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others, and showing a much as thesdid descent stom the original Munder of the Germa nation. The four ames give may be meant tot thewhole of thie plures, ut more probabi the are uSed typicali as examples
of the stares vera et antiqua, reat, existin a Wellis ancient nameS, Wherea the ther were ancient names only, known ni by tradition: whether deo e taken as the god' Tuisco ormannus or a god, in Whicli case deo orros,ould mean sons of godS generalty Seem a mattero no great importance. It is a question ho are meant by quidam. adoptolle vie that Roma antiquarian are meant, O GermanS. For the constructio of the sentenc is carrie on into the nexi, hicli Seem certaininto Contain a Roman opinion See note on l. I9ὶ anxifquidam is understood o Germans it Seem almos necessar to talae eaque. . . nomina a Word interpoSed by T. himself, understandin sunt
instea os esse and taking quem strongis and in fac thos are actuallyexistin and ancient names'). O themther vie garidam illi Romansavans, like lin the elder, lio rotem histor of the German wars ineto bookS, Suet. Vii. Ain. Tac Ann. I. 69, and who had himself servedin Germany. The vie state here howeve can hardi have been derive sto Pliny, as h gives, N. H. IV. I , a diviSion of the Germans into v branches illi subdivisions, hich does no correspon to the
ut in licentia vertistatis lit. ascis natural or possibie in the licenseassordedi remotenes of time, i. e. akin a Deedom os assertion hichis possibi in dealing illi questions os remote antiquity.
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crossed the Rhine and aremo calle Tungri, were then called Germani; unde these circumstances liat was the nam not of the nation ut ione tribe graduali prevalled, and the nam Germani firs arbitrarilyapplied to the whole natio by the conquering tribe to inSpire sear, aspresenti adopted by the ther member of the nation.' ceterum has it origina Sense, the est,' moreover' Liv IX. 33. IJ, ut With an adverSative orce as etl. I 5 recens and nuper are oppoSed to antiqua in the preceding. 37 Tungri vocentur musti Supplied i qui, cf. c. 36. nationis gentis' se abOVe l. 9. 18 ob memnal to inspire ear in the Gaul by representin them selvesas ne par ont of the reat peopte nolle ther Side, o hom theycould appeat, is neceSSary for rein rcement. I moxJmsoStea, Cf. C. l. 28. a se ipsis no tot construe with invento hut illi vocarentur. invento by the invented arbitrarii imposed nam Germani. Tacitus account of the origin of the nam Germa=ri is clearly a Romanone, an clearly rong, a i Sufficienti prove by the one ac that the Germans have neve calle themselVe by that nam e Besore the ameb whicli the know theniselves OW DeutSche, came into Se nocommon collective ter feem to haVe been sed by the Germans os themselves. The nam Gernaan wa the nam by hicli the Romans knew them. An the Romans seemo have borrowed the nam Domthe auis. The word variousi explainexas neighbours and as, βοὴν αγαθοἱ), rom hicli the Roma term Germani a formed was ne
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It is evident that at leas as early a Caesar' time the nam Was appliedio theseoples o the right fide of the Rhine as etllas to the Cisrhenane Peopte mentione above Aster Caesar' time the nam Germani dis-appeare sto N. Gaul. his asiue to the exterminatin war carriedon against the Eburones in B. C. 53, and alS to the bringingis theseopletogether unde the Roman organisation. The name a the confineda a collective nam applied to ali generali in addition to thei individua tribe names, to theseople o the ther Side of the Rhine. CHAPTER III. 2 Herculem cs C. 3 in c. 9, here . i Speat in of the religionis the Germans, e calis the German Hercules a god. I Seem naturalto identis the Hercules here illi the Hercules there in hicli case ago would e meant here also This o commentator generallysuppos to e Dona o Thor identified illi the Roman Hercules, nothom similarit o name, ut rom Similarit o attributes. ut the Suppositio that T. here means a go is a variance illi the persectfuine, an algo illi the word irorum fuisse uret must mean that Hercule once a amon them, not that Hercules is ne os theirgo Is. I am incline there re to thin that the Romans Mund orthought the found some nam mentione and honoured among the German or Some tribes of them, hicli SuggeSte the nam Hercules, an te them to add his visit to his traveis in an Case T. must bethinkin here o Hercules the ero, hil in c. 9 he apparenti meanSHercule the god et as et a the god-bor heroe mentione above. memorant mos of the modern editor underStand quidam os C. et that is Roma antiquarians to b the subjeci here also, and the use of eos instea of se certainly seem to potnt to the Same conclusion thoughT. oes ometimes se eum for se With thi interpretation, e must tali primumque ... canunt to e a Statement of T. 's wn otherwise twould e canere an ituros, o the natives must e the subjectoo canunt. I belleve myself that the Germans are the subjecto memorant, an I oui potnt ut that in that case memorant an quidam
opinantur exacti correSponda celebrant an qui am ... ad mant aboUe.
