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idio so frequent in Livy by hicli a pronou agreein With a subst. is sed instea os a case or repoSitiona Phrase aster the SubSt. .g. haec ira ira ob hanc rem. quamqua Dcs. c. I l. 8.1 adnotabantJ a post-Augustan Ord. II sportunitates ... moras l. 13)J CL Germ. C. I, L . nullum &c .Lis best taken a an independent statement not dependingon adnotabant.1 intrepidis Lapplied to things is a poeticalisage erat or erant mustbe supplied o both adjectives anxio praesidio.
I crebrae eruption J See note On text. quisque each Commander of a sori. The meaning seem to heriliatas ach sort was ampi provide with the means os selDde nce, the Roman were able notini t acti the defensive buta malae frequent sorties against the enemy. Thus the inter a no meret he Domalarm sto the enemy, ut Wa actuali used to distres and weal enthem si, risisythis ablative absolute is in . 's manner, and carries the main statement, sor hat he mean is that since acli Roman commander could desen himself the enem Were constanti bassie an consequently reduce to despair, hecause hereas usuali the repatre thelosses of the summeri successes in the inter &c. 16 eoqueJ cf. Ger m. C. 6 l. o. I eventibus a the contexi implies, successsul regulis. sensareyso compensare S POSt-AuguStan.
iuxtaJ pariter, o used by Sallust and Livy. 18 per alios qualifies gram. i praefectus the ille of the commander of a cohortis auxiliaries.
secretum his passion est no rudge in reserve, jus the opposite os Tiberius, Ann. I. 69. 3, VI. O. CHAPTER XXIII. 25 obtinendis 'securi nig the prope classica sense os ob inere, hichis to hol against opposition. It is in the dative case aster insumpta,
et ac si c. i.e is an bound could e et to Roman adventure;
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et Clofa... Bodotri J the Fritiis os lyde and Forth. et divo si maris of the ea orkin in opposite directions i.e of two
OPPOSite SeaS. T. repreSenis these estuarie aiforme byclides carrying the se outis it naturat course inland. per inmensum D ove an enormous extent meto an immense distance.
Seem certaini t mea in the firs Roman hi that ver rosse the Frith. The singula number of Agricola's hip instea of the plural, of the whol fleet, is sed sor dramati effect To understan it fAgricola leading the fleet in the firsi hi that Salle that pring seemstes naturai.
et gentis of Caledonia. assicisDcf. Germ. C. s. in gemJ condensed expression utilitatis inde provenDιrae, vitii hope ahead. 5 medio m in medio, as requently in Tacitus. HissaniamJ Cf. C. I9.6 valentissimam in erit fariem stior sor the countries hicli sorinthe strongest c. The singular whicli is stricti illogical sorine thingcannot be ingled expresses the ac that thes countries forme oneportio of the empire. Spain and aut apparenti are meant, s. Hist. III. 53 Gallias Hissaniasque validissimam errarum sanem. miscuerit conditionat, illi possibi protasi omitted, might lit. would i ii ere subdued sor a link' the perfect ma expreS a completed state a the result os the hypothesis, ut Tacitus tend tothe se of the persect subjunctive instea of the present, s. ut ita dixerim instea of ut ita dicam. insulas... Britannii l. Io)J condensed compariSOn, s. c. I 2 l. 27. cultus modes of lila.'13 in occasionemJ bidinihi time, lit. with a vie to an opportunity.' 16 arma sc. essent. Tacitus omit the subjunctive of sum no un- frequently, Speciali is a subjunctive clause solio S.
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et amplexus we a Suppi bello, cf. C. I7 I. Io, Or, more Probably, animo A extendinitiis designs ver.' et infestaJ passive, beset, hostibus ablative. et in partem to serm pari, cf. c. 6 l. 26. et bellum impelleretur a Tacitea combination. 27 copiis means provisions here, cf. c. et annuis costis: mingle inprovision and rejoicings &c. apparenti means mel atra common meSSt exchange Or ver a common table excitanged jubilant nourishingi accounts of theiriwn particula deed an dangers. 'et attollerentJ expresses the pride of the narrators in thei deeds. 3o hinc...hinc instea os in . illinc is a usage in prose firs Mund in Lio. ostis Sc. iuuS. 3 iactantia late Latin sor iactatione. v. 17. tamquamIm tamquam si. ad manus The transition is ather abrupi, considering the precedin sentence. Tacitu return apparenti on quia motus G, P. I 6,I. 22, an States the result of Agricola' invasio in producin resistance manus a it common meaning o violence, here quatting
maiore fama i .e the accounts that reache the Roman were exaggerated; with large preparations larget exaggerated, Munknownthings alway are.' addiderant by thus hallengin attac greatly increased, lit. aschallenging ad added'; the pips anticipales, ascit ere, the result fili actionis the verb, the conditioni state producedanit, L Aun. I. 63 auxerant. Anothe writer ould probabi have sed the persecthere though Sallus and Liv surnisi examples of this se of the
quam pellerentur quam illi subjunctive in oratio obliqua instead os the infinitive is ound in Plautus, quam and quam ut in Sallust an Livy,
Cicero an Caesar preser the infinitive. Uecies dentiumJ posing a me os experiencer an assected variant for the abStract. Io et ipse on his part ' theras os et metiam in his combination is very common in Liv and Tacitus.
