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means - photographic, electronic or mechanicat, including photocopying, recording, taping orinformation Storage or retri evat systems - without permission of the publishers. This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed sustat nable forests. It is naturat, renewable and rec labie. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to theenvironmental regulations of the country of origin.
Commissioning Editor: Nigel Redman Project Editor: Jim Martin Defigit by Marti HestingtonPrinted in Great Brita in by Martins the Printers, Bemicli upon Tweed
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liave also had the benefit os conversations on a wide range of nomenclatural themeS. Tothese three gentiemen go my most sincere and heutfelt thanks
I must also single out lim Martin os Christopher Helm Publishers for his patience dedication and hard work in transforming my manuscript into a dictionary that reflecis his editing skill . and Susan Iessis for her proo reading experti se. Finalty. to my wila Patricia. my daughter Lornu and her hiisband Matthew. my sonmul and his wife Victoria and my grandson George, ali iove, affection and appreciation
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new and comprehensive work of reference
Thanks to the generous input os correspondents woridwide, I have been able to enlargeon many of the scientific entri es and correct any errors contained in my first book. Newgenera and species described or separated belween June l990 and October 2009 are includest together with those specific and subspecific names indexed in P nter l98T) and Dickinson 2003) For reasons of space, I have excluded many subspecific eponyms and toponynis. The former can be mund in the pages of me l9693, and the lalter, for themost part are usualty sel Dexplanatory and easily deduced. HoweVer, generali sed non- specific toponynis, Such as alticsta, timericana or Centnialis, together with those geographicat epitheis known to the Greeks and Romans, are included. I have also attemptedio include ali those fornis named on the basis of substantives gi ven by non-binominat authors such as the Conite de Busson and Brigadier Felix de AZara, and to give a fullsynonymy of those species first described by Linnaeus si T 83 Numerous synonymi sed generic and specific names are listest including those which were formerly widely used orreflect fonte literary or historical interest se g. to provide basic information on an author, naturali si or collector who is no longer celebrated in modern nomenclature, or to highlight synonyms whicli formed the bases of current or former Englisti modi fiers). The choice of scientific taxa included in the Dictionary may appear eclectic, but my aims have beento illustrate the diversi ty os languages both old and new and to culti vate a widerinterest in them In lT 8 the tentii edition of Linnaeus, Systema Natume was publislied in Stoc olin. Itdescribed and diagnosed the natural worid as then known to him, including si x orders, 63 genera and 556 species of hirds This edition of Linnaeus is now accepted as the begi ingos scientific nomenclature in Zoology including ornithology. Since then, more than β0 000 scientific bird names, os genera, species and sub ecies, have been proposest arranged andrearranged in a hierarchy of taxa far more complex than that emi saged by Linnaeus Latin had been the language of scientific publications and correspondence for hundredsos years. Birds were named in tengthy diagnoses, osten including foret gn names, to ens ethat the re ader knew what species was being dealt with. Ray l6 8). in describing the Common Pochard wrote, V ken or Pocharsi or Great Red-headed Wigeon: Anas fera fusca os Gesner and Aldrovandus: Penelops veterum 9 Rothaiss of Gesner and f
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INTRODUCTIONAldrovandus: Cane a la teste rouge of Belon innaeus's ainas were to describe relation-ships and systemati se the natural worid, by providing simple two-part names for enchspecies, using words ta n directly froni classical Latin or transtiterated froni Greek orother, mainly European, languages. For the Common Pochard he coined Anas ferina The importance of a system whicli identi fies a species in any longue is apparent whenone considers the Variotis species worldwide stiaring the substantive nantes robin, blackhirst wardier. sparrow and finch the confusing Vari ely and limitations of Vernacular names and the debates of English-speakers over the preferred names of even common bims. When
gi ven in the text. The object of this Dictionary is to explain the meaning of the Zoologicale eranto created by Linnaeus and his successors, in so far as it applies to the genera and species of hircis of the worid.
