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shared by those who have been re Create d. This sacrament i S a Continuat rene wal of the sacrifice by whicli Christ has ta ken away thesins of the worid. He who made the original sacrifice will be willingio renew it 396 400But it is not enough for reason to be Convinced in this matter ; itis necessary that the heart be stirred. We must feel that this sacrament contains in it self the highest good, the union of man with God. We must Dei that in every Church, ior ea Ch recipient whois in the state Os grace, in every part of the Sacred Host, the whole Dei ty is containe l. Thus humani ty transcend S itSelf, and censes tobe bound with in the limits of space and time. To the pri est isgi ven in this Sacrament a far greater po ver than that of creatinga universe. The ulterance of sive words brings the Creator into communion with us. Again, what would be impossibi e to Sense, to suStain the presenCe of God, is thus rendered possibie. St. DionySius was not able to endure the si glit even of the Holy Virgin . Howthen could we endure the Divine presen eZ EVen tander the vellof this sacrament the heari is overwhelmed. Only when thus velle twould it he possibi e for iis to eat of Christ 's flesti and di inla Hisblood. We are thus prepared to belleve that ait our truest bies singstie in a worid beyond the wori' os sense. We are thuS made one
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THE MULTIPLICATION OU SPECIES.'
a) As to the name and the essentiat mean ing of Spe Cie S. By species is here meant the first effect of any natural agent. Thu Stight passing through space is the species of the light in the sun. Is light passes through coloured glass, the colour shed by the lightis called the speCies of the originat ing colour. Species is here u seclin the sense of likenesS or image. In a dream the hallucination isn Species. Intention, form, Viriue, impres Sion, paSSion, are other Vord S u Sed to express it . 407 410 This sirst effect of the agent resembles the agent. The Agent transmutes the patient into iis likenesS ; thus fire transmutes what ita is on into tire, heat into heat, light into light, and so on. The Subsequent effecis have not the fame liken ess to the agent. Thisfirst effect is of the fame specific nature aS the agent, other i Se weshould be at a loss to assigia iis category; for it cannot belong to the Category os accidenis; and there is nothing intermediate bet ween substance and accident. But, although of the Same nature, iis esse nee is incomplete ; just as we Should say of the embryo, onlythat the incompletenes S is far greater. Some agenis produCO more complete species than others, as light, colour, heat. Generat lyspeaking, the higher the rank of agent S, the more in Complete aretheir species 4l0 413 b) There Can be only one such resembling effect sor eaCh agent. This We Cali uni vocat; the multiple secondary esse is may be Calleclequivocat. While the agent is acting on the patient, the effect orViriue is Callest species; after vards, when the effect is completed, ittakeS the name of the agent. Fire, when it has talien hold of the
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clXxiv A LYSIS MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES.
wood, is called fire. This, however, is only true when the patient i Scorruptibie; when the patient is incorrupti ble, the case is otherwise. The sun does not Communicate it S nature to the Inoon and planetS by shining on them. The species of light is completed in them, butnot the species of the sun. And generalty it would be truer to Saythat the patient was assimilated through the species to the nature of the agent, than to speak of the patient tosing iis identity in that of the agent 413 416 c) Natural agentS produce the Same species Whatever be thenature of the patient; in other Words, their action is uniform. ThiscloeS not apply to agentS pOSSessing Dee-will, excepi in so far as theymay resemble natural agenis. The differen e in the patient may bring about a different result, but the Species is the fame . . 417-4l8
b) Do substanceS generate Species Θ ASSuredly, Since SubStanceSare nobier than accidents. An accident is not generaled untii iis subject be frsi generaled. Heat, the accident, i S posterior to fire, the Substance. When heat appe arS in water, fit e muSt pre-exist, and the substantiat nature of fire, and this we cali the species of the substance fire. Sueli species are not Cognigable by the sive senses, orby sensus communis. But they are CogniZable by a mental proceSS, ah in to that whicli causes the sheep instincti vely to flee Dom the wolfwhicli it has never besere Seen, Deling something injurious in iis proximi ty. It is somelimes Salo that subStance Can have no Contrary: hut there is a senSe in Whi Cli substanees, or substantiat sorios aci in oppoSitioia 419 23 o The species of substance is of the whole Compound ; i. e. of matter and forna, not os forna alone 423 24 d) Every corporeat substance Can produce SpecieS, theremre ni Sothe organS of sense. The species generaled by the organs os senseare Concerned in Sensation 424 425
e) With regard to matter, Whicli is passive, it may be affirmed
that it does not generate species, excepi in So far as Compounded With
y Light and colour generate species, but other properties of body,
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Such as magnitude, poSitiora, motion, &C., Whicli are apprehendeclby SeriSus communis, do not. The magnitude and figure of an objectare inferred frona the species of light and colour that is sue Dona it; notby Species of magnitude and figure. Stili more obvio usty is this thecase with propertieS like proportion, relation, and position . 427 430 ρὶ of things sonae are univei Sal S, SOme are particularS ; SpecieSissue Dona both. Universals do not exist a pari froni their particulars,nei ther do their species. The species in e Very Case i S of the fame nature as the SOurce frona whi Ch it is SueS ..... 430 43lCHAPTER III.
