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69 activi in describo an ellipsis distinguished by iis polos and
102. In the last or ultimate composition, which is the blaod properly 80 called, exist the fame qualities, but more imperfecisin a cordanee with the deuree os composition. On this subjeci, LeeuWonhoeli states, among the record8 Os his eXperimentS, that ho saW that tho globulos mere flexit,le and pliant in prOportion as the blood Was healthy, and in passing through thesmali capillary arteries and vetus, changed to an oblong figure
the tenui ty of an arte , they Were made to assume a inpering figure' n. 29 . For the ordor according to whicli they incrense by composition, is the fame necording to Whicli they decrense in elastici ty, in the exercise of vitul poWers, or in the perfectionos caeli individual quality; or, in Other WOrds, eXiSi RS Substances Iess suid, less pliable, tess divisibio, tess constant, an diess similar to ench other, c. The ratio of these qualitiesis to bu found in the multiplication of the primitives in thederivatives, and in the consequent augmentation of graVity, inertia aud resistibilitu.
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104. What is the quatity of a volume of the blood as containedetvithin iis vesseis. We may observe in generes, that by a Volumeos tho blood is meant a volume of the paris Whicli are in a state of volution or fluxion, of Whatever order the blood may be. A pure volume eXisis, When the paris are ali os one and the Same Order, as in the case of the red blood, Or the more un- compounded blood, or the spirituous fluid, or Water, Rir, ether, kc., eaeli considered separalely. A mised homogeneous volume exi sis, When there is an interfluence of Other paris, Whicli never-theless are of the fame ordor With that of the blood; as When Salis, Oil S, Or aqueous substances are soWing With the redblOOd; Or urinous, sulphurous, volatile, aeriat salts With thel ess compotanded blood ; or the ethers With the spirituous fluid. A mized heterogeneous volume erisis, When there is an interflu-onco in tho blood os other paris of a disserent order; ns Whenred blood is car ing With it urinous salis, etheriat elemenis, and so fortii. 105. Τhat a mixed heterogeneous Volume exisis particularly in the vetus and in the heari, nay, and even in the larger arterius ; but that besore it reaches the capillary Vesseis, it changes into a miXed homogeneous volume, and at last into a pure volume; and that the volumes belonging to every order require
One common rule of Whicli me stiali spua in Chapter VIII.)for knowing the quali ty of any volume contained Within iis vesseis, is this, that every individual particle of a puro Volumeis the smallest volume bulonging to that fluid, no Amalter volumebeing assignable in that degree; that the fame pari representSR larger Volume, ΠV more, the largest; and that the one is to
106. What is the qualily of the crassamentum It is thointermediate belmeon the volume of the fluid and the mass of the solid. For as tho fluid changes into the solid, it censes tobe fluent and bogitis to bo consolidatod. Τho fluid is then in n
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stato intermediate betWeen the tWO, Whon it begins to be sost,fluggisti, and thichened, Wheuce ariSes the eraSSamentum, elot,' and concretibie serum. Such as are the volumes, sueti are thecrassamenta belonging to the volumes, and such also are themasses; that is to say, is the volumes are pure, miXed homogeneOUS, Or mi Xed heterogeneous, Such respectively are thecrassamenta and the masses.
