The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

51쪽

these, Whicli perpetuatly pulsate, the life resides. Ibid. Thisphenomenon the reader may see treated of in Chapter III., onthe Rudimonis of the Heari, ke. 41. That tho blood is a concrete os substances Os Various natures, and more especialty of the fluid in Whicli tho soles resides, and of Whicli the foui is the lise, is a subject whicli thoreader Will seu further e lained in Our subsequent articles. The firsi generat idea Whicli commonly suggesis itself to themind in regard to the essetice of any objeci, is also the onewhicli me find suggested in the present case of the blood, as sorinstance, that it is a vitai and most spirituous fluid Whicli is in immediate connection With the foui, as is ureli known, at least, in the case of brutes. This idea the mind cannot heis formitigWhen judging Dom the phenomena presented to iis notice, and finding that there is nothing Whicli has a more intimate preSenee in the animal Lingdom, and a greater degree of potency, thau the bl ood; nay, that DOm changes of iis state resulis are produced Whicli affect the very sphere of the thoughis. 42. Is experimental fact shali explain Or olearly evolve this theorem, Which hitherio has been only involved, it Will diffuso a remurkable degree of light Over the whOle economy of the animal Lingdom us Woli as Over the subject of psychology. 43. There likewise appertain to the red blaod in di erent proportions numerous salis. According to Lancisi, the following principies may be separated DOm the Serum and crasSamentum

si x drachms of Water or phlegm, three drachms Or a litile moreos a subtile oti or Oily spirit, ab ut eight scruples of a thick oil, out tWo drachms of sali, salmost ali Volatile, . . .) and a litile more than tWo drachms of earthy substance n. 34).44. That tho paris of the blood, Whicli are described asSpherical, are not simple and indivisibie, but compounded ofvarious salis, is a faet Which may be proved by a variety of processes beside that os distillation, such as digestion, fermentation, purification, extraction, Solution, luctation, and muta

52쪽

tion When the proper menstrua are employed; While on theother hand, there is no appearance of any mutation Of the paris of the blood Whon modia aro used Whicli are in harmonyWith iis nature. Beside these pro se Wo may add Others ariSingsrom the odor of the blood, iis iuste, color, Warmili, the Strepitus it occasions When submitted to the sire, iis Weight, iis tendency to concrete into fibres, reticular areas, Striae indsieces, and iis privation of these qualities When decompounded; alSO DOm the nature of the serum; Dom the laod that is received into the system, and AO sortii. 45. Τhat tho salts Which enter into iis texture are marino, urinous, and most highly volatile atmospherical salis, is abundantly testisiod by the woli devised and admirabie experiments of Boyle, Boerhaave, and others. When e the blood erisis as a compounded liquor. The red blood,V says Boerhaave, is thegrossest of ali the humors that a state of health nurtures and cherishes in the viscera, arteries, and vellis' n. 3I).46. And is the ultimate fluid which dis harpes the functions of the foui in the animal hinodom. This is the definition of theblood Whilo acting as tho life of the body; another aud genericdefinition the reador mill find in the sequel. There are liquidsin the body perhaps stili densor than the red blood, such RAcrude or imperfeci chyle, saliva, fluid sat, bile, Semen, &c. Stili hoWevor theso do not carry on the functions of the SOUI, RS a continuat cause, like the blood, Whicli creeping along allthe sinuous passages of iis Lingdom, and bring eVery herepresent With iis spirituous essetice, extends iis influence even to the fibres, as ulready has been stated in n. 37. In Order that the foui may descend into the body, and become in agent in the ultimate or loWest sphere os action in the worid, and sinceit cannot become so immediatly Or Without a medium, We sindiliat it subordinatus to itself such a fluid as Wili coalesce by successive gradations, and whicli haring attained iis due con-SiStenee Rud adequale conditions, cuti serve as a dWelling in Whicli the Soul may reside. Hence you may cali the blood thesoul of the bo , and is you plense, the corporeia SOUl. 47. The red blaod is surrounded with serum. In their largerneceptation both are talion for blood, because in the arteries and Veins, they maintain tho strictest union, but When draWn