We have considered the agent; we are now to Con Sider the modeos action. It is not Correct to Say th t the species is something vhicli issues fro in or is emitted by the agent. Nor is it ore ted out of nothing. Nor again is it an impression made upon the patient as illi a seat iapon waX. The true vi eiu is that the species resulis Doma Change in the potentiat activi ty of the recipient matter. We must distinguish b tween the forensia activa and the 'orantia res stiva. The lalter is that on whicli the Creator implanis Form. Put it is thesor nua activa whicli is here in question. The agent produces iis effeci, not by union os iis substance With the patient, but by stimulat ingthe latent activi ty of the matter whicli is acted On . . 43l 434 Action does not talae placeat a distance. Force is not exerted by the agent excepi on the part of the patient with whicli it is in immediate contact. The effect genera ted in the first part of the patient becomes a force acting On the SeCOnd, and So Onward. ACtion i S thus propagated frona particie to parti Cle . . 434-436 It is objected to this vi e v that a ray of light passing throughcoloured glass prodii Ces bright Colours On an Opaque Scroen; horucould Such colours be evolved frona the potentiat activi ty of the intervening air, a simple Substan Ce 8 The reply is that the species produced in the nir is extremely Deble. It only beComes relatively Strong on reaching the SCreen whicli is so constituted as to developColour. In the Same way the species of the magnet is seel,le untii itreaches the iron whicli is bet ter adapted to receive it. The colour onthe opaque Screen is but the species of colour, and is far frona be ingSO Complete AS it appenrS 436 438
Six propositions have no v to be considere d. sa) It is not possibi etO ASSign a minimum os quantity below whicli a gi ven agent utili Ceaseto a t. In animate agenis there is an augmentative power bring ing
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clxxvi A LYSIS MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES
b) The whole agent acts along the whole line os iis depili on thepatient; not merely that extremi ty of the agent Whicli comes into Contact with the patient . 44 1 442 ci A certain definite portion of the patient is affected by the agent, and no more. The sun and the moon diffuse light through similardi mensions of the medium, although with enormous differen es of intensity, corresponding to their disserences of magnitude . . 442 443 Vill less than that definite portion sumce sor the action Z It will not, uniess that tesser portion be distini ted DOm the rest, so a Sto become a whole in iiself 443 e) Does half of the agent aci on half of the portion affected, or does the whole ACt on the whole portioni The whole acts on the whole
ain With regard to the patient, how Can terrene SubStance bea ted on by Celestial, whicli is of different hinci, since celestiat is incorruptibi e Z The reply is that whatever the differen e between celestial and terrestriat substance, yet the species generaled by the former are communicabie to the lalter 445 - 446 b) One celestial body may aut on another; not by changing it Sspecific nature, but by bringing that nature to greater per
o We must admit that, in a certain sense, terrene thing S act Oncelestiat, Since there is a Sense in Whicli ali paris of the universe areassimilabie to ali the rest. In vi Sion species pass s rom the eye to the object Seen. Such specieS do not change the specific nature of thecelestial object, nor interfere With iis superiority ; they do but dra out that whicli it has in common with the lower . . . 447-449
CHAPTER UI.We have, lastly, to Consider What corporat agent S are Capable of completing their action on patienis assected by them. The earth, a Sthe central potnt of the univerSe is the great region os change. The
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heavenly bodies moved by spiritual intelligences are unchangeabie.)We shali find that the four elemental substan CeS Can Carry the tracti On to completion, and e Specialty the element of fire . . 449-451Hut many Compound sub Stances are higher in rank than theelementat. Why cannot they do the sanae Z There resides in theman aptitude for doing this, but they are practi catly debarred homdoing it. Vere it other vise, the higher substances Would transmutethe lower into their own substance, and the lower would di sappear, and thus the order of the universe would be subvert ecl. Consequently spiritual and celestiat substances, while generat ing their species, cannot bring them to actuat Completion. Such Compound substances as the heavens or aS man, is their species Were made Complete, Nould do away with ali lower substan Ces. Consequently, the Carrying of species to their Complete effect is limited to very sexu substances, SuchaS the elemenis, and e Specialty the element of fire . . . 45l-455The sanie thing is to be said os attributes or accident s. Some of the Se, aS hoi, Cold, moi St, dry, Can Complete their Specie S, espectat lythe accident of heat. Light si so can do this in bootes adapted to it. Os Colour, OdOur, Sa Vour, and found the fame cannot be said . 455 456
We no have to Consider the mode in Whicli the radiation os Species takes place. The sirst part of the patient, When acted on, becomes itself a force acting upon the SeCond pari, and So onWard. These successive paris of the patient are os equat dimension. Frona the Starting-point in the agent, Or, Whicli is the fame thing, Dona thepoint of the patient first affected, emanate rays in ali directions in Straight lines. Those emanations, of Whatever kind they be, are called rays, by analogy with what we See emanat ing fr 'm a Staror any luminous potnt. Their rectilinear direction continues uni ilmodi fieo by an opaque Suriace whi Ch reflects them, or a Change Ofmedium whi Ch refracts them. These lines are not me rely of onedimension : they have breadth, and clepth, as weli as tenglii . 457-460
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clxxviii A LYSIS MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES.
