Agricola and Germania

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NOTES. 63

supreme command,' and with gloria, devolve on, anu set to the

18 roburi substantia help. 319 antegonendo this modat se of the gerund in hicli the gerund is jus equivalent to a present participle, is found in Livy. Writers besorehim raret use the gerund excepi in an inStrumenta Sense See Liv IV. Pit Pres edn. AppendiX. nisi quod a very loose se of nisi to tali exception to omethingimplied in the previous sentence, that is that both Agricola an his i. were equali pratSeworthy nisi Wil perhapsi best rendered by only, 'Cf. Ann. I. 33. 3 atque isSa Agrippina paullo commotior, nisi quod canitate et mariti amore quamvis indomitum animum in bonum vertebat. et gro consule the repoSitional phraSe m a substantive here in the accuSative case aii l. et in the nominative.

et parataJ inviting, in consequence of the facilities it assorded. seccantibus Sc magistratibus. et quantalibetJ with ait the readiness in the worid, theras of quan us- I bellegitis illi Livy. et in subsidium c. to assis as et a to conisor him, in subsidium feem to refer ac to the eginning of the hapter ad capessendos c. By the lex Papia Poppaea amongst ther provision os a simila naturei

preserence a Secure in elections to candidates it children. in this consecutive Se of the repoSitio very common in Tacitus

inooken that he acknowledge an meant to rear it Was apparently meret forma at this time. et inter quaesturam ...plebis qualis annum. T. A. 3

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66 TACITUS AGRICOLA.

et Iribunattis the ossice of tribune unde the empire a litile morethan titular, a the emperor veste ali helowers of the ossice in himself3o tenor et silentium hendiadys, the fame unbroken eveni maintained reserve. 31 iurisdic Dythat is, he wasmeither praetor urbanus nor ereTrinus.

Itidos unde the Republic the aediles ad superintende ali games except the Apollinares an vo ivi. ut Augustus transferre ali to the

inaniaJ pageat Ch. an B. J, cf. Ann. II. 76 inaniafamae this par of the duties is opposed to the substantiat work of jurisdiction. medio. . . duxit With the reading of the ex duxit must apparently mean guided'; he guide the hows etween that is, held a iddie

course in the performance of them etween econom an profusion.' Is the emendation media is adopte duxit Will mean considered'; considere them a things occupyin a middie place belween.' 32 rationisJ calculation, plan or method in expenditure, o preti muchwhat, mea by economy. 'uti. ..i aDuSed a frequently - μεν ... δε, illi an adversative force, CLLiv IV. 6. heeping wide os prodigality but withi touch of his reputation, that is, notaeing so economica a to clamage his credit. Some editor rende it, actin consistently it his reputation or nown character in proportion aso kept clear of extravagance.' ut his rendering Seem to require suae, and the Sentence look ascis . meant the lalter clauserio modis the former. v. 5. et reco noscendaJ hi dui Wa to examine the lisis of temple offer-ings, an to trace an recove the missing ones Nero aster theire in A. D. 6 , amongStither mean of raiSin mone confiscate temple offer-ings, Ann. XV. 45, Suet Nero c. 32. How the ther offering haddisappeared e re not old, ut perhaps the fame re ad assordedopportunities for Such Sacrilege. Agricola it seem recovere ali the offering except thoSe whicli Nero had alien. a sensisset the orce of the ipf. is to represent the effect Dat thesacrilege except ero' a entiret cancelled by A.' action. Instead offaying that, hen Agricola ad finished his ork, the state seemed toliave suffere Domino ne else' Sacrilege, he says that it kad not suffered; he ad the state seel a though it ad suffered c.' o Plin Pang. c. o Fecisti ne malos frincipes rubuissemus yo extinguished thebadnes of the emperor besore ou,' that is, yo wiped ut thememor of them.