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CHAPΤER XXVI. an muta J in resereno to pluribus agminibus above.1 inter somnum et trepidationem J qualis irrupe= emo caesis vigilibus, it was by killing the sentries that the were ablerio burs into the midstos the fleepingi starite Soldiers. 16 vestigiis loca ablative, as in via Ania venire, forta introire and the like, signisying the pace illiin hicli the ourse is limited, o the directio talien his phraseris used by Liv ascit is sed here, by Ciceroonly illi a personal objec aster the verb. 18 et 'and then, propinqua in adpropinquante. t ety also. et securi pro This combinatio seem to have been sorme by anti
militibus, qui &c. i. e. men ho ere technicali calle armorum and canas doctores, ho instructe recruit in the se of arm and theduties os militar service generally. adactis impresSing, compare the militar term Sacramento adigore. io renavigante is his read in is right it must he alienos equivalentio a persect or oris Participle, as Ann. m. I illo respondente and
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II tit miraculum qualis praevehebantur, a something ondersui' expresses the eeling about themis those who saw them. Nothingieingknown bout thei attempi, eopte ere alien by Surpris an letthem sat paSt. Ia raptum Supine. I inopiae genitive aster eo ad extremum a last.' 15 in missimosytheini instance in Tacitus os vescor illi the accusative therasage is archaistic and poeticat. moxJ frimo is implied illi the preceding ords the ateirst the weaher OneS, then, hen the were finished dre tot which shouldie killed so the purPOSe. 18 fuere quos is sedis a Single pronoun, and consequently does notassec the ood of the verb, as in the Augustan poets and in Livy. I nostramythe lestian os the Rhine. mutatione ementium by exchange os purchasers means that theirstowners sold them to thers, and So n. et indicium l.e gaine distinctio by telling the tor of this strange
CΗΑPTER XXIX. et ictus ... amisit this throwing of the main statemen into a participiat clauseris a Graecisin structure, characteristic both of Liv and Tacitus. 25 ambitioseJ with ostentatious equanimity. 'rursusJ o the ther hand, the senseris Mund in Cicero de Oras. I.
et e lora os teste by a long perio of eace, means that their bellaviour during the long period hich had elapsed since thei par of the country a Romanised made it certain that the could e relied
3 Graupium the modern Gramplans, hicli pellin has ome S. authority The spellinii the textris mos probabi that os Tacitus. n. 19. E cruda an obvious reminiSCence of Verg. Aen. VI. 3O . praestans Sc vir or dux, s. Ann. XIII. I damnata femina venescii
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1 Da unde suci circumStanceS. I spem c. sa hope an supportastili test inmur power, a remarhable personification the meanin is that in previous batiles Mught by ther Britons the could stili ope to retrieve desea by assistanc seo the CaledoniaΠS. I eoque &c. and there re et in the inmost chamber of the land , thereason Mnes obvious. I ServientiumJ means the auis. et recenus isse C. the ver remotenes os the corner hichaidiurfame'; his se of sinus is probabinio e explaine by the se of the word in the phrase in sinu gestare, lit. to carr in the bosom pochet),' Sorio heep a thinihi lde so sasely, cf. Seneca Ep. Ioa illa philos ista)in sinu suo se mugire. et atqueJ Strondius confirming the previous statement, and weanow.' et infestiores Pthan the waves and rockS. et estu eris the indefinite se of the secon person the se of the perfeci in these phrases is common to Tacitus illi the writers of the
G s. Pomp. V. II Corinthum atres vestri exstinctum esse voluerunt. tributum. . frumentumJ CL C. 19, t. 2, and Germ. c. 29 l. 7. annusJ the year' produce.
emuniendis the wor is sirs used by Liv in the sens os a bulldup ' here it means to malae passabie, in hicli senserit is firs used
by Seneca. conterunturi are exhausted. 8 Pro here seems to mea litile more than insuper ascit does elSe-where in TacituS. II viles explain in excidium, an both are explained by the nex sen
I exercendis properi applicabie to arva and metallacis by a stretch os meaning applied to portus also, to or the harbours, meaning toto the wor requirexto mali them profitable The dative of the gerundive
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used to expres a purpose baret and without reserence to the regimen of the ver is frequent in Liv as etllas in Tacitus. I quibus. . .est subjectu Sumile. I Brirantes the risin unde Boudicca c. 16 must be allude io, though the eoples mentioned in connexion illi that riSing, Ann. XIV. 3I, re ni the Iceni an Trinobantes. Other howeve may have joine incit, and the Brigantes ould naturali be named by Galgacusas being nearestrio Caledonia. I soluere With iugum exuere has the conditionat orce, hicli incommon it impersona verbs and Dbeo it frequently has in the indicative ood, could have thrown si,' ut illi the forme verbs of the senteno it states unconditionalty ha the Brigantes ere able
et an perhaps o belleve, the rhetorical se os an by hicli aspeaker draws specia attention to a propositio sor the purpos os resutin it. et nostris ver emphatic, it is onmur antis union that thei reputation is reared, and so the turnac.
et nisi si properly, exceptis the suppositio that, is sed here aselSeWhere, e g. Cic. Catia. I. , de Orat. II. 58 237, in the ironical sense in hicli nisi forte is more commoni uSed Suggestin an abSurdalternative unles of course ou imagine that he Gavis c. ho, though the man&α, ere et c. are bound to their owners by loyalattachinent. Some deny the ironica use of nisi si but see Hand Turseli.