53쪽

tinous substance and concretil,le Serum. The proportion . . . of . . . element S principies in the serum,' says Lancisi, is

disserent Dom What it is in the crassamentum, since in the Serum the aqueous pari, und the pari consisting of volatile Salis, is more abundant, but the earthy, the fixed saline, and the Oily paris, more scanty. On the Other haud, in thecrassamentum, there is tess of the liquid pari and more of thoother paris' n. 30).48. To which we are to ascribe ali the components of whichthe blood is constituted and formed. The serum is as it Were the atmosphere in Whicli the blood 1lows, and Dom Whichil derives iis elements; Wheresere such as the Serum is, sueti is

Serum. This We see exemplified in the Various animais, Which

the serous and red portions of the blood there is so great a similitude, assinity, and as it Were matrimonial compaci; orthat one is On terms of such intimate union With the ollior; thoond in vi0W being the constitution Os blood, and the intermediato leading to this end, the circumfluence of a sui tablo fluidout of Which blood of a proper nature may be formed. Thus

54쪽

the end provides the means, and One cause conjoined With anOther begeis the effeci. 49. With a vieto to the composition of the blood, there are coni med to the serum thro h the medium of the chyle, and in water a8 a vehicle, spirit' olla, and salts of every kind. For in the various hinds of Dod Which We eat and dri , there are contained three Well-known principies, namely, spirit or Oil, Sali and earth, and Water or phlegm, each of Which may be dis-engaged by a moderate chemicat heat. Τhis indoed is more clearly Shewn in the stomach, Whicli is a sori of beautifully coaled chemicat bladder and retori os animal nature, in Which, as the laodis received, comminuted, and subjected to trituration, is o sed the vital extraui,' or salivary liquor, endoWed With most exquisite properties, and animaled by R SpirituOUS ESSeuce. Fromthis Organ the chyle, according as it is prepared, traverses iis

milhy Way tuto the thoracic duci, nexi into the lest subclavianVein, and thetice rapidly into the jugular Vein, Where it is metby the geniat spirituous essence arriving Dom the brain. Thischyliserous duci, Wheneuer it is not supplied by iis oWn milli, Orby the juice expressed out of the esculent substances in the

Stomach, Serves RS a vehicle sor the depurated lympii roturnod om the arteries. Thus it is that the elementary principies Ove mentioned, are conveyed to the blood in Water as their

different Ways sit. 43, 44 . 50. Also, through the medium of the uir, anil heis of themius, the nitrous and volatile substances that are fluent in the atmosphere. With regard to the air itself, the litile pulmonarysollicles Hoet and vomit sortii at their arteriai extremities What-ever portion Os it has been conveyed to them, as injurious to the

ant of the cruder chyle, and an incarceraled fol. While, ou thecontrary, the Open mouths Or extended lips of the litile voins, Seige and immediately sueti in the atmospherical salts Whichagree With them, und are attracted to their mouilis at every in-

55쪽

spiration.' This I shali endemor to evince, DOm the structureand continui ty of the bronchia; Dom the recipient diminutive cellules and pouches of the lungs; Dom the enns and be n- nings of the litile arteries and veitis Whicli are there; Dom thesmeli and vapor os expired breuth; Dom the phenomena attend-ing the process of sanguification in the lungs, and in youngchiclis enclosed in the ogg before tho initiaments of the lungsappear; Dom the exclusion of air in the primitive formation Ofthe Viscera; Dom the change Whicli tines place in blood When exposed to the air, and whicli is similar to that produced Whentinged vitii the nitrous and the urinous grateful efflavia With Whicli the atmosphere abounds; Dom the state of the blood, Whicli changes With the state of the air, With the sensons Of the year, and with the state of the lungs; Dom the nature os nitreas compared With the naturo os the blood; Dom the vast Oceanos those nitrous halitus Whicli are confluent in the atmosphere ; Om the structure of the right ventricio and auricle of thelieart, ns compared With that of the lest; and Dom many other particulars, to be found in Part VII , on the Tongue, the Trachen, and the Lungs. Six ounces os nitre in solution,'