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NOTES. 67

CHAPTER VII. Io classis Otrionian cf. Hist. II. 2, 3. similium Albintimilium mod Vintimiglia a se miles E. of the Gallic frontier. I, causal motive, quae, quod regulari attractexto agre Wit causa. i sollemnia 'the rite os assection are the rites of sunerat c. suggeste by affection. adfectati the assumptionis imperia poweri Vespasian, cf. LivyΙ. 6 neque ea res Tarquinio spem assectandi erui minuit the ordgenerali means ni to aim at, or Strive aster. 316 initia &c. hendiadys, the govertiment of the cit in therars day of the ne reign was unde the directioni M.' regebatJ is used in iis simple sense of directing, withio implicationof hingi POWer. Μ. Licinius Crassus Μucianus, overnor of Syria a the time fotho' sulcide, urgeo Vespasian to contest the empire, and proceede atoncerio Italy, here aster the deseat of the Vitellians and the capture of Rome by Antonius primus, he undertoo the direction o affair asrepresentative of VespaSian. i ex parern using his lather' position ni as a means of Seis indulgence, lit. out of his sather' position ni e oyin license.'lo bal apud quos in accordance illi the diom, frequent in Livy bywhicli an adverbris used a the equivalent of the case of a pronou or ofa repoSitio an pronoun, .g., alibi apud alios, eodem ad eundem

virum.

et decessor Caelius Rufus, ho opposed the authorit of the governor Trebellius Maximus o successsuli that the lalter as oblige toranto Vitellius, ho replace hi by Vettius Bolanus. The consequently unsetile state Passairs in the fland probabi accounts for the tardinessshown by the olli legion in transferring thei allegiance t Vespasian;

cf. Hist. . o. et consularibus D ti, ho ad serve the consulShip, overnor ofimperia provinces containing more than ne legion Legiati praetorii, legates ho ad serve the praetorShip were ni competent to command ne legion and were either governor os imperia provinceS, in whicli there a only one legion or more frequently as in the Presentcrae, commander os Single legion unde a Igatus consularis. nimia with dative like our colloquial to much or, is rare, LVeli Paterc. II. 3 Pompeium nimium iam liberae reipublicae.

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68 TACITUS AGRICOLA.

et incertum an a savorite sage of Tacitus, Sp. in his later ritings, frame perhaps o the analog of mirum, im Iane C. quantum', anelliptical interrogative clause it a neuter adjective omwhicli it dependsis sed as ne adverbrio qualis another predicate. In translatin i is generali neceSSarnio expand it into a separate Sentence, but whether&c is uncertain.' a Succe or. . . ultor nounS Sed a participies, a Sage ver frequent in Livy, to avenge a wellis to succeed him. s. c. I 6 l. 16. et viderri compare Sallust Pug. c. Ioo sudore magis quam malo PuniShment exercitum coercebat. CΗΑΡΤΕ VIII. et compescuitypost-AuguSta in proSe. incresceret is poeti an late prose ord, meaning to increas considerably, seem to e sed here in the sense of to grow o great, '

peritus with infinitive is a poeti construction. et reti filias with infinitive is Mundini in post-Augusta proSe. 3 virtutes his A. 's high qualities. '

D in accordance illi, cf. C. O l. 6. 3 auctore ι to im ho was the ource of his authorit an his generat.'5 nec but not, cs. Liv III. 55 sine ulla par; una iniuria nec sine offensione.

CHAPΤΕ IX. io reveretentemJ the present participi expresses the immediatenes of the honour, he wa Stili returning When Vespasianii this.11 patriciosJ the patricia bod stili subsisted though,ithout essentialprivilege a an order, in the Character of a clos aristocraticauild butas it could receivem ne gentes it ad Windle away more an more in the course of centuries an in Caesar' time there eremo more than fifteen or Sixteen patricia rentes Stili in existence Caesar, imselfsPrunisrom ne of them, go the right os creatin ne patrician gentes conferre o the Imperatori decree of the eople, an So Stablished,

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in contrast to the republica nobility the ne aristocrac os the patriciate, hicli mos happii combine at the requisites os a monarchicalaristocracy the charmos antiquity, entire dependenc on the govem-ment an tota insignificance,V ommSen K. H. V. V. P. 475. AquitaniaeJ formed into a separate provincet AuguStuS.ia splendidae dignitatis descriptive genitive qualisyines vinciae. administratione. . . sse ablatives expressing that hicli made his appotniment one os specia distinction. 1 securi irresponsitile, it has nothinito ea stom advocates, juries,

