The works of Lucian

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on the right han fide sit a mala illi ars almost a large a Midas's, stretchinisortii his han to ard the figure o Caluinny who appe ars at a distanc coming up to him he S attende by No omen, ho I imagine, represent Ignorance and Suspicion. From the theride approaches Calumnu, in the formis a oman to the last egre beauti fui, ut seeming arm and infla med a fuit os anger an resentinent; earing a lighte torch in her

stellum exand weptra theight of Truth, ho Was approaching toward cher. In his manne di Apelles expres the angerie ad escaped rom. Andnow, Dyo plea se, e Will en deaVou to imitate the Ephesian ainter, and describe Caluinny, it e very thing that belong to her Calumn then, is an accusatio made ithou kno lege of the person accused brought against one part who is absent, an belleVed by the ther, havingis oneri contradicto it. Such is the subject-m alter of this discourse. ut here, as inmur comedies, there are three principat aris he who bring the accusation, he against whom it is made, an die to hom it sirought; et, conside them aliby turns, and enquire in to the usines of achri to egi then, illi imwho plays therar pari, the author of the calum ny that suci a ne canneve be a good an is in disputabie, O no good an eve injure ano ther: e rathe strives to prevent the effect of envy and ealou sy, b reconciling men ne to nother, and me K his benevole iace by his good opiniono his friendWandis eigh bours it ere eas to ste , that the calumniator must be the most usust, iched, and pernici ous of mena obod Nili deny that impartialit is the essence of justice, an partialit of injustice; oesnoche, then, hissander the absent, tali more poni imself thanae ought, dot he no entiret sei Ze pon, an posses theaearer, hos ear atready

filled illi calumny, are entiret mut again the therides The greatest, this,

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this, no doubi, of ali human injuries a the bestria givers, Solon and Draco, long sincerachnowlege icit, ho bound the udges by a solemn ath, olearboth parties illi equa patience, tili the cause a suli determine J, and itplaint appeared, hich was the worse, and hicli the eiter part theyeve held that a profane an implous udgment, hi Ch was ad besore thedelance had been atri opposed to, an compare With the accusation Isive permit the accuser o say What he Pleases Without ear, and muttur ears against the defendant, or over-persuade by Wha liath been allege against, silently condemn him, the ods, thenaseives, ill resent our injumice and inhumani ty it is, there re, ei ther justis o lawm to calumniate. But is the legislator vllio thus rescribe justice an impartiali ty, are notis lassicient weight and authority let us cali in to ou a1 one o our best poets, who hath de termined, or ather decreed concerning this potnt: here he says, Give notuli judgmentis' er thou hear'st,hat both Ma plead in thei defence. He, o doubi, as eli convinced that os at wicked actions in iis, nothing couldie more uiri uxor more implous than to condemn an man un-heard and untried; hicli the calumniator is constanti gulit of by subjecti nihim homae tander to uia merite resentinent, and by a clandestine accusation, taking p ab frona hi in the means o defendi nihimself for thesel in o people, horare alNays decet timi and coWardly, do nothing open lynbur, ille tho se ho lye in ambusta, si oot at yo at a distance, rom ome secret place, here j ou have o po e to resist them, ut must inevitabi perisci formant of knowing thei ari an maniae of fghting. his is to me a certa in sign, that calumniator accuse for the mos pari, ithout a cause sor, is a mananorus that hat he asseris against an oneri true, he will prove it public ly, provok him to a de lance, and rei lyclo it He holas reason toti ope for victor in the ope niueid, neve malles se of reachery or fraud tosubdue his enomy. Calumniator a re observe to ourish and bound imost in the couris of princes, and in the hous es of the rich and great, here there is alWays agreat dea of envy, en thousand suspicions, an perpetua food for calumnyand adulation Ghere opes are multiplied destres must e more ager, hatred mole dangerous, an detraction more malevolent in suci, places

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succee is so true is momer's observation. Mars istu common ord, like to ait, An os the victor triumphsi ut o fall. When the contest is for things o consequence anil value, an aris are ut in praetice against each ther, amongst,hicli the mos expeditious, as etllas the ostian gerous and destructive, is calumny, hicli aris eth rona the enuyos an other' happiness, and is iis et attended illi the mos tragi and fatalcatamities; to ais suspicions, o ever, is no mali or asy lassi, ut require great care, ari, and ingenui ty the calum ny ould not ound bdee is it a nota eli supported nor could ii prevati against truth, hic licis stronger than ali hings, unies many an allu ring, probabie and persuasive argument was made se of totetra the heare r.