The crassamentum is the ulterior degree or the laurili composition os the blood, Whicli exisis in consequence of the interposition Os sXed salis, aqueous substances and Oils, derived Om iis concomitant serum, When it passes out Of iis native Veiu into an atmosphere not iis OWn. A similar change is experieucest Within the vesseis, When the volume cannot be purisied by iis regular circulations, and this, for any of the solioWingrensons: because there is an Obstruction in the smallest vesseis; because by means of the stomach, lungs, Or externat cutiele Ofthe body, aliments are received into the system, Whicli are in acrude Or unsuit te state; because the nereat Substances enci sed in the aliments are not Hected by the pulmonary Vesicles; bocauso tho livor does not absorb the spurious blood, Or suur out iis bili ary faeces in susticient quantity; because the kidneys donot excrete the serum thrown into them; because the nativo Warmih of the system declines; because some inordinate febrile heat has seiged upon the system: ΠOt to mention Other causes of a similar nature, nil of Whicli rapidly change the blood Domiis natural condition into the One it assumes in a state Os extra-
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gether in every diversity of manner. For the Sinuses Or depreSSions On the fides of the salis correspond exactly to the convexities Of the plano-Oval spherules, olis, Spiriis, and aqueOUS substances n. 77). Whence there follows an easy and ulmost SpontaneOHS coition, presenting a fibrous, lamellar, reticulated, arborescent concretion of the paris. But the fibres, litile clois, and smali portions os crassamentum in the sanguineouS Volume, Rre SO many sigus Os iis uia natural constitution. 1074. Whence arises the selatinous crust J The gelatinous crust arises DOm the circumstance of the fluggisti serum of thebl Ood, en closed in the crassamentum, escaping in Smali quantities and condensing on the sursace; a circumstanee Whichhappens, When there is a less quantity of Water in the blood, unda greater os a thicli oti in accompuniment With tho fixed salis; Or Wheu the quantity of pacti is eques, but that of tho aikaliuo
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previousty existed in the blood under the form in Which they aroelicited, but liming undergone a chemicat metamorphosis bybeing submitten to the action os sire, emerge With an alterest appenrance, and as a disserent denomination Os substance. Thus sat never secretos itself in the vesseis in the fame form in Whicli it oxisis in tho cellular substance, netther do milli, SaliVa, nor any of the Other animal liquors. In like manner neitherdo the most fragrant fluids and essential juices of floWers, leguminouS planis, and fruit trees, exist under this form in thecarth, but are eliciten out of their respective Substances; forari und nature Out os simple substances malle compOundS, Rudout os compoundes educe simple substances. This compositionand resolution talio place more particularly in the animal Ling-dom, Where nature is seen operating in ali the perfection of artand Science, procreating every single thing Which may be rendered conducive eithor to particular or generat HSO. 109. Blood When submitted to distillation, in the srst placo disia nites iis severat paris one Dom the Other, and ejecis iis aqueous Substances und connecting Saline particles; Whencearises the phloem. Os the paris Whicli are set Dee, ali the salts of the second ordor, or as they are called DOm their compOunds, nil the urinous, sulphurous, volatile nerint Salis that beset Or re
ing to the degreus of their composition. Nor Would it be dissi-
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cult to assign the proportion of each constituent, is the fame quality Or character of bl OOd every here Obtained. 110. What are the essenoes, menstrua, and other recondite Substances, which can be elicited by other modes of operation 'Let us here mine mention only Os that most spirituous eSSenee,
Whicli perhaps might be elicited out of tho volatile ethereat Substances of the purer blood. For since tho blood carries interi Orty, and in no very close connection, the primitive entities Or initiaments of ali the salis, otis, and spiriis, it folioWs that by help of some recondite process os cohobation, there might
be prepared Dom it Mone a certain uic est or sublimer quint- CSSenee. But Since no substance Os bladder Or glass, no liningor Senting, could prevent elements so subtile Dom hing oss in Whatever direction the ether might convey them, there is no prospect of our extracting such a spirit, utiless We kneW hOW to imitato the ars of animal nature, in long and cautioi18b regulating the degrues of heat Dom the lower upWards through allthe Superior degrees, and thus aleoli Oliging the spirit Once eX- tracted. Sed hoc opus, hic labor.
III. What are the changes produced by the addition os suus and aqueous substances of disserent kinds J By the addition of
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nomena either os coagulation Or solution, as in cases in Whichthose elements, Whicli long habit, assini ty, and relationship had previ Ousty familiariged, associale themselves With the blood; asin the case of elements Whicli contain iis essentiat seminal principies, and Whicli Malpighi enumerates, namely, nitre, RqHRVitae, common Sali, roeli Sali, Sal ammoniae, Sulphur and harts- horn, Whicli color it With a beautilat crimson, and sor a shortii me impede the coagulation of the blood n. 33), that is tosay, repair iis loss. Τhe process hoWever by Whicli those men-Strua, Whether dry or liquid, coagulato the blood or dissolvult inust continue to remain among the secrets of nature, So longat least as We continue enti rely ignorant of the composition Oftho adjects of the blood. 112. What are the changes which the blood undetaoes whenshaken and coeledy When the Water is holding in separationone part frum another, then the constipation, coagulation, and resolution of the paris of the blood are impeded. What arethe changes produced when the blood is roasted J The aqueous substances being in this casu expellud, the in Ward living heatceasing, and the externat heat consuming the mass, the severat particles combine in a confused disorderly manner, gi Ving riseto a dushy und blaeli coagulum.113. When e arises the frothy turyescence of the blood when placed under an exhausted receiver Is blood bo placed under the receiver of an atr-pumpJ,V says Lancisi, not only has Boyle, but We oursolves have osten Observest it emit bubblus,
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closed, oven boyond the lungs into the vosseis thomsolvos. Notio mention innumerable vesicles, through the medium os Whicholements derived DOm the ether are insinunted in tho voltis into the plano-Oves Spherules, as Will be confirmed in the sequel.