obtusior rough an ready, lit AsomeWhat lunt .e., ining common-SenS Vie of a case ithout regaresto legat refinements. manu c. L mostly summar in iis procesSes,' lit. doin more things by power of hand than by any the way). manus has iis legat senseos power, as in the phras in patris manu so that the phras Seem to impi the summar jurisdictionis an irresponSibie a Strate. calliditatemJ can hardi have, ascit generali has, a ad senSe here, hecaus Tacitus is pulting the case of the civilia against the oldierto the disadvantage of the alter lawyer-like warineSS.'exercea J gives no practice to,' does no develop.'i prudentiaD sagacity. 'ρtiamvis albeit, lit. howeve much, no simply although, as frequently in later riters T. means that Agricola a capable of administering justice in an couri, erit a civillas o like. facileJ with ease,' expeditiously. 'I iam vero but more tha that. In Cicero iam vero introduces a fresti an important potnt in an argument so here an elSewhere e g. c. I T. Se ito introduce a resti alter connected illi liat precedes, whichi Wishes t emphaSige. 18 ubi. ..poscerent the subjunctive os repeate actio in ast time is notinfrequent in Livy, as also in the Annals an Histories of Tacitus, but is no found excepi here in his horter orkS. converatus Acircuit-days. conventus is sed of the Jay on hicli Circuit-buSines Was transacted as ellis of the circulis the districis into hicli the province a divide so the administrationis provincialbugines by the governor themSelves. ac iudicia this is no hendiadys, ecause ther usines beSideSjudiciat wouldie transacte in the circuitS.

I et and et, saepius, C. quam in viro severo exspectra, no Seldom.'

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ro TACITUS AGRICOLA.

eto fersona c. J he lai aside atinc the characteris the ossiciat.' Iristitiam c. a sor moroSeneSS, aughtiness, an rapacity, hewas entiret fre homoliem' avaritia a Ch. and B. remark is pro-hably used here in a public sense of undul severe exactioni publicdues, as Galba is sal to have been publicae fecuniae avarus. exuerat CL Ann. VI 25 Agrippineta . . feminarum vitia exuerat; Sthe lauit mentioned ere natural to me in ossicia positions an ossiciat tote re stom them mus have thrown them Tet virtutum probably, his viriues,' ut it ma mea the two virtveS

tation in a provincerae Anu. XV. I. 2, 22. I.

as a clas rather than of the particular one in A. 's province. averri a milde Way of puttin vinci, to suffer detriment, or dis- comfiture' so the use of the wor cf. Sali Cat. c. 16 tibi eorum famam atque sudorem auriserat. sordidum ignominious.' et statimJ qualifies sem ather tha revocatus, to the immediate proSpectis a consulShip, cf. Germ. C. 8 l. 5. 3 nullis c.J m non ullis, abi. o cause, no by reason o an talion his part to this effeci,' 'no that he ver thre out hinis in that direction.'

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rerum with historica truth. siue is sed objectively, witha credibilit based on facis. 'Io spatio ac cael, abi. of respecto in Oint os extent an geographical position '; shy' here mali portion os the k to hicli the land cor

Hispaniae this error a to the relative positions os Britain and Spain is Mund in Caesar alSO, B. G. U. 3. II etiam inspicituri is actuali visibie.'I nullis contra terris circumstantia ablative, contra is reali equalto a predicate obiacentibusa cf. CaeSar, B. G. V. Ι . . 13 LiviusJ in his Io5th book. I Fabius Rusticus a friend of Seneca, mentione by Tacitus also in Ann. XIV et XV. I, apparently rote a histor of the Empire under Claudius and Nero. eloquentissim D the greates master of style.'15 scutulae a disti, the hape os,hicli is unknown, ut hicli romthe se oscit in his illustratio must e supposed to have been moreo les triangular. bisenni the axe-head oni cani meant. e metenim o et profecto, as frequently in Livy, esp. When solioWed

immediatel by a par of Sum e. g. XXVII. 5. 7 et erat Iibermn mare, IX. 6. Ia, C.

I extremo litoreJ that is apparentino Britain proper belo Caledonia, where the Fritiis os lyde an Forth Clota an Bodotria almos divide the land. et ad maritJ established theriaci.' incognitas. . . inveni thesesisland are mentioned by Pomponius ela, who rote his or in the eig o Caligula oris Claudius. Eltherwe must Suppos that Tacitus has made a mistine or that these ordsare t be alien ni t mea that true an accurate information asgained at this time about the Orkneys. et dissectaD sighted butini sightedhbecause, &c.'

et et actentis iussum ver condense expression, thei commissionunde here' so the se of hactenus soriar an no sarther cf. Verg. Aen. I. a hac Troiana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta. Tac Ann. XII. et hactenus Vitellius voluerat.