The basic scientific name os a bird species consists of four paris. For example, ParHS major Linnaeus. lT 8, is the fuit scientific name of the Great Tit. The filast two paris, the binomen ParHS major, Me written in a Latin or ne )-Latin forin and traditionalty printed in italics Note, howeven that for the sake of clari ty and impaci, and following the precedents of
or an isolatest distinctive species. It must be in the form os a notan or a substantivi sed adjective uented as a nouit, it must be unique in the Zoological worid. and it must beginwith an Upper-case letter. Is the fame genus is subsequently referred to but in different specific combinations, me convention is to use the initiat abbreviation for the genericterna, provided it cloes not cause confusion se g. DEHdmiCa PeleChia, D CGStanea D. fusca D. virens, whicli are ali in Dendmica: but not Thalia SSarche meliari phrys in a Villa, Chlom rhynctiss. since T. Chlor rhynchss refers to ThalassGgeronchism rhynctiss). The second part of the binomen, beginning with a lower-case letter, is the specific or trivial name, distinguishing the species within the genus, an althoughtaking many forms, is commonly an adjective or a nouit in the genitive case. Only in combination with a generic name does it have any validi ty or make any sense, but it can beused in more than one genu S. thus Parus majsr Linnaeus, lT 8. Dendrocmss m Dr
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INTRODUCTIONGambel 's later name was no longer valid by re ason os homonymy. In the absence of a junior synonym the Mountain Chickadee was renamed Piari X ganetheli Ridgway l886, in Gambel's hono . The third and fourth paris of the Great Tit, scientific name innaeus, lT 8 - reveni theauthor of the specific name and the year in whicli that name was first validi y publi ined as abi nomen. The author's name placed in parentheses after a specific name indicates that thecurrent generic classi fication differs froni that assigned by the originat author As
l886) were fir t trealed by their respective authors in the genus PGrHS Systematic publications, such as checklisis, handbooks and synopses, generalty gi Ve afuit citation os both generic and specific names; including original publication delatis identification of the type species of the genus, type locali ty of species, and synonyms. Non- systematic scientific wores; popular books, fiet d guides and magarines usualty give onlythe binomen: only these two paris of the nante are considered further in the Dictionary. Many species are divided by systemati sis into subspecies or races, whicli are populations of the species occupying a distinci geographic range and distinguished by recognis able morphological characters horn other populations of the species. Species subdivi ded into si species are termed polytypic: those for which no subspecies are recogni sed are monotypic. Because of the continui ty of the evolutionary process, somesubspecies are so diverse that they are considered by ornithologi sis to have crossed the specific threshold and hecome species in their own right. In nomenclature, subspecies aredesignated by adcling a third name to the binomen, creating a trinomen. The subspecies of the Great Tit Needing in continental Europe and western Siberia is known as Piari s major major the nominate Subspecies, whose trinomen, created by repenting the specific epithet reflecis history or an accident of geography rather than precedence or relationship. It canbe morphologicalty distinguished froni populations breeding in the Britisti Istes Pan sm Dr ne toni the Holy Land Piarus major terniaeSanctae, and others mund elsewhere in the species' large Palae arctic and Indomata an range . At least two of the se fornis, Piarus major minor of I an and China, and Piarus majsr ho harensis of Tur stan are considered by sonae as distinci species, Piarus minor and Piarus hs harensis. Extreme cases of
polytypi in include the Collared Kingsislier Lodirumphu, clitoris of the old Worid tropics for whicli more than fifty distinci and usualty easily separabie fornis have been describestand the Baiianaquit Coereha flaveola of the Neotropics, whicli has more than fortysubspecies. Is the fame genus and species nantes are referred to in subsequent but different subspecific combinations the convention is to use the intitat abbreviations for both thegeneric and specific terms, e g. ParuS major CO HS m mal mae m GPhrodite, Withthe lalter two names showing abbreviations for Via rus majsr malis mae and Piarus major aphrodite respecti Vely. HoweVer to follow these with P. m. rhenianus, a trinomen that refers to a different genus and species, Poecile montanus rhenianus, Muid be confusing and incorrect Nei ther generic nor specific names need to be descripti Ve, accurate or relevant, and theycannot be rejected merely for heing erroneous in these respecis, although some earlier authors fought to do so. Many names Coined in the early years of systematic Zoology arenow known to be inappropriate, having been based on in accurate plates or drawings specimens affected by poor storage conditions lay descriptions, mistaken provenanceor mixed- specimens, fraud in human error