says Malpighi, introduced tuto the jugular vel 11 of a dog os

nitre dissoluod in Water per deliquium, is placed upon blood, it

coagulation of the blood for a stiori time' n. 33). Aud agatulle says : There is reason to bellove that nature, in her solicitudo to maintain the fluidity of the blood, is constantly potiringon it . . . a certain fine and highly active principie. . . . Thi S Saltos life is oliminaled by the lungs by means of sermentation, cithor Dom the liquids brought by the blood, and particularly Dom the lymph; or as I incline to thinii, DOm the externat uir,

Per inspiratum attractos & visco accubio ineScatos.

56쪽

51. The case may bo illustraled by considering the lungs asa Single stomach consisting os an infinite number of smallerones, but Deding on aerial food, just as the stomach properly SO called laeds upon terrestriat laod prepared out os every Lindos edibie substance. Helice both the stomach, and the Iungswhich We have here considered as a Species of Stomach, contribute to the support of the blood. 52. We ure not to conclude ali that to bu air Whicli risus in bubbles, or expands in the blood When placed in an exhaustodreceiver, and Dom Observing Whicli some have been led to asserithe presence of air in the blood; nor est that to bu air Whicli produces bubbles in Water, oti, spirit, sonp, and fluid metals Whilo heating over the fre, exhibiting subsultory motions and

portunity of explaining. 53. And snal , through the messium of the ether or purer air, substances stili more volatile. This is a theorem, in the demonstration of Whicli a merely particular branch os experimental kDOWledge, and much Iess the smali portion os it with whicli Ihave Commeneed the present chapter, assords but litile light. It is One, hoWever, Which may be Solved by help of a general

in Chap. VIII. of the present fart. 55. Secondiy: That this Aura contains the most volatile

Substances of nature, in like manner us the common air containsiliose Whicli are grosser. That there existS a certain purer atrsuli os elements saline and sulphurous, and that We nre Sur-

rounded by an Ocean Os insensibie effluvia, is a faut discoveredio us by a variety of circumstances; suci, as by the Sagacity of certain kiuds of animais; by phosphorie substances of eVery Liud, and ignes fatui; by the exhalations of magnetic Substances ; the

internat commotions observed When disserent menstrua are miXed

57쪽

blood, and injure, badly construet, or disunite, that compages of iis paris Whicli is formed by the ordorly coalition os iis most

minute particies. TO these circumstances We may and the phe- nomena Os perspiration as discovered by Sanctorius, the Vegetation Os numerous planis merely in common uir, 11Ot to mention

their organio cellules.

57. Fourthly : That the whole, together Willi every particular part in the body, thus eagerly destres the frensures of the Surrounding WOrid, With a vieW to the prolongation os iis lise. There is nothing, indeed, Which does not administer tothe suppori and perpetuation Of the functions of the animul Lingdom; and this, to the end, that man may beeome a micro-cOSm Or littie WOrid, and may subsist as a compound of nil thuelements of the mundane system, according to the Opinion Osthe ancients. From these observations follows the truth of thonexi clause, wilh each of which uni s the blood were replenished, it could not be prepared and renewed for the various uses of the

58쪽

58. Here We find a problem suggestud Worthy of investigation ; namely, Whether, since an animal can live and reneW iis bl00d solet y Dom atmosphorical sources, Without the receptionos iis ordinary food, as in thoso instances in Whicli sor the Whole Or a great part of their lives animais go Without food, orin Whicli they for a long time silenco their appetites by a State of Slumber and torpidity,)-Whether, I say, the cause of this circumStanee may be, that as a state of Wakesul ess of the Organs of the senses, the consequent excitations os the animal mind, and the muscular actions, open the lacteal and close the aerialΡRSSages, SO a State Of Sleep, insensibilisy, and inaction closes the former and opens the latior; and Whether, as SOOn RS the Voluntary and rational mind descend into the sensitive and active lisse of the body, it is for this reason that the use of the Stomach, and a reparation Os the corporeal SOul, Or the blood, be ench of them requiron 8 59. The blood therefore is the florehouse and 8eminary, the