Il4. Whence arises iis gravity A sanguineous globule isas it Were a merely saline bony, sor the spirituous fluid only filistho littio sinu sos and holloWs of iis saline paris, Os Whatever de-gree they may be, and the quantity of Whicli deponds upon the age, Ac., of the individual. In the salis there is gravity, in the
spirituous fluid levity, or a most active force corresponding With gravi ty. Whence the sanguineous globule, is the blood bo atrost, salis to the bottom Of the serum. 115. Last , there is not in the whole commass of nature asinole compound entity more simple and perfeci than a globule σblood. Blood comprehends in every one of iis Spherules, meresrst principies, elemenis, and Simples. Consequently it possesses potentialty and virtualty every single thing in the mundano system Which is producibi e Dom sirst principies, elements Or Simples; that is, everything Whicli is possibie. Those volatile ethereat substances Whicli temper the spirituous fluid, are thesrsi and ouly entities of their oWΠ and the folloWing degrees;
honoe also they are the elements of those degrees. The volatilenerint Substances are also the simples of their OWn und the nexi
folioWing degree; While the saline cube, Whicli is the cement of the whole pari, is the simple Of iis oWn degree. Although hoWovor it be a simple in respect to the coordinate and aggregate substances Os iis OWn degree, it is nevertheless, both in itfelsand in relation to the substances of the superior and prior de-grees, bighly compound . For there are degrees of Simplicity, as there are of universali ty and priority. Τhe Sanguineous globule then oncloses Withiti itself the firsi and least elemenis, and tho determinod uniis of every degree; theSe elementS moreOverare So subordinaten and coordinated, that uncti globule of blood
can be laid open by distinet gradations according to iis distinctelementS; for at every gyre of the circulation it is actualty thus opened, in Ordor that this process may beeome a habit, and that
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116. VΕΠΗΕYRN. The tunics of the larger arteries are laur in number; but the parietes of the minute branches are so thin that theyappear to be composed rather of a single tunic than Of s Ur. . . . The externat tunio Os the arteries . . . has nervous tWigs ramisying and
winding over it in disserent directions, and is covered by an extremelydense and as it were retisorm texture of vesseis Of every description, but the clites of whicli are bl00d-vesseis ; as is best shewn in the bodies of those Who have recently died Without loss of blood. To this reti- rm Or vaScular tunic Succeeds a second, Whicli is properly termed theglandular tunic, because it is beset throughout by minute whitisti glands. This second tunic is very thich, and may be readily separated into severat layers, and exhibiis also in the larger arteriai trunks anumber of smali vesseis. The third tunic, rechoning from Withoiit, is muscular or fibrous, consisting of annular fibres set thichly together. These fleshy and motive fibres surrounding the arteriat iube, are noldisposed in a thin and single series, as in the venouS coat, but aggre
brane os considerable thichness. The fourth and internat tunic is thethinnest, and is almost entirely membranous, or is Fou preser the term, nervous. Iis fibrillae extending longitudinalty, cui the annular fibres of the preceding tunic at right angies. In the neighborhood of thelidari these fibres are thicher and as it Were fleShy. . . . The tunics os the vetus are almost of the fame structure WiththoSe of the arteries, but thinner, and arranged in a disserent Order. Thus the membranous tunic, formed os various fibres running tength-Wise, is the first; but iis fibres do not lie parallel, as in the 1 urtharteriai tunic, but osten interfeci each other. The second tunic is