illet, a the Vulgar Say Do in the turning of the bl ood. Further, hen e se the ein belo in the ligatur instantly SKeil P and eco me gorged, heri rom X treme tighines it is Some hat rela Med the arteries meanti me Continuin unaffected, this is an obvious indication that the lood passes rom thearteries in to the Veins, an no frona the Vein into the arterieS, and that there is ei ther an anastomosis of the w order OfUeSSeis, or ore in the flesti an soli paris generali that arepermeable by the lood It is further an indicatio that the Veins have frequent communications illi ne nother, beCauSethe ali hecome turgid together, hiis unde the medium ligatur applied ab ove the elbow an is an single mali vel nbe priche with a lancet, the ali speedit stirinii, an dis-burthening thenaseives into his the subside almos Simul
The Se Considerations ill nable anyone to understand thenatur of the attractio that is Xerte by ligatures, an per-Chance of fluxes generalty how for X ample, hen the ein Swhen CompreSSed by a bandage of medium tighines applieda bove the elbow the bl ood cannot escape, hiis it stili Continues