The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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the projecting molociales aro defined, and the fissuros dividing them become visibio; by the casu in Whieli the cerebrum Was

beri y ; by the degeneration of the contused bruin into a Lindos glandular fungus, spro uting up through the hole or fracture of the cranium; and by the change of the paris constitutingthe exterior of the brain, into manifest spherules Or hydatid8, in consequence Os dropsical disorder. For these circumstances prove that there is the fame mechanism here as in the Other glands, although of a more subile and delicate character.''

This definition squares With every one of the glands, because itis collected Dom them all. 186. These characteristic operations os the gland 8 are all

pages of the globule for the purpose of giving it combination, and whicli require so osten to bu renuWed by the Dod, tho inspi-

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ration S, and the Othor means os nutrition. See Pari I.) Therofore the cortical substance is the eminent gland , and the un-

ordor os fibres, Whicli are iis determinanis; that is to Say, of the simple fibre, Whicli contatus the spirit uous fluid; of the compound Or less simple fibro, Whicli contains the purer blood ;and of the vesseis, and principalty the arteriai vesseis, Whicli contain the red blood. By theso determinanis it is bulli into Such a forin us to assord the usu Whicli I intely describon. But the Way in Whicli it is constructed, is not a subject sor present CX-

Τherelare the glaniis, like the muscular fibres, may in a certain sense be callest subdeterminant Or mediatin g; for there are primary gland8, Whicli are determined by the muscular fibre, totine Up, discriminate, dispense, and distribute aliments to thobloon and the viscus, and to malle them exist perpetuatly asgood as they existed ut first; heiace they enter the animal economy ns inferior Subdeterminanis. Ρari I., n. 593.)188. Ait theso conditions are combinod in every spheriale Oithe cortical substance, Whicli indoed has such a sortii Dom thosimplest fibres as to exh1bit the most excollent use in the animal

189. This appears the more evidently Dom the laci, that these cortical gland S are more perfectly conglomeraten than thegland s in any glandular viscus of the body, into one large glaud, whicli is the brain; in Which, as in a type, We See nil the WOΠ-ders of the glands; for instance, that iis cavities are ventricleS, in Whicli croWds of fibres terminatu, and through Which blood-vesseis run in the forin os a choroid plexus, to potir a juice ontho hight y fluid spirit; that there are passages Dom cnVIty tocavity; and Dum the is laten midule cavity, through the iniundibulum, to the pituitary glaud, thetico into the sinuses of thebase of the cranium, and Dum these into the jugular vetus: So

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as to alloW this vital essence to copulate largely With the neWchyle, or With the refined lymph carried up through the thoracio duci. TO say nothing of the rest of the exquisite chemicat apparatus of the brain, Whicli I shali open in the nexi Ρarts of the Work. So that the brain, as Hippocrates SayS, iS a gland, and in the intricate and most distinct conglomeration Os iis simples and primitives, it is the modet and effigy of ali compositions and derivations, and especialty os ali the gland s. See Ρari I., n. 164. I90. Henco the cortices substance is nos only a gland by eminence, and a muscle and a beari, but We may also justly attribute to it every denomination Os subStance that performS any

Lind of generat ossico in the whole of iis Litigdom. Thus it may be called a luno by eminence, coinciding by iis rising and

falling With the respiration of the lungs : also a womb or matri beenuse in an eminent manner it conceives and excludos the

hungor and thirst; &c. Henee by eminense a micro OSm, whenthe entire body is reoarded as a macrocosm. For it contains in a manner the universals of iis body, Whicli, according to theriales os rational philosophy, enter in successive Order into ali specifics and particulars Whatever, that is, into ali loWer things. 191. The paris of this substance deserve for the Same reasonto be resar d as the omans of the interior sen8es, and as cerebellula; for by means of the medullary substance and the blood, thoe

receive the modes and touches coming from the externat orsan' and refer them to the foui as D e. It is sufficiently certain that externat sensations reacti no goal beyond the cortical sphe-rules, since these are the beginnings of the nervous and medul- Iary fibres, beyond Whicli is sensations procoeded, as for instance into the litile arteries, Or the meninges, they Would traΠSgreSStheir proscribed limiis, and tali froin the centres into comparatively remote circumferetices. Theresere it is the cortical sub statice collectively that constitutes the internat Organism, corresponding to the externat organism of the sve senses. 192. We have ocular demonstration in the anatomy of thebrain, that the visual rays soW, by means of the optio nerVe, into the thalami nervorum opticorum, and are thetice disrused