The man who is in the ighest honour, and there re most exposed toenvy, is generali the object at med at against in ali poliat thei arrorus,looking pon imis the greatest obstacte an impediment i he horis the principat could e go the bet ter os, an remove frona the roya favour, every one might then ope to succeed to t. Just si doth ita appen in the public course so there the good acer, asston asae staris frona the bar, pushes forwari With at spee to the goal, and relying on the wi fines of his lae alone for the victor; , he huris noone, plans nodestructive schemes against his rivals whilst the forum fo6t, who has no opes o success, turn his in to evit aris, and ni thin ksho he a stolinand deta in the wi se coharser, ellano in g, that iste can

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pa in that nothin improbabie, o foret g to the purpose, hali appea in

thei accusations for hicli ea n the generali produce against imwhom the calumniate suci crimes ache might most probab lyte guili os; accus the physician, o instance, as a pol ner, the minister a a ratior, the ricli an as a tyrant ad to this that the passion of the heare generali fur nisi matter for, an dioint ut the subjec os accusation to the calumniator. I the great an is ealous, ich a ne, the teli him, inhedat, o made sigias to his i se or he heclooke at her, e ghed me inretur lookedaindi at him, illi a mile os love an complacen cy, withother mark of loos an adulterous designf. I he values himself on his talent for poetry by heaven says sona ebody, Philoxenus aughed at our verses, abused them, and wOre the were rough and in harmoni ous. I heis ' plous and religious, his frien mali e represented octim a s a profane fellow or an atheist, ne ho distet leves a divine Providence, an dentes the bcingi a god. In ali these cases, the man an hea butine side 'egrow angry and en rage at his friend, and at once ales an abhors him, without attin for reasons o proos against ima a the always producesuch hings a the are lare illiost incens and provo ke the person to homthe are toles: hen the know hicli par is mos easi ly ounded, to that the direct thealow, and in icti a manner, that enfla med illi immediateressent ment, o oom is est for an en quir after truth so that is a man isu illinguo defend himself, e stiali noti permitted the udgmentieing al- ready predetermined by an appearance of truth. But the most successsu species of calumn is that hicli accuses a manifdsing haesis most opposite to the aste and inclinationis theaearer Thiri Demetrius, the Platonist, as accused e re Ptolem ' Dionysus, ford rin king ater, and appearing ithout a semate garmen a the feast os Bacchusu nixi he had not, the ver nex day, e re a number of eople, dran wine, uti a Tarenti ne habit, and ance to the cymbals , he would probabi have been ut o death, as a man ho ould ot confor to the luxurious manner o living practi sed an direscribed by the emperor.

Tardo cognomen pinguis damus, aene sano Ac non incauto, fifthim astutumque vocamus. Hor. lib. i. sit. 3.

sonu s. The levemh of the Ptolemi es the emperor Antoninus mentions him Book

Hii. c. a.

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With Alexander the reat, the most cinous os ali crimes reas, no toadore and wormi Hephaestion nd was he of his fit en aster de ath, that to other instances of magnificen cerae ould add that os making illi hisorun hand a deit of deceased mortal Severa cities id accordino ly,

there re, erect temples an altars, consecrate grOves, offer sacrifices, and

appoin festival in honour of the ne god the most solemniath hieli aman could Mea hy, a the nam o Hephaestiona Dany one ad so litile religion in him a to Deerrat ali his, his punishment Nas eath; the fiat terers. layin hol of this chil dissi hi in o Alexander's, te ui an increa sed the lanae, tot of dream that e re sent by him, aiked of his appearing othem, an heal in thei distem pers, produce oracles delivered by him,