et haec Athese the ongs implied in canunt also are the ong in ussi amongSt them, by the peculia Persormance of hich, c. the fire
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the thunderstorm hen he was angry. Barditum complement tognem, to hicli relatu is antecedent is clearly a T. underStoo it nota Son or se of Songs, ut a mode of singing. At a later periodbarritus, a corrupte for of arditus as Sed of the war cry in barbaria an also in Roman armieS. et trepidan Da variant so the passive offerreo, the inspire ear o Delit, Athenare terribi or timid. 'sontii ac ordin a the in has ounded - accordin to thesound produce along the line, CL Hist. IV. I ti virorum cantu feminarum ululatu on it acies. et vocis either a descriptive genitive, voice-harmony, O more Probabi T. uses the singula instea of the plural ecause of the nityexpresse in concentus, a uniSon fialour ather than of voice. 'et repercussa es a late ord, that the Volces may wel by resonance into a fuller volume os deerisOundin musici' et ceterum resumptive. What ollows is continue seo the rst sentenc os the hapter. VI en Accordinito Solinus, author os a geographica compendium sincertain date, Simila traces of lysses ere Mund in Caledonia, Gixem Caledoniae appulsum manifestat ara Graecis literis inscripta vors.
Μullentios suggest that the Romans may have Mund amellic name Ulohoxis connected illi a town o the Rhine bearing the Germannam Askeburg, and jumpe to the conclusio that this must e the Gree Ulixes. Further the may have found the originalmellic nameos the town recorded, bearin Some Similarit to the nam Ulixes, such
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as, . g. OliSi or Olixia, and concluded that the own was munde and named by lysses. It is ighi probable that ome suci nam has salien ut after nominatumque. It is hardi likel that T. ould meanthat lysses gave the evidenti German oundin nam ASCeburgium the connexion illi ασκις is very improbabie to a town he Munded, andas a matter of lac them S S. how a lacuna aster the word, ille u inone illi the evident gues 'Aσκι υργιον. I the sound also an inscription illi a nam incit that could e twiste into similarit with
ments the would seel thei conjecture confirmed into a certainty. Π those samous wanderingS.'3o fabuloso not sabulous in ur ense, ut celebrated in story, Sofabulosus Hydrasses, Horace, Od. I. 22. 7, fabuloSae palumbeS, III. . , montem Africae vel faba Iosissimum Atlantem, liny, N. H. V. I. unc this that we have unde contemplation. o Cic. de Lei II. 26 has amplitudines sepulcrorum, quas in Ceramico idemus, an C. Oos this book haec corpora. 31 Asciburgium mentione His IV. 33 as containing the inter quarter of a quadron o cavalry. I la probabi on the sit of themod Asberginearmors. In .' time probabi the rive came nearerto Asber than it oes now. The nam mean apparenti ShiptoWn, hom Ash, the asti, sed in hi bullding. hodieque even a the present time'; the se of hodieque m hodie quoque begins illi post-Augustan writers it is no found in Livy. 33 quin etiam place contrar to earlier prose sage aster the rstword, s. Verg. Aen. VIII. 85. p. 33. I monumenta et tumulos hendiadys, barro monuments,
Graecis may be reali Gree characters, sor e find that themauis
used the Greeli alphabet to a certain extent, an Germans ho Cameinto contact illi soreigners may have done the fame. ut more Probabi the characters ere Etruscan. The Raeti spoli Etrusca downto historica times, and the Etrusca alphabet was early relate to the Greeh. The inscriptions it hould e noticed are represente a Confirmin no originatin the theor about lysses. Mem siuem demere an addere,ould ordinarii mean o ake Wayor ad ground of belles homo to the objec in question to discreditor accredit it, L Ann. IV. 9 Hist. II. 5o, and f the have that meaning here the correspon to refellere an cous are in the precedin Sentence But that rendering involves translatin ex ingonio suo, accord-
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Ρlin l. c. cf. Martia l. c. an Ammian Marcell. 27. . in heightenedartificiali by the se of a compositionis sat and wood ashes sapo). The
Proces WaS XPreSSed by rutilare comas. I et patienti, prob. SubSt. cf. C. 23 adversus Sisim non eadem emperantia, Ann. II. I nulla umerum facientia, in hicli caSe marium equat, or
proportionale to thei Strength. I caelo solove abi. o cause ve notiue probabi because either causewouldae uicient minime applies to Sisim aestumque Only the Syndetis expresse contrast tolerare musti Supplied in the secon clause, quit unaccustomed to bear hirs an heat, col and hunge the are accustome to beari reason of thei climate or soli. I thin it quite possibi that T. Wrote que not e the corruption is common. It is justpossibi that frigora inediantque are governed by HuePeriant, s. Verg. Aen. VI. 833.