Substances, lar example, that enter into the texture und continuous' paris of the body, pass into them through the sanguineolas passage; their ingress is through the vetiis, their egress through the arteries. BetWeen the channeis Os ingressand egress Ite the heari and lungs, each of Whicli is traversed besore the ultimate place of destination is reached and the route completed. Whateuer issues through the extremities of thelitile arteries With a vieW to form the texture of the partWhicli is to cohere, has first been converten into blood; but thesubstances Whicli are to be ejected Dom the system, Such asurine, mHeus, and SWent, seem to have had their residence Solely in the serum, and thetice to have been endeavoring to intriade themselves into the blo d. 60. The passages that lead into the venous blood are three ;nnmely, One DOm the common stomach, continued throughthe intestines; a second Dom tho compound stomach of the

Continentem.

59쪽

os the body, travel this liquid path; that sor instance they minetheir entry by their appropriate inleis, gain the mi dWay goal,

and speed their course thetice, in Order to coalesce Or beeomefixed in some disserent manner, is evidenced by the absorbent mouilis of the vel iis and the secreting mouilis Os the arteries, Whicli me everyWhere find at the boundaries of the sanguineous

system; by the transmeability and perspirability of ali the paris

of the body; by the universat presence of vesseis, and their eX- tension through nil the largor areas and minuter corners Oftheir Lingdom; by the unceasing circulation of the fluids; by the numberless receiving vesseis for the lymph; by the constantinosculation and adaptation os paris; by the perpetuat chemicat action going on through the Whole system; by the nature of the concrete paris, Whicli is seen to be similar to that of tho bloodand iis serum; by the fluidity of est the paris previous to their consistency, or by the laci that the laW according to Whicli thuysolidisy, is Dunded on the law of their action as fluids, and thelam by Whicli they subsist is founded on that by Whicli thoyexist; by the process of induration and putrefaction ; by states of torpor, SWOOning, or death, resulting hom the want of a

inind; and finalty, by the cautious and provident manner in Whicli tho blood selocis iis various subsidies Out of the wide domestis os the mundane system. Whether hoWeVer any portion of the nervolis fluid is instilled immediatoly into tho bloodout os the fibres and extremities of the nerves, previOUS totheir entrance into any Vesset, is a question Which, as We have yet no experimental facts upon Which to reason, may be considerest to be stili involved in dotibi. 62. Wherefore et on the nature, constitution, determination,

60쪽

c0ntinuity, and quantity of the blood, depend the fortunes and condition of the animal li . This indoed is abundantly manifest

health, or Dom the study os medicine, considered in iis largestacceptation. For the drugs Whicli the apothecary selis and the physici an prescribes, have almost nil a reseretice to thereStoration Os the proper state of the blood, whicli is thelauntatu of lise, and consequently of those sciences Which have the perpetuation os liso for their objeci. It is manifest Domthe nature of the blood, sor every species of animal lives thelise proper to the specific nature os iis biood; and not onlyevery Species, but every individual of that species; every differetice Whether os species or individual, implying a correspond-ing disseretico in the blo d. It is manifest Dom an alterationiti the constitution of the blood, in Whicli case a correspondingalioration is produced in the generat SyStem, as We See in eVery instance in Whicli nature is departing Dom her ordinary rules. It is manifest Dom the determination of the blood; for this determination is accomptished by means of the vesseis, Whichare SO many Ways and directions of iis determination, and Dom the pro und combination os Whicli is educed that astonishing organism and mechanism of the body Whicli is in corresponden ce With iis chemical and physical operations. It is manifest Dom the continuily of the bl od; sor it is Dom this continuity, and the reciprocat connection belWeen the componenis, that a unanimity of action in the system is produced;

that the wholo lives tho life of the pari, and the part of the Whole; and that not a single thing exisis in the body, that is

disserent conditions under Whicli the blood may exist, and Which