The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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norid blood occupying the place immediately under the Serum, the loWest part somelimes assumitig a disagree te blackΠOSS. Moreover When blood, divided into iis particles Or plano-OVal Spheriales, is inspected through a microscope, it exhibiis scarcelyn Shade of iis proper color; and yet When a number of the particles are conglomerated, it assumes a liue Os dees red. Since

ance to the knowledge of the blood that We ascertain What coloris, and Whenoe it Originates. 86. Color, then, as We learn DOm phenomena, is a certain discrimination os light and shade, and a certain determinate ratio and analogy thetice arising in those extremely minute Objocis whicli do not come distinctly Within the visual perception. For in objects of this kind, the eye cannot discern belWeen luminous and shady rnys; Wheresore it apprehend8 only the generat imago of the discriminations and disserenoes, as representedunder the beauti fui appearance of colors. White and black aretWo opposites, as light and shade, tho modifications of whichare the intermediate colors. This is confirmed by the transmission of the solar boam through spheres of glass, bubbles and Watery vapors; also by iis inflection and resilietice; by pristiis placed in disserent positioiis; by the appearance Of colors in Spaces Where the shade perceptibly begins to discriminato itsolssrom light; by various chemicat mixtures and precipitations; bytho beauti fully colorod objects of the veget te Lingdom in generat ; and by numberless other phenomena. From nil Whicli particulars severalty illustraled, it may be clearly SheWn, that in color there is nothing Whicli is reat, but that it is solet y an illumination Whicli is produced by the suti, by candie-light, sire-light, and so sortii, variegated according to the various constitutioia' of tho hodies interposed, particularly Such RS Rre tranS- parent. With an attention to these principies, and aster an

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ardent pursuit os this class of Optical experiments, I have Seemed io myseis to have attained to the ratios of shades nudlights by Whicli single colors might be respectiveb designated, and in Some manner also to the forms of the paris trajected by

87. It is Well known, that nothing produces With greater distinciness and nicety the different ratios and forms of shadedlight, than the volatile, urinous, ut haline, und SulphurOUS SaltS, RS SO many triangular, prismatic, and quadrangular corpuScules ;Whicli, When they dispose themselves throughout any compages in an Orderly arrangement, give rise to a generat modificationos color, ei ther red, green, Or yelloW; and lienee resulis thepictorial or scenic effect Whicli is distinguished and comprehensibie only by a generat Vi Sual perception. 88. This is more particularly triae in the case of the blood, betWeen the compages of Whose paris interpose the volatile salis,from Whicli the red color receives nil iis modificationes; a color Whicli is heightenod and vivified in proportion to the interposition os similis minute particles in the less compotin ded blood, or in the spirituous fluid; Whicli is enriched in proportion totheir quantity; and is obscured in proportion as the congeries isdisarranged by the intermixture of heterogeneous and Opaque substances that consoland the discriminations os light audShade. The color, hoWever, is disserent Whenever the ratio oflight in a spheriale is tess, sor in this case it assumeS R green Orugure tint; is the ratio is greater, the tint is yelloW, and thus the transition is essected Dom blaeli tO White by succeSSiVe gradations; a transition Whicli tines place When ali the volatile Saline particles become translucent, or reseci the rays inordinately, as is the case Willi irregular fragments of ice Or os

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ulso into the seliis of physiolosy and of pneumatolasy, or the function of the animal spiriis. Thus the animal mind is affected the moment the blood suffers, and the blood is assected the moment the animal mind suffers, as We find to be the casu inmania, melancholy, phrenitis, seVer; also in States Os unge hatred, et1Vy, SorroW, joy, cupidities of Various Linds, kc.; also in Variolis temperaments, ke. So that animal nature Would seem to have fixed her place of abode in the blood, or designento open an inWard communication through tho blood to thostirine of the rational miud; ns We mav see illustrated in thecase of brutes, Or nnimais destitute os intelleci, since it is ovident that they are led by their instincis to ends Whicli emulato even those Os a rationat nature, according to the variousty nl- torod aud incited states of the blood. The reason of this is,

that the continuity of tho fluxion of the liquids of tho body is

such as is the continuity of the exten Sion of the Solitis, or paris that cohere, the beginning Or end of Whicli continous chain Wo in vain Seeli in any assignable sirsi or last limit, since it is a perpetuat circle or infinite spirat. 91. From an attentive consideration of these thius il may insome measure be evident, that the spirituous suid constitutes theessenee of the life and activity proper to the blood. See D. 37, 38, 39, 40, 4I. From which spiritu0us suid there eaeisis, throt hthe medium os a copious volatile substance derived from the ether, a pellucid or midiae blood. See n. 53, 54, 55, 56, 57. Laslly, through the medium os 'ed and urinous salis emplayed in tem-