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in ali directions over the cortex, and this, by fibres collectod om the whole brain, and transmitted through the baso of tho forniX, and spreud upon the ab ove thalami. Also that thosubile tolaches of the ollactory membrano lining the labyrinthinucavities of the nares, and the consequent subile tremulations ormodifications that mount through the cribris Orm lamina and themammillary proce8Ses, to the corpora striata, or to the medulla of the whole centrum Ovale, do not terminate untii they arrive in the periphery of the fibres, or in the cortical circumferetice. Again, that the modulations os uir, striking upon the delicate seneStrae, SonorouS membraues, and sentioren circumjacent fibriis of the wholo vestibule and labyrinth of the internat ear, alloWthemselves to be carried by the sost nerves of the seveuth and fifth pairs, to the medulla oblongata, and thence toWards the Supreme corteX, Where the Contremulation Os both the membranos meeis it Dom Withoiat. Further, that the tremors excited by the touch os angular hodies in the papillary flesti of the tongue, spreud themselves With the sense of iuste in a similar manner by

tical substance. And that every ruder toueh Whatever Springsup Dom the sursace of the whole, through the medium of thenerves, in to the medulla spinalis Or medulla oblongata, and soluto tho highly active cineritious substance, and the circumam bient cortex of the brain; so that the last receiving rooms of nil modes are in the cortex of the brain, Whieli is rendered consciolis of nil the changes that can possibiy happen in compotand series and substances. Ρari I., Π. 609; and also Ibid., 11. 216, 217,

193. These effecis could never be produced, 1. Unless theextremities of the nervous fibriis Were exaetly arranged intosuch a form as distinctly to receive every litile mode of their dogrue With iis disserenues. 2. Unless in every quarter there Were a mutuat connection and perpetuat communication os thecortical substance With the medullary, as regardes the fibriis and bundies of fibriis Within the vertebrat sheath and the cranium. 3. Unless there Were sultis in the fibres modisiable lilio auras, and these, distinet Dom euch other in the generat Sensorium fari I., n. 602). 4. Unless the paris of the cortical substance Were divided Dorn euch other, and into the fame degreeS and

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Series, as the causes of the modiscations, or utiless the series Oscortical substances Wore as the series of sensations. 5. UnlOSSthere Uere a most perfeci harmonio variety in the spheriales of

the cortex, SO that nono of them should be perfectly Mike excepi in essentials and attributos Ρari I., Π. 603-605, 607 . 6. Aiad finalty, utiless ench cortical spherule Were made up Osthe simplest fibres, whicli contain the spirituous suid, in Whichthe life and consequently the foui resides, and Without Which

Theroforo no individual part of the cerebrum correspondS to any sensorial organ of the body; but the cortical substance in generat corresponds, receiving the modifications os every degroe according to the series in Whicli it is disposed, and referring them consorm ly to the foui as the judge, Whicli perceives,

lula, Whicli as least types represent the greatest, that is to say, tho brain iiseis. For every one of them is suci, a sensorium in particular, as the cerebrum is in generat. And the cortical Spheriale approaches Very nearly to the Oval fortia, or to that ostho brain; and perhaps is surrounded by a superlatively pia mater, through Whicli and under Whicli the minui est vessolsrun. Every such cerebellulum put8 sortii a fibro circum gyrat d

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by almost invisibio canais, just as the convoluten cerebrum pulssortii a collectod maniplo through the medulla oblongata into thomedulla spinalis. In a Word, the cerebrum is a concrete osas many Similar foris and natures, as there are discrete Cortical partS. 196. These truly organic paris may undemo variouS chansectos State, accordino to contingen tes Gisting either in eoeternals and in the blood, or elae in internala; thus they may become warm,hst, e unded, indurate disturbed, chilled, constricted, succi darkened, or 8 tened, or asSume other changes; Iust in the fame manner as the auras of the worid, with the changes of state in which, these mutations of the cortical substances may most stly be compared. Whether We spein Of the externat Organs Or the internat, they are exactly conformed in their state to the modiscations of the auras of their degree; as the ear, to the modulationof the air; and the oye, to the modification of the ether; of thei ruth of Whicli, acoustius and optios have abundantly informed the learned at the present day. For the more perfectly artificialorgans Or instruments are framed on the modet of the naturalari of the animal body, the more exquiSitely are phenomena apprehended by their means. Is the externat Organs are eVidently adapted to the nature of the auras, hoW can We deny the sume of the interunt organs, to Which no aura Can penetrate, excepi one of a higher nud more eminent poWer 8 Deny it however We may, is Ne thiuli it Os no consequetice to deprive effecisof their causes, and causes of their principies; but whether thisbe rationat, Or even naturat, let any one consuli the analytic

poWers of his mitid, and judge for himself. 197. Nothing in the animal body can maintain iis connecti Otis, Support iis form, or alloW of motion, Without the ministration of some aura. This is more olearly seen in the most imperfeci animais, or in infecis, than in the more perseet ani-mnis, Since the loWer and grosser auras perform the Same Osticessor them, as the higher and purer perform for the more perfectanimais. On this pollit S Wammerdam has brought to light Some rem Labie circumstances, of Whicli I Wili select only the