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et non in alia &c. a litile regarded a potier Ware.'28 quamquam the retrospective se introducin a rawbach to theprevious Statement. The opinion state here is omewhat at variance with what is aid in c. 15 as et as,ith what is State by other authors, e. g. CaeSar B. G. VI 28, Floru IV. 12. proximi Sc Romanis. NSum the requirements. commerciorum, the plura is commonly used on account of the pluralit implied in commercia intercourSe. 3 eligunt alio preserencessor.'3 permutatione mercium barier. secuniam c. the money hicli the pascis the old, c. 'probant δοκιμάζουσι, accepi, Vallo rio PasS.'vererem et diu notam vetus is commoni used unde the Empire frepublica times, and does no impi neceSSarii an great antiquity. Itis osten perhaps old-fashioned rather than old. It is used here homili potnt of vie of the Roman reader, herea diu notam represent theseel in of the Germans about the coinage. The Germans egan to ea quainted with Roman moneydrom the time of the Romanising of Gaul. 3 et serratos with notched edges, like ur Silve and gold coins. blatos i. e. denarii os about the econ centur B. C. Silver coin age denarius, quinarius ando tertius date Dom B. C. 269. The earliest Coinsior o the reverse the Dioscuri, later thesbore a Dianam Victoria
in a ira later stili, Iupiter in a quadriga. Under the Empire the
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devices ere various. The Republica denarit,ere is an unce, the Neronian ered, and were alloye with copper axwell. Notching coinsbegan early but was no uniVersat. It Seem to have been commones in the last centur of the Republic The Germans seem to have preserred these id serrati bigatique even to late coin os equat value, parti sorold acquaintance alie, ut alSo ecause the could e mos readit distinguished rom the light alloye Neronian coins. his is the onlyplace howeve in a Roman author in hicli serratus is sed as an indicationis date. It is a question hether the word serratos bigatosque are not an interpolation veterem ould probabi be ussicient to
34. I nulla c. no as a matteris aste CHAPTER VI. neferrum quidem referring to aurum, argonium,ae. superes there is no abundance.' rari law,' only one here and there. f. Verg. Aen. I. II 8. maioribus applies here apparenti to the iron heads The Germans used lances illi long Shasis, Ann. I. 6 , ΙΙ. 4. I et sariunt poetical, cf. Verg. Aen. VII. 687, VIII. 695.
Sagulum, a Germanaarment ostiearly represented by the Roman militar Cloah. 1 iactario display, cultuS, Ornament. I paucis CL Aun. II. I non oricam Germano, non aleam. cassis the metal, galea, the leather heimet. 16 Sed nec here sed a sed et is requently used by Tacitus and Suetonius illi non modo implied ut no expresse in hat recedeS. A the sentenc here is negative sed nec sed ne . quidem is Substituted sor sed et the suli construction ouldae non modo conspicui, &C. sed ne va= iare quidem. In his usage sed et cloes litti more than ad alaci illi ome litile emphasis to hat recedes CL C. 7 Sed et proxima ars sectoris aut Thi usag does no occur in prose e re writers of the silver age; Some supposed instances in Cicero and Caesar have been otherwis explained. Sed alone is sed illi a similar
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ellipse in late Latin, .g. Martia I. 3 et scalis abito tribus sed altis; this laiter usage, ein Mund also in lautus, is probabi colloquial. 17 gyros a Gree word used by the Roman to expreS the evolutions circles execute right an test, votis, figures of eight performe bypractised rider o traine horses, an utilised in militar ridinq;
variare raros, to Periarm complicate figures. Cf. Horace, Od. III. 7 25.