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; TACLTUS AGRICOLA.

moles the idea seem tote that the weight os an unbrohen expanSeo se mahes it les sensitive to the actio of the wind.

continuin a narratiVe, CL LiVDIX. 33. 3. et ut interi ac is tot expected amon barbarianS, cf. Germ. . . rutilae. . . ma ni DCL Germ. C. 4. habitantiumJ cf. C. 4 l. 3.

positio caeli sky-position m caelu λῖ, C. O l. IO. dedit has determined. 'io aestimanti in illi dative, e Germ. C. 6. II suferstitionum genuasiones lit. persuading to them Selves of superstitious belless, superstitious persuasions. Superstitio to a Romanmeant an foreig religious belles, except Greeli.

I olim in forme years, qualifies victis, and probabi refers to the

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NOTES. 73

time o Claudius But e reali have o means of udgin preciselywhat Tacitus means by this and the Ollowin SentenceS. Heris apparenti speaking of the time a Which e is riting, and of the state of Britain during the eigns of Nerva an Trajan weano nothing. I T. is tot talae at his ord, it ould Seem ascis the conques of the province a Stili going on, untes by ceteri he means the orth Britonsonly But in that case olim Seem rathe meaningleSS.CHAPTER XII. In curras in c. 35 these chariot-figliter are calle covinnarii, in Caesar essedarii T. is indistinc here. It is no clear rom his account whether the Britons ad cavair prope a wellos chariot-fighters. From CaeSar B. G. IV. et , it ould seem that in his time themii ad both. et honestior here again T. is indistinet. It is a question hether hemeans impi that he hariot figliter held aiigher an than the oot soldier, o that the drive ranked above the figliters in the chario iiseis. The lalter feem untihely, and is ut of heeping ith what Caesar says B. G. IV. et , so that probabi he means the former. fropugnant wil mean figli sortii 4.e., figlit hom the chariois, or tight in front of the chariolii Mot, according to the sense, attach ohonestior aurigo.

et per principes c. the are divide is factions and rivalries due tolli actionis disserent chiest.' et pro nobis utiliusJ more sesu on ur elials m more advantageoust Our interesis, a redundant expression, ithout parallel though Hist. I. 5 vox pro republica hones a is omething like it pro is perhaps in

in Gallia remissioribus frigoribus. II dierum Tacitus states as a generat sact what is true os Course ni of the Summer, the longest da in Rome lastin I hours, in colland 8 Plin N. H. II. I 86J, and he explain the supposed fac by the dea,

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TACITUS AGRICOLA.

effect of the hado cas by the higher paris of the arti intervening

between the sun and the land . nostri orbis condense comparisorem nostri orbis dierum, cf. Germ. c. 6 quae omnia diversa Sarmatis. 3 transire CL Germ. c. 5 l. I accordin to this idea, the sun Wassupposed noto actuali sin into the Ocean ut o pas round Domwest to east, ein visibi at the wester extremit of the circle otii some of the icter paris of the earin intervened whicli accordinito .didio occurriti it was almost ready to is again. his Nears to bellis meaning iste reali means anything. scilice L clearly the levet extremities of the earth throwing onlyrahortshadows do not ais the darknes to any height, an so night salis shor of the hy an stars, an explanation perhaps est lest alone by

modern CommentatorS.

extremaJ substantive neut pl. of the adj., a se common in Livy. 3 et umbra abi. of circumStance, o CauSe. que epexegetic, s. iv II. 3. nec in eum consules acris quam ipsius colleiae coorti sunt auxilioque eorum dilectum consules habent. caelum c. J explain the effectis non erigunt tenebras.

n. 9 patienSJ CL Germ. C. 5 l. 9. 5 mar rita mariaritum is a rare sermos mariarim it is used hereboth for theseari and the ySter. naturam quality' the meaning of the sentenceris, that it Was more likel that the earis ere inserior tha that the Roman Shouldie so indifferent to gain a notato emplo the best methodis calching them. CHAPTER XIII. 13 ipsiJ αυτοί, theseoplerus opposed to the land. iniuncta ...imperii metrare L the imperia services imposed on them'; imperii is a descriptive genitive, the services connecte Willi imperialgovernment' the more usual sormis expression Ouidie ab imperantibus iniuncta. Ι obeunt Zeugma, ther Verbs must e supplied io gover dilectum an Iributa.

I igitur the resumptive se of the word, found frequently in Cicero. The descriptioni Britain has been os the natur of a digression, an T. no goes on to hat i more immediatet connected it his main Subjecti giving an account of the operations in Britain hicli lexus to