Spenking of the hemerobios Or ephemerus, and iis aeriserous pipeS Or canais, he says that thuy are distributed through the

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Whole body, in order to convey the uir Whicli they carry as Uellto the internal as to the externat paris of the insect; . . . in theliead, for instance, toWariis the nervos and brain; in the thorax, to the muscies of the foet and Wings; in the abdomen, to the obliquely ascending and straight muscies; also to the spinalmarrOW; to the lactes Or seminal vesicles of the male; to thohairy branchise or gilis; to the Stomach, the intestines, the shin, and the coat of the wings; to the ovary and the coat couering the ovary; to the eggs thenaseives; aud even to the heart. Biblia Naturin, p. 250, 25 I. in And again he SVs : The changuor casting of the si in of the8e pipes in the silk-Worm is so re- mactabie, that it rem ages the understanding, lar in the verystiori space of time Wherein that creature casis iis skin, sOmehundreds of pulmonary pipes in the inside of iis body cast uiso thoir tonder littio skins, Whicli are entirely COmpOSed os . . . tWisted rings.' Ibid., p. 250. ' And the fame is the casu in Othor in secis, necording to S Wammerdam's description. 198. The correspondetice of the natural motions of the uir With those of the red blood, Whicli in the more perfeci animais appears to have talien the place Whicli the uir occupies in thomoro imperfeci, is illustraled by the single experiment of Leeu-Wenhoeli : When he examined blood possessing much crystalline liquor, and placed in one of his iubes, and carriod it into the open air ut a time When there WaS a pretiy Strong Wind, heobserved that the globules Were agitated, like the air itself, byconcussions and mutuat motion S; and he observed moreovernnothor Lind of motion, in that each globule gyrated round iis OWn axis.V Ρari I., D. 29.) Shewing that the red blood is in amanner Construet est on the modet of the modifications of tho vir: Which being the case, Why Should not the puror blood and the purest be constructed On the modet of their aura, by means of Whicli tho animal microcosm is connected With iis macrocosmor Worid. Truly those Who attempt to scrutinige the interiorsos animal nature Without having first scrutiniged the auras of the WOrid, must Vainly Seeli sor the causes of things in the

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bus do nos live. The principio of life must be fought sor in abigher sphere than the auras. Even the most eminent nurn

200. Since theresoro We possess suids, and by virtve of thesesiuitis, organiged paris, Whicli conspire With the auras of the

belong to the auras, but ns soon as they 1low froin their Woridinto tho littio animal Worid, in Whicli the vital fluid dWolis, theyare instantly denomina ted a cording to the principat essetice of the microcosm, Whicli essenee consisis in living. Thus in the Way of comparison Uith the states of the auras we are suid tobe indignant, to be angry, to be proud, to be in con Sternation, tofear, to rejoice, to be sad, kc. For the terins by Whicli theauras and the vital fluid are expressed, coincide in this, that thenisvotion in both cases is simitur, but in the animal microcosm itis denominated, because qualised, according to the principal

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Ioiasty assected by the temperament, vicissitudes, and States of the auras; as proved by ali foris of diseases, and indoed by animal physiology. Also that the more imperfeci living creatures derive their nature Dom thnt of the auras, and lead lives under the governnient of the Worid, and of the instin is theticearising. For the principies of the nerves, or the cortical sub- Stanees, borro the causes of many of their changes Dom theauras; as Hippocrates and Galen, besides many of the greatlights of the empiric ari, have not Obscurely intimated. Soexquisite is the structure of the cortical glands,V says Malpighi, that when the atmosphere is ever so stightly vitiated or altered as Hippocrates intimates in his book, De Morbis Sacris, thebrain is tho si si part to sympathige, and to undergo a change of state.' Pari II., n. 8l.)202. And whalever state or animus is assumed by them, thelike is at on e di used into the continuous Fbres, consequently inis the whole system, quoven as it is of sbres and blood-vesseis. Forthe animal organism is so Wonderfully framed, that every affection os principies passes by continuous derivation into the subjeci principiates; for the fibre is the appendix and production ofits spheriale, Whicli Spheriale occupies the place of a principie, and urith iis suid is the ali in nil in the whole and in every partos the system, as this fluid iiseis is, in tho blood and in ali thodorluod liquids that aspire to lis e. Other things are only aQCeSSOries, neceSSarily borro ed Dorn the in animate Lingdoms of the WOrid, sor the purposes of composition. And the fibro draWs to every potnt of itself, thus derived and continuod, audfrom the very Origin or cortical sphorule, the disposition of iis parent; so that everyWhere it has in it, as it Were, a neW principiti os modifications toWariis the fibres lo*er than itself, and thus whethor it be affected in the highest paris, or at a giVeri potnt beJOW, a corresponding assection soWs there rom to the paris Subjacent, as We have frequently pol ted out in Pari I. os the present Work. 203. But human braius are gisted With a poWer os at Once