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at Cumbrae, and lately by Μr. J. T. Neave at Deal. NO. 149. Schirothriae lardaeea, Gom. Although M. Gomoni himself, Weare insorined, identisiod tho spectinous Whicli aro here distributeii, he malles no mention os the plant occurring in England in his Monographic des Oscillarides. ' No. 150. This is Myriactis Areschougii, Batt. ; the generic name is Wrongly given as Strebis-nema ori the label. The lasciculus contains severat Other SpecieSos interest, and Mr. Holmes is c0rtainly to be congratulated onhaving got together a most interesting and ususul Set os specimens. Phyeological Memoirs. Edited by GEO. MURRAY, F. R. S. E. ,
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structure described in a very interesting paper by Miss Lorrain Smith, While a similar service is persormed for alphophora Bil- lardierit, Mont., by Miss Barion, for Notheia anomala, Bail. et Harv., by Miss Mitchell, and for Sarcophycus potatorum, Κutet, byΜiss Whitting. The figures of thesu planis are Weli and accurately draWn, and the descripti0ns sufficiunt, and the papers are Welcome as gathering together, in an eastly accessibio forni, ali the insormation We possess With rogard to these littl0-known planis. Talion in conjunction With the paper On 'lachnidium rugosum, Grov., by Miss Mitcheli and Miss Whitting, these notes clear up much that Was formet ly obscuro in this fucoid group. The nexi paper is devoted to the description os a neW 0ndophyte Chloro-cystis sarcophyc Whicli, together With tho distorted tissues ostho last plant, soruas gall-like excrescunces on the fronds os Sar-copiscu8 potatorum, Κutg. TheSe excrescencos Wore first noticed by Μr. Bracebrid ge Wilson, Who, sinding they Were caused by an unicellular alga, sent specimens for investigation to the BritishMuseum. Miss Whitting has caresulty examinod the materialsent, and has come to the conclusion that illo endophytu belongsto the genus Chloro stis, but to a species hi th0rto unknoWn. The diagnosis of the neW species is as follows : - Cellulis globosis oblongis Vel irregularibus, 10-40 μ diam , in statu vegetativo viridibus, in matric0 omnino inclusis, collo destituto, Zoogonidia omittontibus. Hab. in Sarcophyci frondibus ad oras Novae Hollandisa propi Geelong. Coll. J. Bracebri ig0 Wilson. Thothird papex, by Geo. Murray, deals With the closely related genera Balieystis and Valonia. Aster giving an account of the geographical distribution os Halicystis ovalis, Alr. Murray tranStates Somo very caremi and interesting notus ori that species, furnished by Professor F. Schmitz. Dr. Schmitg finds that the chromato
compaci and more evenir distributed at sairly regular distauces iu
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NER OR CRITICA L BRITIS 11 ALGAE.
the protoplasm. The chromatophores exhibit an irregularity ossit ape, being roundisii, but angular, Some of them With sharpangles, and of varying Sige ; moreo ver, Some of them are provided with pyrenolds, and these are of regular Occurrence among the others Which have no pyrenolds. ' He considers theso disser- ences in combination With the non- developinent of rhigotiis, and the cell- membrane so litile stratified as to exhibit no exsoliation completely justisy the separation os Nati stis and Valonia. Dr. Schmitg, hoWever, admits another species into the genus Halicystis. Thi S neW species, Η. parvula, is Suialter than ovalis, With ashorter and more blunt Stalli, a more uneven sursace, but differs from B. ovalis mainly in having largor chromatophorea of a longspindle Ahape, and, judging hom the figure, rather angular oviline, provided in the centre With a single clear pyrenoid. V From thelast sentence it Would appear that Dr. SchmitZ places no reliance onthe presence or abSelace of pyrenolds in the chromatophores as a generio character separating Valonia and Hali εtis. On tho
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Miss Barion has had, at tho ouiset, to meet an undoubted dissiculuin studying the subject bucause of tho great labour involved in the collection and veris cation os records, and she most certainlydeserves the thanks of ali algologisis for tho thorough mannerin Which she has performed her selLimpo sed lask. We could have Wished, hoWever, that she had adopted a classification more in accord With modern rege arch, and we must oWn that We entirelysail to sed hos the adoption os that course Would have presented dissiculties in tabulating and comparing tho Cape marine flora Withother floras and destroyed the clites interest-that of geographicaldistribution os sueti lisis as the prosent.V A reliable table os distribution can only be draWn up hom a comparison os Specimens collected in tho regions the floras of Whicli are to be compared. Atable compiled hom lisis ' only is apt to be very miSleading, asit is alWays more or less uncertain Whether the same species is indicated by tho fame nante When used by tWo different authors, reSident, perhaps, in Widely separated countries, Who have had noopportunity of comparing their specimens With type or evenauthentic Ones. Three neW species are described in the list, but Wesear seW algologisis are lihely to recognige them from the description S, Whicli are very incomplete. Carpoblepharis minima SeemS tobe separated hom C. saccida, Κutg., simply by iis minute Sige. The description os Spermothamnion Schmiteianum is equallyapplicabie to severat species of Spermothamnia, and one may be permitted to doubt Whether it is reatly distinet from S. repenδ. Putting these minor potnis out os consideration, hoWeVer, the Work is Woli done, and we trust that be re long Miss Barion vili prepare a revised edition os her list.
