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A Sand Bath consis is of sand whiel, is tobo gradu atly heated, and into Which any
Two methods of increasing temperature are desined forthe convenience of subsequent application, and the first of them, the Waler Bath, is nos extended to the application of the Same temperature by steam, as weli as immediate immersion in the water, whicli, in the preparation os various articles, especialty extracis, is much more convenient. The faci, that Water, saturaled mitti muriate of soda, requires a higher temperature to malae it boti, and that a heat of 23O' may be thus occasionalty applied to substances immersed therein, Was theseundation of the use of a sali bath in the former Ρharmacopoeia; but a temperature of 2129 is considered fully sufficient for ali the preparations whicli are required, and it hasbeen judged proper tia retain only the means os applying it. The Sand Bath may have iis heat raised to rednesS, andit is osten required to be so, but the gradual transmissionos heat through this medium prevenis that destruction ofglass Vesseis Whicli more sudden changes of temperature areapt to Occasion, and it is also more manageable in iiself;hence it has great a luantages in the majority of processes OVer a naked sire.
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The following explanation of so me Other operationS em ployedi in pharmacy may not be USeleSS. Fiseration is a mode of separating Dom liquids those solidsubstances whicli differ but litile in their speci sic gravity, and subside but flowly. For the nicer purpos es of PharmaCy, bibulous paper must be used solded into a conical forat anuplaced within a stannel; it should be colourless, Which may beeasily obtained, and there re not the biotting paper of ordinary
to solutions of Vegetable matters, and separation of them Domtheir insolubie paris When required sor immediate use. Thestronger acids which Would destroy silires made of animal orvegetable matter, is they require sit iration, must be passed through pounded glass, retained in the furanel by a feW largerpieces sirst introduced into iis necla. For the separation os supernatant liquids Dom substances of great specific gravity, and whicli rea lily subside to the bottona, Decansalion is used;whicli means, that the fluid shali be care liy potared offwithout disturbing the heavier substance whicli has subside d
tile fluid froin those Whicli are si Xed in the fame degree of heat. It is there re performed by the application of heat, and it is promoted by using shallo vesseis, and eXtending the sur face of the fluid as much as possibie. Where it is an object to collect the volatile fluid, the operation is called Distillation, whicli is performed in vesseis, suit ed to the particular quantity and Purpose : sucti as, a retori and receivor, Ora common stili. When Solids are separat ed frona each other,
by the greater volatilily of one in a given temperature, theoperation is callest Sublimation.
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When solid substances are rendered liquid by the applica tion of heat, it is called Fusion : When by the chemicat agencyos a liquid, their attraction os aggregation is destroyed, and both unite into a transparent liquor, it is called Solution; thi Iast is one great object of pharmacy, and may for the most pari he assisted by moderate heat, and by shahing or agitating the tWo together. Is the aggregation belween the paris of a solid substance be brohen down mechanically, and a liquid effused thereon be rendered turbid by suspension of the powder in it, and do es not become transparent, nor the poWder lose iis solid mode os existence, it is called Mixture. In other operations os pharmacy, dissolved substances are separated Dom their solutions by other additions made thereto, and they are thus obtainsed in a solid state ; this is called Precipitalion.
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In the second column, Vegetabies are named according toWilldenow's edition of the species Plantarum os Linnaeus, Beriis, 1797, et seq. : Animati, according to Gmelin's edition of the Systema Νaturae of Linnaeus, Loden, II 89, et seq.): and Chemical Substances according to the modem nomenclature ; unless it be otherWise eXpressed.
Abietis Resina, Resin of the spruce
Sp. Ρlant. Wiliden. iv. 5O6. Med. Bot. t. 208. Artemisia Absinthium. S. Ρ. W. iii. 1844. M. B. t. 122. Smith. I l. Brit. 864.
Note. I hase added to this Catalogue, references to the volumeand page of MUMeno s Species Plantarum, and to the plutes of ad thoae planis dilich are sigured in MooAille's Medicat Botav. The indigenous planis I have atio referred to the page of Smithys Flora Britannica Lond. 1806.9, and 1 have accented thc wordo accor ing to their received medicat ube.
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MATERIA MEDICA Acsiciae Gummi, Acacia gum, calle lGum Arabic. A cetosae Folia, Common Sorrei leaOeS. Acetoselin,
At illum sulphuricum, SulphuriC acid. Sulphuric acid.
The specific Gravity isto that os distilled
M. B. t. 20. S. F. B. 49 I. Impure aceti C RCid.
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AloeS. As a fuit description of this plant will be given in Sib thorp's great Work now under publication, that author is there- fore quote l. Dr. Smith, the Editor of it, says, that theptant described under the above name, is asser ed by Sib- thorp to be the true Αλοη of Dioscorides, whicli is describe las producing our ossicinal Barbadoes Aloes, by Sloane, in his History of Jamaica Vol. i. p. 265 .
Althae se Folia&Radix, Althaea officinalis. Marshmallota Leares The Leaves and Rust. aud Eoo . S. P. W. iii. 770. Μ. B. t. 53. S. F. B. 739.
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This plant, described in the above Work tom. i. pl. 53, 54. for the sirst time, was raised in the Royal Garden at Berlin, by Willdenow, Dom the seeds taken out of the Ammoniacum of the shops, whicli, it is well known, ostencontains them. The author declares himself to be satisfied, that this drug is produced by Heracleum gummiferum, thoughtie has not been successial in his endeavours to procure itfrom the planis raised at Berlin.
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Anthemidis FloreS, Common Chamomile
Ρimpinella Anisum. The Seed. S. Ρ. IV. i. 1473. Μ. B. t. 180. Anthemis nobilis. The single Flotae 'S. S. P. IV. iii. 21SO. I. B. t. IOS. Antimonii Sulphure
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Assas odi fidae Gummi- Ferula Assasseetida. resina, The Gum Lesin. Assa fetida Gum Nesin. S. P. IV. i. I 413.
This is the plant described and figured by ΚsempseC
Amoenitates Eroti Whose fidelity has never been impeach-ed, and whose account of the species yielding that valvabledrug is to be considered as at least equalty admissible with any other. The plant raised by Dr. Hope, of Εdinburgh Phil. Trans. V. 75. Med. Bot. t. 8), hom seeds sent to Dr. Guthrie, of St. Petersburgh, Boni the molintains of Ghian, in Persia, is certainly different, and nON bears the name Offerula Persica Edenore, Sp. Plant. ; but both one and theother may be Supposed to yield a similar juice, and the differ- ence of the species is not to be wondered at, as the Re MAssafoetida grows in the fouth of Persia, and the Persica in
The decortica sed See δε colled Griis. S. Ρ. W. i. 8446. Citrus Aurantium. The DerrifS. S. P. V . iii. 1427. M. B. t. 183. The emternat Nind of the Leri y. Bal samum Ρeruvi, MyrΟXylon Peruiserum. num, The Latiam. Peruvian Latium. S. P. U. ii. 546.