an a tengili sacrifice to hi a to the ever- present od the deli verer stom ver evit. Alexauder a s deligit ted illi his a to belleve verything that was sa id, and to congratulate himself that he was notin ly the sonosa god, ut that he could mahe gods of thers. Howman friend of Alexander musi Ne suppos there e re at that time lio suffered for the divinit os Hephaestion, heia the were calumniate for no Normipping this universalde ity, and for that reason only ere deprived of the roya favour Agathocles, the Samian a genera o Alexander's, an in igh steemwithraim, a notAith standing very nea be in iuut up ith a lion, having been accused of hedding ears ache passe the tonabis Hephaestio , ut Perdiccas, e re told, came ea nabl to his relies, and worei ali thegods, o Drgettin Hephaestion himself, that the ne deit appea re tollimine da ache was hunt in g, an commande hi in to teli Alexander that he must pardon Agathocles, ho had epi, notiecauseae anted alth, orconsidered him as a dead mortal, ut meret frona the re membrance of theirpast friendmi p. lius calumn and adulation, Ne see, Worked more powerfuit o Alexander hen the feli in it his ruting passions for a in asi ege the enem neve attac the strong, uarded, and inaccessibi places, but is the find any par that is ea L, oK, and ill- defended by hicli theyma easii get into an take the ity, exert ali thei force against that, and that onlya in like manner oes the calumniator, hen e discovers the weala

De ensed mortal. J Concerning this deification o Hephaestion, se Arrian, Quintus Curtius, and Plutarchys Lis of Alexander.

Shedding ears. Asclamentingit death, hicli certaint was nothin leu than disputingliis divini .

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and corrupi partis thes ut, hicli a be east conquered, direct ali his

eligines against that, and soon ta kecit, e re the prisone cata esst, or evenknow of the attachipon him: heia hecis iace illi in the walis, e burns, destroys, and lay waste very thing, a must naturali happen hen the minxis totali subdue an reduce Mi savery. The instruments hichae generali mali es se of against the absentare fraud, lying, Perjury, impude iace, importunity, and a thousand thers: but the most necessar o ali is saltery the relation, or ather sister of a luna ny scarce lives there a man se oble-m in ded, or hos breastris soforti fied illi adamant a to resist the poNers of adulation, hicii or undero round and prepare for every species of evil-speaking. Such are the externat means; illi in the enem is assiste by reacheri ego various hin is that ope the gales, and ake in the deceived an be trayed hearer; and ab ove ali, that Iove of OVel ty, hicli is natural to allinan kind, oin exto the dis iis arising rom satiety, and a passio for themarvellous an incredibie ad to this that e re ali sond Iano notwhy, o listen inito private suspicions that are hi spered o s. 'noruman whose ear itche with Caluinny as f the were lichled illi a Dather. Nomon de that illi sicli assistanc me conquer ali, speciallyWhere there is non to oppos Croesi her henae ho ears the sander voluntarii resigns himselfi t ii, andae horis sandere knows no of the nares that are la id against hi m. The ' calumniated like a cit taken by night, are sat in thei seep. But halcis stili more distressi fulcis, that theloo manano ing nothing of the matter, an conscious of his N innocence, goes to his friend with ache ars ut colante nance, talks with, and bellaves as usual olim, litile aware illat he is, at the while, miserabi circumvente andietrayed. I the friendlias a real est cena forat m, an is, Withat, liberal-min ded, and of a generous disposition, he immediately our forti his anger an reseniment, ut attengit, admit his de lance, and discovers that he was uiri usti in censed againsthim. But is, o the ther hand he has a mea an narro Qui, he ill

Lome of isset,elu J A wealines sor hicli the Greeks, an particularly the Athenians, erealways distinguis lied. All the Athenians say the Scripture), pent thei time in nothing else, ut ei thera tell

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hea him perhaps, and mile, as is e Pprove I; ut, at the a me time, ginam,ith hisaeeth, and in inardi hate an detest ima bury in his anger, a thes poet says, deei in his breast. Nothing, at the fame time, an bemore basem uniust than to bite the lip noui isti secret resent ment, and heepour atred thus hut up ithin, th in one hin and say another, toplay the hypocrite, and unde a comichas to actra tragi par fullis dea thand horror.