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with of tho laesh-Water algae os that districi. Μ. Sauvagoau's list to somo extent supplies this Want ; he mentions 60 species, som0 of Whicli bolong to neW genera or Species. The neW genus Synecho stis differs stom Synechococcus in possessing perfectly globular celis. Tapinothris, n. gen. , is thus described : Fila heterocystis destituta, tenerrima, simplicia, a basi leviter incrassata attenuata apice in pilum articulatum non producta, Vaginae tennes, arctissimae, continuae, SaepisSime SurSum, hormogoniorum eXitu, Vacuae . V A single species, P. Borneli, With filaments 150-300 μlong, 4 μ broad at the base, and 1 5 above, is described. NeWspecies os Entophy8alis, Dermocarpa, and Synechococcu8 are described. The paper is accompanted by an excellent plate.
Equisetaceae, Marsiliaceae, Lycopodiaceae
... 39,663... 12, 178 Totat . . a... 173, 706 Confining our remarhs sor the present to the fungi, We find that, according to Sirenig,' the number of hnoWn species in 1862 amounted to 11,890, Whoreas the number described in Saccardo's Syllogo Fungorum, 1892, amounts to 39,663. In endeavo uring to account for this enormous increase in thenumber of species during the last thirty years, sOur factors are atolico recogniged as being of primary importance in this connection:
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modern perfection of the microscope. AS Would be expected, allthis array of modern species are not equalty good, and the abuso as We conSider in the use of the microscope in connection Withthe tremendous increase os species Will be considered at a later
2.) Τho attention pald to fungi by botanicat collectors inalmost every part of the W0rid during late years has addod materialty to tho number os previ0usty known species. At thosamo time, it is persectly certain that hundreds os species Dundedon dried specimens, too osten received Without a Word of information 's to habitat, structure, colour, etc., Will never be recogniZed again hom the necessarily meagre descriptions given, and hunco Will ariso a duplication os names, the Same Species being receiveda second time under more favourabie conditionS as to preservation, accompanying information, etc., being laund to present charactors
dissering hom any kn0Wn form, Will be deScribed as a neW species. This dissiculty could be completely overcome by not Dundingspecies on imperfeci materiat, but, apparently, ali Who havo to dealWith exotic collections received in a dry State do this to somo extent, hunce, in place os recriminati0n, the thing that suggestsitseli is don't do it again. 3.) So long as a specific diagnosis does nos contain an absoluto error, persect and imperfeci appear to be relative terms, dependinuentirely on personat opini0n ; and brevity being considered by thogreat majority as a cardinat virtve, factors that are looked upon asbeing of minor importance are not unirequently entirely omitted from a diagnosis. It not urifrequently happens that the one or more seatures considered as os prime importanee by one person orciique are almost entirely ignored by the solioWers of a secondsystem, and vice versa: hence ci OpS Up a grave dissiculty, eachparty is ende avouring to understand the species of the other by thouse of one or more characters in the Value of Whicli, comparativolyspeahing, no confideuce is placed. AS an illustration of the above, the Friesian school of mycologisis consider that for the correctidontification os a species of Agaricus a delailed account of pilous, gilis, and stems is necessary, the Weah P0int-untii quite recently
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.-being spore measurements. BreSadola, on the other hand, in his buthy Work on the Hymenomycetes, malles the Spore the oneeruciat Daturo in a specific diagnosis, ali other charactera b0ingtreated in a very superficiat manner. The illustrations, too, in tholast-named Work are very novet; the fact of their occurrences in amycological Work suggesis that they are intended to represent fungi, osterWise in many instances there is no obvious reason larsupposing this to be 80. In the case of old authors dualing Withmicro-fungi, their diagnoses Were incomplete hom no fauit os thoirown, but at the present day, Whatever opinion is entortained as tothe relative value os certain Datures, Which