os this hin d are of greater utili ty to living beings than direct
Whether the my salis on a line or on a surisce, whether the SUT- face be plane, ConVex or Concave, the law is the fame. The modeos measuring the incident and the reflected angle is explained et se-where. In refractiori Dona the rarer to the denser medium the rayis deflected towarcis the normal. Froni the den Ser to the rarer a ny DOm the normal. The accompnnying diagramue will illustrate this. Perpendicular rays, Coinciding with the normal, are not
What is the cause of reflexion and refraction 8 Al l media, howevertran Sparent, offer a Certain amount of resistance to the passage of theray. This is more Completely Overcome by the perpendicular than by the oblique ray. The oblique ray, passing into the densermedium, follows the Course of the perpendi Cular ray as far aspossible, i. e. is defected towards it, as being the path of least resistance. On the Contrary, when PASSing into the rarer medium, the energy whicli it has been hi therio exerting in the denser, nowfinds a vent in cari ying it nway Dona the normal, i. e. along a path
That these are the respeCtive pallis follo ed, is stlown by thedoubie refraction taking place when rays impinge ori a globular bodyfilled with the denser medium. The diagram Shows that the rab Sis Suing froin the globe converge to a potnt, and that at this poliat Combusti ble substances are igni ted ...... 470-472
. To what extent does refraction talae place in the heavens Θ Thecelestiat orbs are of the fame degree of translucen Cy ; in these there- fore there is no refraction os rayS. Rays passing from the Sphere ofether to that os air which lalter includes that os si re) are refracted ;Sin Ce ether is the more Subile medium. The pro os of this is that the
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In reflexion, the angies made by the incident and the reflected rayWith the perpendicular to the Suriace are equat. This may be Alio nexperimental ly by an instrument Constructed sor the purpOSe, and the diagranis annexed give geometrical proos of it. The rule holus, Whether the refecting Suriace be plane, Concave, or Convex . 481 86CHAPTER VII.
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the diameter u hicli formS the axis of the mirror; those Dom thecircumference of any Circle dra n on the mirror in a plane perpendicular to the axis will meet in a potnt. The Amalter the circle thegreater Will be the distance of the potnt of Convergen e horn them irror; and ConUerSely. Such circleS are, of CourSe, merelyimaginary ; they meret y indicate a series of potnis similarly placed vitii regard to the AXi S) ........ 486-490But another sorm os concave mirror has been devi sed in whicli thecurvature is Such that ali the rays shali converge to a Single potnt. This cannot be explainest here, but it may be mentioned that the Curvature is that of a conic section 490 491
an angular orifice illuminate an angular not a Circular Space. Butthis depends on the distance of the illuminaled furface stom theorifice. Ιf the distance be sum cient, the illuminated sursace is Circular. The smaller the orifice, the less the distance required toobtain this result. Mucii depends also on the strength of the rays; those of the sun at noonday, being Stronger, produce the reguli more readi ly than the Debter rays of morning light. For tho Same reaSon, at noon a smaller portion of the solar sursace will effect the result than in the morning ; in the lalter Case ille illumination not being circular,
much will be dispersed and lost. That the shape of a flame is notspherical but conicat, is due to the ascending force of the particles. In the sphere of fire, Where there is no Such sorce, the fire assumes iis natural spheri al) shape. The centre of the illuminaled furface ismost Strongly illuminated; the Surrounding paris being illuminateo by intersecting rays, and therefore more feebly. Since ali regularfigures Can be inscribed in a circle, the spherical form os emission ofrays includes ait the others, and especialty the conicat . . 491-424
Species proceed DOm every poliat in the agent, not DOm one Only. Ve see this in the case of shadows. Is an illuminated body be lessthan the illuminating, the shadoru formed is conical and limited ; ifthe two are equat, it is cylindrical and unlimite d. Is the illuminatevbody be greater, the Shadow is divergent and unlimited. We are
supposing that the agent is homogeneous. I f it be heterogeneous, we must con Sider eaCh homogeneous part Separalely. In deal ingwith the cone of rays proceecling Dom any potni, we have to remember that it is the axis of the cone, directed verticalty to the Suriace acted