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I. LIFΕ OF SALLUST. C. SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, or Sallust, as We usualty cali him, vas a native of Amiternum. a toWn of Some importatice in thse
Whun Sallust l0it Amiternum for Rome, We do uot kHOW. Nor are me better informed about the progress of his education. All We can say is, that When he planged into the currunt of Roman polities, he had atready made serious studies in Greehand Latin lit0rature. A passage in the Lellum Catilinae ' Suggesis that even beiore entering upon his political career, Sallust
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INTRODUCTIOS.had literaru aspirations. Theu certaintv bore no iruit at that
Especiallv oi every leader. But Sallust obeyed party passioni ather than patriotism. With the other 3 oung leaders of the popular party, SeXtus Clodius, Munatius Plancus, and PompeiuA
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mensure of his ambition mas iar irom tuli. Sallust s aequitialbu Caesar no more est ablishes his innocende than his condemnation by Appius Claudius Pulcher, iii 50 B. C., proves bis guili Oithe crinies laid to his charge. So much is certaiD, that When Sallust retii sed into private lite, he was a very ricli man. HiSpataee, at the ioot oi the Quirinal Hill, Whicli mas discoveredin 1885, astouDds his to-day by iis sige and the remalas of iis splendor. Only the master ot great wealth could have rparedit. Shortlv aiiser Sallust s retire ment, Caesar mel his doom ; an dii Sallust had stili any ambitio us hopes, this event muSt have
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his palacu and his famous gardens to his Sister'S grandson, Wholi ad adoptod his Danie. Sallust s mansion subsequently beeameotis of the favorite residen ces of the Roman emperorS. II. SALLUST AS A HISTORIAN.
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iliat even So good a Scholar as Cicero regna ded history as ubi anch oi rhetorio, and iliat the ancient historialis look0d uponthe forni of their mortis as at least equat in importance to their historical correetness. Their histories Were, aboVe all, WorkS Oi
his resid0nce in Numidia as iis governor must lime given hini unusual opportunities for beeoming aequalia ted With th0 storyoi Jugurtha's War. That he consulted earlier Writers When neceSSarv, ve kno v irona his quoting Sisenna, and irom thscharges made against him by his enenates, that he borromedobsolete Words irona the elder Cato. He also fought verbal information irom the actors and Witnesses of the evenis heportrays; ior instance, in ch. 48. 9 of the Bellum Catilinae horepetas statem enis made to him by the triumvir rassus. It cloes not sesem too bold to assume that he learnsed many -- portant facts ironi his mite Terentia, Who at tho timo of Catiline's plot Was marrised to Cicero. Stili, Sallust cannot be calleda careiul historiam in ille modern Sense of the expreSSion. Studotiis mill inter this trom his servors in the chronologicalorder of the incidenis recountsed in the Bellum Catilinae, to vhieli att0ntion is called in the notes. Vas Sallust a truthiul and impartiat historia113 It would bsedissiculi to convici him os deliberate falsehood. Indeed, When ve bear in minit that he Was a contemporary oi many oi theeVenis he narrates, and that he Was the frieud or enemy of someoi the principes actores in his story, me must accord him uo litilepra ise ior his inii ness. Som se erities teli us that tho aim of the Lellum Catilinae, for instanee, Was to clear Caesar S reputation. Ii thev are right thev must nevertheless conc0 de that Sallustis far ironi b0ing an in discriminate advocate of Caesar. His pen-porti ait oi the great Statesman and generat, a masterpieeelike ali his charactor-patiating, is not a fulsorne eulogy; indeed,
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INTRODUCTION. it might re adily stand for the verniet oi modern scholarship. Cicero, it is true, is relegated to the backgrotund as iar aspossibie; and yet he is optumus consule he is the man-upStart
both as a man, a LiStorian, and a Writer. However, admittingillat Sallust is not Without hiemisti as a historian, his meriis, it must be conceded, far outWeigh his lautis, and the picture helias dra via ot Rome in the days ot Catiline, ii perhaps uniatrio one or another of his charaeteres, in the main GVeS us a correet
impression of the last days of the Roman republie.
III. SALLUST 'S STYLE. Sallust S meritS as a Writer Were aeknowledged Without stitit
by Roman writers and crities under the Empire. Quintiliari, generalty a maia oi Sober jud ent, cloes not hesitate to mateli his against Thuevclides. Th0 oreat historian Tacitus calis him rerum Romanarum forentissimus auctor. H0 paid him a stilloeater compliment by tahing him as his modet for style. Andyet the ancient crities mere by no means indiscriminate ad-λ Bellum Cat. XXIII. 5. Ibid. XXXI. 6. 3Ibid. XXX. 4. ε Ibid. XIX. 5.