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45, 47, 48, 49, 50. Τhis is tho genetic definition of the paris of the blood, to Which may here bo added n. 46. For the salis

that connection to Which nature is constantly aspiring, the Salis copulate them. They also determine the limiis proper to the form of the paris. Lastin that the blood may possess Withiuitself evorything of Whicli tho animal is in need, the fixed undurinous salis perfeci iis constitution.

sbres. Αs We may see in Chapter II. of the present Ρart, onthe Arteries and Veius, and in Ρaris II. III. IV. V. and VI., On the Brain. Henee it follatos that in the composition of theblood we have to take into consideration three Gyrees, whichin ed are perceivable distinctly one froin the other, inasmuchas the blood is compotin d of each distinctly, and into each is

connection by 8O many triangular and quadrangular Saline particles, is hence shut in as it Were by sueti numerous barrieres asto appear placed out of the reach os nil investigatio . Weonly sali into needless perplexities, and malle dissiculties Wherethere are none, is We know not hoW to subordinate one thingio unother besore We coordinate them respectively. That theglobule above mentioned is of a three ld Origin, order, nature, and hetice dimension, is a faut that emerges Dom a laborious and wide investigation ,-a fact Which hitherio nature seems to have utierly concealed. Is there re Wu Would lay open the nature of the globule, We must conceive, that the spirituous fluidconstitutes the frst ordor; that the less compounded blood, Or

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the suid consisting of planO-Oval Spherules, Constitutes thesecond Order; nnd lastly, that the rod blood constitutes thothird order; Which last thus enjoys in a manner a triplematernity, and is the great great graudson of the spirituous fluid.'Now to tho cnd that these three families may combine, there is 1100d os saline elements of a three ld Order, to temper, copulate, determine, and perfeci tho fluids; namely, Ist. Subtile ethereat sulphureo-salino elements, Which may affect thespirituous suid. 2nd. Aeriat elements Which may assect theless compotin ded blood. 3rd. Fixed elemonis that may assectilio red blood, Whicli thus hecomes as it mere thrice born. Thut it is out of this number and ordor os elements that theseverat paris of the blood are Dom the 1irst uniten together, the reaster may see confirmed in Chapter III. Of the presentPari, on the Rudiments of the Henrt. That ali the paris of tho blood are thus conjoined into otio in the most intimate manner, the reader Will See explained in Chapter VIII., on theΡhilosophy of Degrees, and also in n. 96. That moreover atevery gyre of the circulation, While the blood is passing Dom theblood-vesseis into the bloodless capillarius, and thetice into thebeginnings of the nervous fibres, it is again separated into fluidsof the like degrues, or else divOrced Dom the System, the readermay see confirmed in Chapter II. Of this Ρari, ou the Arte

93. Thus Will it appear that nothing is more incident to thebl od than to bo resolved and compounded, to die and to revive, thus to be perpetuatly reneWing the Very Same dispori Os nature Whicli it commonced hom iis sirst rudimentary state. Whentho blood hoWovor in the courso os iis circulation has thus bouia analygod into iis sirst principio, it does not peristi, but continues iis life in the purost substances Os iis nature, Which enter intound traverso the fibres; ali the earthy and saline inert atomsbeing deposited at the mouilis of the channeis Where thedivision bogilis. Thus the blood does biit return to iis parent spirit, reneW iis birth Dom iis sirst principies, and descendagain into the SyStom.

Qui ultimus sic quasi trimatris est, & fluidi spirituosi trinepos.