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Although Linnaeus fought to lay down gui delines in his Philosophica Bolanica si fl).there were no generalty accepted rules goVerning the formation Use, and priorities of name S in Zoology for ne arly one hundred years afterwards. Many naturali sis rushed toembrace Linnaeus 's simple binominat system. but they did so in an uncoordinated and chaotic fashion Men os independent spirit such as Franςois Levaillant and the Conite de Bunon refused to recogni se the order heral ded by the Swedisti bolanist. but their wores were eagerly scanned and used as bases for catalogues, claSSificatory Systems, or nomenclators by subsequent cabinet authors. The names of Levaillant. de Busson and de AZara will not be mund amongst the ranks of Linnae an descriptive authors, but their wores arevitat sol ces for the etymologist As the number of new species swelled to a floost the Linnae an binominat system was threatened with collapse as authors independently described the fame species under
different names, unaware os, or perhaps without regard for the works of others. Ostenmales, feniales, immatures and colour morphs of the fame species were described asdifferent species. Momover, authors differed in their approaches to the Linnaean nomenclatural system, di sagreeing as to whether inappropriate names, original mis-spellings autochthonyms, and so on, should be corrected and changed or allowed to stand. As species hecame better known the earlier errors were gradually sorted otii and amended. The result ho Ver was a plethora os nantes, dis agreement on Gallabili ty and usage of names for individual species, and differetices on the starting date for binominal nomenclature whether itshould be pre-Linnaean, Limaeus, tenili edition of lT 8. or Linnaeus 's twel fili edition oflJ66). Great instabili ty in the use of names and a collapse of binominal nomenclaturetoomed tess than l00 years after Linnaeus introduced his concept of an efficient inter nationat system os biological names essentiat for communication bet en ali biologi sis. The most successsul of the early attempis to bring uniformity to Zoological nomenclature
was the Strickland Code. conceived in l835 by the Briti h goologist Hugh Strickland and presented to the Britis h Association for the Advancement of Science in l842. It was adopted by the Scientific Congress in Padua in l843, by the American Society of Geologi is and Naturali sis in l845. and by the Briti in Association for the Advancement of Science in l846. The Strickland Code was the basis of subsequent codes, including the American ornithologi sis' Union Cocle and eventuatly the Regies Internationales. The Strickland Code adopted the twelfth lJ66) edition of the Syxtema tu me as me startingdate for Zoological nomenclatum, a decision broadly accepted at the time in Britain and paris of continental Europe. HoweVer, many workers in Norm America and Europe argued
that the tenth l 58) edition of Linnaeus should be so used . The nomenclatural code adopted by the American ornithologi sis' Union in l886 accepted the tentii edition of
Sterna turiae as the stari os Zoological nomenclature, and this was enthusiasticat lyembraced by most workers except the Britisti. who remat ned i solated untii l 90l. In that year the Fini, International Congress of Zoology at Beri in adopted the tentii edition of stema tu me and promulgated the first set of rules of Zoological nomenclature to berecogni sed internationalty the Regies Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique publi hed in l90 3 These rules have been modi fled and clarified over the years, and unde ent a major revision in the l950s, resulting in publication of the new International
The objects of the Code are to promote stabili ty and universali ty in the scientific namesos animais and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinctV ICZN l9993.
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INTRODUCTIONTo those encls the three basic principies of priori ty, preservation of well-established names and homonyn , are key to understanding the iis age of names in this book and elsewhere in the literature.