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m r0rs of Sallust. Quintilian, ior instando, finds fauit With his introductions both to the Catiline and thu Jugurtha: they have
Writer DeedS tio demonstration, though his epigrammatic brevityis at times liurtiui to tho clearness of his sentenues. But it must not bo iniserred that Sallust is a caretess stulist. He noton tu aboundes in antithesis, but he arraniles the Woriis contrasted With consciolis sessori to produce the greatest effeci; lienee the frequent occurretice of chiasmus in his Writings. Heis even more tond of parallel arran gement in his sentences anaphora). Series of Words he Granges in pati s , omittingconjunctions, Wh ere ver it is feasible. How painfully he strivesto Varyhis expression, is apparent to the leaSt obServant reader, and his ari here osten degenerates into artificialitV. To Secure Variety in his constructions , ho pserversely puis aside est ablishedrules in the usse of correlatives, as When he replaeeS alii . . . alii by alii . . . pars; to atta in the fame en d he avolds parallelismin construction Where othsers Would s00k it: as for instance in Bellum Catilinae, IX. 3, ho says : audacia in bello, ubi paae evenerat
aequitate . . . rem publicam curabant, Where it Would have beenso nuicti more natural to Wriise : auda ia in bello. in pace aequitate,
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X11 INTRODUCTION. etc. It is not unlihely that to the sanae striving aiter Wordessescis, Whicli ted him into thsese mannerisms, me Should a Seribe his fotidiaess for archaisms. However, Me must not in dorse this charge of his anciserit crities indiscriminately. A caretulexamination os Sallust s vocabularu and grammatical usage has convinced modern Scholars that he uses not only many So-called archaisms, but also manv v ordS and constructions that arecolloquial rather than archaic. Ind0sed, it is not alWays saleto iniser that a mord Whicli occurs, tot ias say, in Plautus, and is missed in Caesar and Cicero, Was obsolete. Who Will asSure usthat it Was not in common colloquial use, iliough the school of Cicero may have condemned it Τ XaV, When We See a Word of this hin d 1 09pp0ar immediately niter Cicero, and continueto be used bV man V later Writers, must me uot conclude that
this is thse truse explanation Τ Ii me apply this principie to
Sallust, the number of his archaisms bocomes comparativelysmali, and moSt of them oecur in the speeches. Perhaps Sallust used them there to give the speeches an archate Coloringor to portray the spere a 's peculiarities of langvago. As thearchaisms have been caret utly potnted out in the notes, theattontive student may forin his oWn judgment on this question. He Will also observe in Our author many other peculiaritieS, Sueli as the use of igitur, ceterum, ad hoc, at the beginning of
Sentenues; his preferenue for the fortia in -ere rather than -erunt
in th0 3d pl. of the perfeci indicative; his use of quippe qui With
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108. Catiline born. 106. Cicero born. 82. Catiline murders his brother-in-la , Q. Caecilius, and M. Marius GratidianUS. 73. Catiline tried sor incest Willi the Vestat Fabia, hiat nequiited. 68. Cretiline praetor. 67. Catiline propraetor Os the pro Vinoe Os Asriea. 66. About Dec. 5. Catiline conspires With Autronius and Piso to mur-der the consuis, L. Cotta anu L. TorquatuS. On Jan. 1, 65 B.C.
The consul L. Voleatius Tullus res uses to recognige Catiline as acandidate for the consulShip.
Catiline. proseeuted by P. Clodius for extortion. is aequiited. M. About June 1. Catiline malies preparations for a second plot, and after arils Summons a meeting Os the conspirators seli. XVII.). Catiline defented as candidate for the eon SulShip. M. Tullius Cicero a d C. AntoniuS are eleeled conSuis. 63. Catiline declares himself a candidate for the consulfhis for theyear 62 B. C. Cistero learns os Catiline 's conspiracy through Fulvia and Curius. The conSular election, after postponement, takeS place probablytoWards the end of July. D. Junius Silanus and L. Lieinius Murena are eliOSen conSuis for 62.)ocr. 21. Meeting of the Senate, Whieli passed ille decree viderent consules ne quid detrimenti re8 publica coperet. oet. 27. Manlius talies up armS at FaeSulae. NOV. 6. The conSpirat Ors meet at Laeea 'S hOUSe. NOV. 7. C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius attempt to murder Cicero in his o hOUSe. NOV. 8. Meeting of the Senate: Cicero's First oration against Catiline. Catiline leaves Rome. Nov. 9. Cicerori Secoud Oration against Catilino to the peopl0.