9 inter. . . imperant Dreatly equivalent to a subordinate sentence cum hi male sareant illi iniuste imperent; eras 'between in the Same Way, between grudging obedience and tyrannical overning the municipia arei an unhealthy an mutinou temper.'
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Io a Tra in a mora SenSe, as osten, e. g. Liv V. 3 agri aliquid esse in republica. municisDI Londinium an Verulamium ere the ni municipia in Britat at this time. II mctalla J .e labour in mine or stone-quarries, a punishmentis laveS. fragositum est the choice etween the two layin the lain in hichthe were goindito figlit. I cogitateJ cogitare illi the accus. to reflectipon is ound in Cicero. CHAPTER XXXIII. I moris est ramos est is used by Cicero and Liv as eli as T. I agmina Sc erant there ere moVing odies ci .e a genera move- mentiegan. i fui resJ this plura occursiowhere else, armcsashed a the boldest Warriors howed in front of the est, the gleam Darms ould showmore in rapidi moving individual than in the wholeiody.frocursu firstrused by Livy. I quamquamJ CL C. , l. 7. et adhuc this se of adhuc missuper is post-AuguStan. et aufficiis the auspices unde the Empire belonge to the emperoras universa commander-in-chies. Tacitus ut into Agricola' mouthwhat is amor os compromise etween republican and imperiat speech; the imperium Romanum unde the Republic meant the fovereignpower of the Roman eople, unde the Empire it meant the power s
nos raJ Mith loyal assistance stom me.' et faen . naturam qualis labore.
Picloribus. . .victisIm si vicerimus. . .si victi erimus.
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Ia decora brilliant actions ' cf. Liv III. Ia cum multa referre Sua familiaeque decora. I unam temonem CL C. 26. I genetrantibus se nobis, the statemen refers to the paSt experien es of the army, hence ruereri PerseCt.
18 pellebantur the imperfect is picturesque the timi animal Were Bying in ali directions a the olde ones advance to attack4S. The plura ver aster the virtua plura fortissimum quodque preSent nodissiculty. 19 cecideruntJ is a true persect expressing a present reSultis a completed action, have long been lying in thei graves. 'numerus i montemptuous cf. Horace s. a. 2. 27; reliquus Sattractexto agree illi numerus, what is est istut a horde. 'et quos quod &c. andis to meto account for the lac that ou have Mund them a last, belleve no that he have turne to a but have
been aught unawares.' restiterunt i condense speech sor scitote or Somethin equivalent eos restitisse, a condenSation not uncommoni classica writerS. et novissimae rest extremae res 'hei desperate position.' extremo me uJ abi. os instrument; oeshould mali it the subjeci, theextrem terror of thei desperate position has glue them to here theyStand sorao to/c.' et 3 transigite Iransigere cum aliqua re is late Latin the classica construction is transigere rem cum aliquo.
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et causas considering the connexion in hicli these ord stand the explanatio giveni Ch. and B is probabi the rightine, alie soldierswere to do their or so thoroughly that there hould e no strengilites sor rebellion. CΗΑPΤER XXXV.
3 ruentesim accurrentes ad arma accordin to KritZ aut the could notbe marshalle While the were running about ruentes Seem rathe to indicate a menta conditio than an actio and is probabi tot talien
a bellans Psc. Agricolae. fellerenturJ Sc auxilia. in seciem &c.yto impos o the eyes and ear of thei Des cs Aran. II 6. insur ren covere the genti rising ground bellindri ascendinglines, velut indicates the unusual metaphoricalis of insurgerent. media canastri the levet ground belween the two armies.
strepitu ac discursu 'with nois careering. II promptior in s Ann. XV. 25 promptus in favorem; the more usual construction is fromptus ad. mus adversisPadversus o contra ould e more usual instead os the dative. The meaning of the phras is no clear; resolute under adverse circumstances' Ch. an B., ho apparenti tali adversis asablative seems hardi to the oin here Pthin T. means 'firm against opposition 'ra Selsereliant, Which seem to agre better it pronastior in sem. Ia vexilla is generali explainexto mea that ome vexilla os veterans cs. c. I 8 Were Servin among the auxilia. ut probabi Tacitus Onlymeans the standard of the auxilia.
CHAPTER XXXVI. I gladiis ... carerisDproperi Speahin qualis oni excusere, hichra toparta, What Vegetius expresses by obliquis ictibus venientia tela desectere. 16 superfundereJ to hower is firstrused in prosei Livy.