An this generali happens hen the calumniator has been formerly the friendis him hom he accuses then the will no suffer the an even tospeator defendi imself, ecause, the imagine, Dona the accuser' long familiarit withaim, that the accusatio musti founde Don truth no considering that amongst the greates frien is, causes O quarre and separationma aris unknown to otherS. Sometimes a man Nili accuse another of that

crime hichrae is himself, uili of the belle to a void ali suspicion os t. Nobody for the ostiari, Ventur es t sander an avowed enem y so that Caluinny et dom me eis illi credit, hici, has si visibi an manifest a cause: 1 is alway the stem in friend who attachs, who thus metas his extraordinar regard so the hearer, a to his interest an advant age, e sacrifices hisbest an dea res friend. I have evenano sonae, ho, on disco vering thattheir friendoli ad been fusti accused, have been o ashamed of their own credulity that the would neve look pon o admit them again entire ly

Thus by giving ear o Caluinny ithout triabor examination, is humanli se subject to innumerable calamities Antaea, eanON crie liut to Prae tu S, O di thyself, o take thy rival' li se, Bellerophon, ho tempt the faithful Nise. Aster me had herself, 'ut his virtve to the triat, and been repulsed: hil stthe oung man a very ear bein destroyed by the Chimaera, and the re-ward of his honout and chastit was tot calumniate by a oos and ab an-

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doned Noman. In like manne di Phaedra also accuse the innocent Hippolytus, an mali hi in odious in the ght of his ather, though he had done noth in Niche or reprehensi ble. But so metimescit illae aid the calumniator is orth of credit and stouldie attende to, hen e S in ther respedis, a manis character, justice, and wis dona o ought oesisten to tho se, horare, themselves incapable of oin evit. aut, ho a more jus than Aristides p and et eventi e conspiret against Themistocles, an stirre up the eopte against him, urged by the sanae popular ambitio as his rival homi persecuted. Aristides, compared, illi others, might deserve themanae of Just,aut Aristides was stillis man, arboured anger an relaniment, an love an haled likeother men. Palamedes, is, give credit in haesis reported of him, thoughone of the wisest of the Greelis, an in ther respects the est of men, as detected os a base an malici ou design against araea i relation an friend, ullo ad accompani ed hi in his angerous ova ge natura is tuo allman kin to er in his particular. What mali esse of Socrates, ho was iusti accused to the Athenians

os impiet; an designs against the states oris Themistocles and Miltiades,

who, aster se many glorious victori es, were calumniate a betrayers of theircount rys illi innumerable ther examples, most of them to wella norunt be disputed, o called in question. How then is a is man to acto, hen doubis aris concerning truth and virtve that, o doubi, hicli Homer intimates to us in his able of the Syrens, heia e command them to Pas by those angerous pleasing decet vers. an dilut their ars against them to appoint ea n as ur alchfuldoor-keeper, o mar every thing that is seid, o admit haesis orth toleadmitted, to keepi ut an expel that hic ista andin North for horuabsurd is it to se door-keeiter at ou houses, and at the fame time, leave

our ars and ourae aris ope to very in truderi

When such things, there re a re aid, emugiit, Urseives, arefullyrio examine into the facto, ithout regar to the age, the character, o the en-

Arsides. J Stirnamed the Just. See Plutarch s lis of him, here this assertionis Lucian sis flati contradictes and et is it were notio, in author mustae guill himself of the e vice hecis declaim ing against. Relarion. J e must mean lysias though, - the were related, oes no appear. Ac- cordinuto Homer, ho mentions nothing of this malielous design, lysses a muc more totilam than Palamedes.

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t1cing eloquence, sor lach, osten meet wlth, of the insormer: the more speciousae appears the more strict shouldiemur inquiry. e must not, there re alwaysalve credit to the judgment, or ather the rejudice of the accuser, ut reserve to urselves an examination into the truth, i vingi achio the calumniator at his enu and hatred, bringin into ope day-light thereat meritis very one and a tengili hestoWing ou love or atred accord-

ing to it o do therwi se is mean, chil dissi, an dissionest. But the cause of ali, a Psaid in the beginning is ou ignorance, an die- cause the true character of men lay hid in darknesi. ould to heaven semego Nould ope allisura earis i the would the light of truth irradiate very object, an calumny, riven to the deep abyss, no longe find an habitationamongst the fons of men.

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Th Tille in the Original, obit for Reafons stricienti obviores, Phao chan duo Apophras, is Pseudologista, sive De Die nefasto, or the illuch Day,

' Archilochus. J A satiri poet, amous for the Leenes of his iambics.