could be emphasiged by italios, it Would be Wise to caresully describe ali the structural Datures posseSSed by a given Species, the leading idea being that tho.specific character Should enable the Species to be recogniged by any mycologist, and not only intelligibie to a favoured feW, Who pro- sumably have reached What may be termed the scientific astrat plano of one particular clique. Most mycologiSis are undoubtudlyroady to admit that hundreds of book-species do nos exist in naturo; also that there is a considerable duplication of names and gonorat mixing up and confuSion os species in almoSt every groupos fungi, brought ab0ut by the reasons indicated above, also Others, and it is bucoming more and more obvious day by day that tho prosunt state of things cannot go on sor ever, but that so ner orlator tho buli must be talien by the horns. We muSt endeavour assar as possibie to redeem the study of myc0l0gy from iis prosunt corrupi condition, and place it On a Sound baSis. This, hoWevor, can only bu the outcome os combination and of proce0ding in amethodicat manner. Bearing on imperfeci description of species, tho
descriptions so thoroughly cover the species intended that undor ordinary circumstances no do ubi eould be entertained as to thospectus the founder had in vi0W. 4. Thu offucis os Saccardo's stupendouS Work' are apparent in ali recent WorkS On mycology, and perhaps to the greatest extent in extra European countries. As indicated by the titio, this Work is supposed to contain a description of every known fungus up to the date os issue, and taking into consideration thogreat difficulties to be mei in an endeavour to SKeep up the
' Sylloge Fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum, 1882-1892 .
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enormous accumulation os mycological literature, frequently pub-tishod in periodicats having a very locat distribution, there aro comparatively seW omission8, and many of these are in realityowing to no fauit of the author, but to the practice os describingspecies in privato or ossiciat publications Which cannot be purchased in tho usual Way ; as examples of Auch may be mentioned the many reporis V and bulletins V omanating hom the United Statos os America. Many os the impersect referoncos in the Syllogo although not all-are duo to the highly reprehensibio practico os altering the original pagination in extracis, and omitting to stato
the volume or even the sotarce of the extrael; Such omissioris, apparently insignificant in themselves, are certain Sooner or laterto lead to mistahos and consume much time, and need not necessarily recur is a minimum amount of thought and care is exercised.
This fame completeness has apparently led Some mycologisis tobelievo that What is not contained in Saccardo's Wota must necessarily be neW and undescribed, and aci accordingly; further- more, this idea is probably to a very great extent true, but thenarises the question, Who knoWs exactly What is deseribed Τ Τhodiagnoses of many authors are more remarhable sor brevity than lucidity, the result being that very osten on the fame page in the Syllogo ' We find one species described in the Space of tWo orthroe lines, and in such a vague manner that in the absence os thotypo specimen it is an absolute impossibility to forna any idea as tothe nature of tho fungus the author had in vieW. FolloWing anoxamplo os the hind just indicated, We come across a diagnos is containing ali the information the present state os knowledgoonablod tho author to put into it. Τhis heterogeneous mixture is not due to any laxity on the part of the author, Whose primaryobject vias to bring together ali published descriptions os fungi;
species, Where the original diagnosis Was inadequale; yet unsomtunatoly, hundreds of absolutely useless descriptions os species areyet included in the Work, presumably beeause, oKing to thoabsence of type specimens, amended descriptions could not boobtained. As atready suggesteti, a good plan Would be to expungetho names os ali species hom the list of sungi Where the description is obviousty imperfeci, and no type specimen is linown to exist, as it is as great an injustice to credit an individual With tholaunding os a species of Whicli in reality he had no Enowledge, asto deprivo him of the credit of establishing a species undoubtedly