The principie of priori ty states simply that the earli est name applied properly to a taxon ofanimais is the correct scientific name. with the date os publication determined by the stated date on the publication other means is that information is not retiatae. Priori ty nowdates Doni l January l 58. the date fixed for the publication of the tentii edition of
the correct name is the earli est one proposed. Is investigation indicates that a species or agenus should be divided into two. then the former name rematiis with the type and a newname must be proposed for the other taxon is a nante cloes not almady exist for it. Manychanges in Zoological nomenclature resulted frona the application os priori ty, e speciallywhen sorting out the work of the early taxonomisis, and major changes stemmed frona thedecision to change the beginning date for Zoological nomenclatum Dona the twelfili edition
This principie. dealt with in the ICTN as a sub-arti cle of the Principie of Priori ty, is concerned with the preservation os stabili ty and universali ty in Zoological nomenclature. It operates to protect well-established names frona being replaced by long-forgoiten and hence unused senior Synonyms, but can be modi fled by prevalling us age and the actions of the first author sor First Reviser). When the precedence of two names cannot bedeterminest that precedetice can be fixed by the actions of the Hrst Reviser citing tho en ames in a published work and selecting Dona them. Prevat ling us age concern S theidentification and possibi e valid publication os unused senior synonyms after l899, and the variabie conditions in whicli a junior synonym or homonym may take precedence, subject to a ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Formerly prevat ling us age was not clearly articulated within the Code. and was notwithout iis opponentS.
This principie states that a particular name can be used only once in Zoological nomencla- ture. Hence a generic name or a fami ly-gro name can only be used once in the animal
kingdom - it must be unique. Thus when the generic name Atrichia Gould l844, which hadbeen applied to the scrub-birds was shown to be a junior homonym of Atrichia voti Paula Schrank. l803, it had to be replaced by Atrichomi; Stri neger, l885. The rules for generichomonyms have changed over the years. Formerly genera differing only in their genderterminations such as the feminine genus Polysticia Eyton, l836, and the masculine genus Polysticius Reichenbach, i 850, were regarded as homonyms, and the junior name was replaced. This interpretation os homonymy is no longer valist and both Polysticia Eyton l836, and Polyxtictu; Reichenbach l850, are currently recogni sed . Similarly under this principie, a specific and subspecific name can be used only oncewithin a genus. I through error or omission two species in s species within a genus bear
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INTRODUCTIONthe fame name, or is taxonomic rese arch resulis in the submergetice of one genus intoanother resulting in two species taxa bearing the fame name, the name proposed laterbecomes me junior homonym and that taxon must tine the nexi Gallisle name by prece- deiice of the date os publication or be gi Ven a new nume
Despite more than two hundred and fifty years of scientific study the fami ly limits and relationisi ps of hircis, and to a lesser extent, generic and specific limits and relationships are stili the subject os considerable investigation. Most attempis to achi eve some degree of consensus have mundered on conservatism, individual interpretation of the scientificeVidence, the emergence of new methodologies, or, especialty in the eighteenth and ni ne-teenth centuries, just plain perversi tyl Si species are incipient species, and lience may beevolving intrinsic isolating mechanisms and other attributes whicli separate fully distinct ecies. These geographic races range froni poorly differentiated fornis to well-mar d ori solated geographic entities, osten considered to be allospecies - members of a superspecies. While one ornithologist considers a geographic form to be only a sub species another ornithologist may consider the fame taxon to be a fuit species. Such differences of opinion are based on individual interpretation of the fame evidelice, although ali Miners now agree that science is not weli served by disputing the subjective minutiae of generi cand specific limits
are derived froni Latin and iis successors or froni Ancient Greek. Greek woms are trans-
transtiterated as u rather than fLatin nouiis are declined and vertis are conjugaled, that is, their terminations change according to their case, tense, person and number more simplf the manner in whichthey are used . In the Dictionary nouns are indicated in the nominative singular ager fiet d)anst where the derivation is Doni the stem of the notan, in the genitive in possessive casealso sagri of the fiet d) The genitive is stlown only once in the first os a series of epitheis stiaring the initiat combining forni Latin vertis are shown in the present infinitive clamareto in ist) rather than the present indicative clamo I shout). Greek vertis are uented stightly differently here. being shown in the present indicative forni stre lio I run); but basi catly translated in the present infinitive forni sim lis to run) Adjectival epitheis or trivial names have to agree in gender with that of the genus towhicli they are assigned. Is a species is transferred froni a masculine genus to a feminineone, or Vice Versa, the specific termination must be changed accordingly. Some species nantes that may look like adjectives se. g. Emberlati Cirtus, based on an autochthonym) are in faci, notans in apposition gi ven an adjectival function, and their terminations do notchange to agree with the gender of the generic name The commonest Latin terminations are