in recluniri straight sorward. 18 uno sexu with ne mode of wheelin to the right, that is to say, the ni movenient heyon straight forward ridin that the Germans were acquainted with was the wheeling of one or more lines of rideriina circle round a centre rom est to right. ita coniuncto orbe 'heeping the line of wheelinga unbrohen. orbis here is the wheelinibody describing the circle the member of whichmove a different paces in proportion to thei distanc sto the centre, foras to keemthei line unbrohen. I aestimanta an imitatio of the Greel idio somelimes calle thedative absolute, firs used by Caesar, e. g. B. C. III 8 in the descriptionos a locality, and so frequently b Livy, e. g. I. 8 5 escendentibus inter duos lucos est the alter however Se it alSo generali to expresso judgment, as do Tacitus and later Writers. et eoque and thei e re.' eo ideo as frequently in Tacitus, ut alwaysin combination illi que. et seditum no the insanir generalty but a partis them expressed by quos ... locant. The mode figlitin is more fuit describe by Caesar,
eta centeni Whateve the exac meaning of this passage may be, it is clea that . is no speahing of the whole army, ut of the selectportio oscit mentione above, therWis nomen e honor ould emeaningless. The hundred' in ne of iis many applications in Germanlife was evidently the ille os these select warriors includin probablyhoth cavair an insaniryὶ, ho forme the ower of the army, hun
exacti the fame In facto implies that it a not what was originali an indication o number, ad ecome, he says, a ille of distinction. f e SSume o to 2 fagi a contributorie to onearmy then et to oo soldier stom ach ould give the Ietoo that Caesar speak of a the number in ne arm of these Selec troops butas the distinctio increased the number ould probabi decrease Asiong howeve a the exac Signification f pagus i unknown no rust-
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worthy conclusion caesie irawn a. to the exact meaning of this passage. On parus e Stubb Ι. I. et acies the arm generalty the Io Mught ante aciem. per cuneosymodat adv. in Wedge-krmation, cf. Aun. II. 45. In Livythis modalis os per is confined to abstraci substantives This batile-sormatio is alluded to c. 7 HAI. V. 6, V. 16. The disserent tribe- contingent appear o have been forme in edgeS, at the separate wedges sorming one large edge. The German appear o have calledit A boar-formation stoin the similarit toruioar' head. et instes indefinite se of the secon person m one, of whicli Tacitusis ver sondo as longin one return to the charge.' et ouam this omiSSion os potius o magis i no vnsrequent in Tacitus, cs. Ann. Ι. 58 6 pacem quam bellum parabant. It appear occasionalty in Livy, and is probabi a colloquialism. corpora corpSeS.' et dubiis no so much undecided,' ut ather as Ita seem to indicate, no decidedi successsul, a mil Way os expreSSin unSuccesssul though no disastrouStymo CL dubiae res. et concilium is evidenti quite generat an assembly, the disgracedman suffere politica an religiou excommunication.
nostra statues Cio in ex sententia, and the like that this is the force sex here is preti clear Do the correspondin ex virtute, and i so the meaning ould seem tote thalaings eremo cliose simply ut os thenobiles a Some tali it e. g. Stubb C. H. I. 27ὶ, ut hom the nobies of the nobiles. Fro c. 2, t. et it is Clear that in ome tribes the SucceSSion a confine to ne family. O the powers of the Germankings and the differetice of constitution in different tribes se Stubbs I.
duces leader in ar there a nothin apparentinio prevent thel in hom ein electe generat, is he was qualified; ut the dux assupreme innot sole commander in ar. sumunt a Some hat vague ord, o probabi implyin sormalelection; ut it seem clea that hoeve was taken was ahe withthe consent of the people. T. 's account of the ingly ower is ver negative. o doub theregat authorit varie in different tribes Veli Paterc. II. Io Seem to