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94. Is me thus triplicate a globulo of blood, the rational mindWill theu recognigo in it the trullis of the theorems und aXiomsos iis philosophy; namely, that the cause is present in the thingcaused, the simple in iis compotand, the officient in iis effeci, and the universat in the particulis; nay more, that the wholeis a Subordination os causes, the intermoniates' of Whicli arethe essects of the superior cause, and the efficients of the inserior. For the spirituous fluid is tho determining cause of theless compotin ded blood, and this latior of the red Or grosserblood; consequently the less compounden or the intermediate blood is the effect of the spiritu ous suid, and the efficient CauSeos the red blood. In biood composed according to these gradations, Will be found to have concurred many Other laWSbelonging to the fame philosophy; sucti as, that subsistenco is

perpetuat existence, and that the essentiat determinations Ofthings coexistent are successive, kc. Further information Onthis subject Will present itself to us RS We proceod.

95. Blood in the last of these three Gyrees ought to consi8t, for the most puri, of 8iX plano-oval spherules, which st themselves into so many hollois fides of a single parti te offred sau. Whencearises the spherical Mure of the whole. That tho individualparis of the blood ure globular Or spherical, is confirmed by the universat testimony of those Who have examinod them. ThateVery globule consi sis Os fix tesser ones, is indeod deni ed by Lancisi n. 30), but asserted by others, and among them by LeeuWenhoeli, WhO clearly discerned, as he SVS, that every

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to a persectly spherical form; for the volatile ethereat sali, Whonmixod With tho most fluid substance Os nature, does not deStroy, but Only subdite or subordinate iis sorces. 3rd. In this manueris constituted the bl ood nexi in degree, Or the less compotandedblood. 4th. Lot the spherules of this fluid bo fitted eaeli respectivoly into the fix holloW fides of a single particle of common sali n. 70, 77 , Which may Serve as a basis, fulcrum, and mould of the whole. 5th. At nil the eight angi es, Where thespherules do not mutuatly touch oach other, let there bo insertod the urinous Or volatile, and sulphurous aeriat salts n. 72), Whicli are of the second ordor, and Whicli stre smali cubes and solid trian es, by the interposition Of Whicli, the whOle QOmpages is strengthen ed. 6th. Heuce Will be mund to result theentire spherical figure of the compound particle, or SanguineOHS globule, Whicli is volubie, fluid, flexile, possessing the poWer of adapting itself to any contracted neSs of paSSage, Solubie, CX-haling Warmili, red, heavy, holding together ali iis paris sO asto seem to combine them spontaneousty into One, and in themost Ordorly arrangement, While With in them reigiis that spiritu-ous aud vitia substance Whicli is the Only substance of iis Lind.97. Lut although the spirituous substance of every animal en- ters into ali the genuine blaod of the animal as iis principat andonly vital substance, neverthele88 in evem species of animal theblood i disserent. That tho blood is different in every Species, Whicli lives on a disserent Dod, and Whicli nourishes iis OKnblood by a disserent Lind of substance; nay, that in Some species, as in aquatic animais and insect8, it is White, yelloWish, coid, having iis paris of an oves form, natural history constratusus to admit. When chemicatly examined ii does not supply a

different in every species of animal, is to bo derived froni tho very fountain of the blood itself, or Dom iis spirituous fluid asiis principat substance, as the only one of iis Liud, and as hav-ing a nature proper to each disserent genus u. 48).98. And varies in the individual subjects of every vectes,

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iis Variations in relation to, I st. Τhe quantity and quality bothos iis OWn serum and of that Whicli is circumfusod. 211d. The quantity and quality of the spiritu ous fluid, and the less com-p0unded blood thenco arising in the rod globules. 3rd. Τhequantity and quali ty of the volatile and fixen salts Which enter

into the construction os iis paris. 4th. Iis state proper to every mentes and bodily suffering, and iis common Or generat State While soWing in consori With iis associato substances. 5th. Τheseries of diversities in cach of the foregoing variatioDS, RS COI1tainod Within iis two extremes in rogard to grenter Or IeSS; and again, the series of diversities in Ench of the forogoing Variations, Where the causes of the variations concur. 6th. The Specisic and particular changes Which nrise in consequence. The prosecution hoWever of ad these en quiri es, is a Work of immense

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rendered Spurious, and as such be discarded into the gall- bladdor. Not to mention other causes Os iis adulteration : Dom

and firmer; but When he Was in a good state Of health, they Were better connected With each other, being soster and more fluid :Wheuce he infers, that death may somelimes proceed hom thehard ness os these globules' n. 29).100. Mith respeet to the Arat substance of the blood, or thespirituous suid, and with respect to iis other substance, or thesurer blood, it is to be observe that each in iis own Gyreeis most hiphly elastic, most histhly susceptible os consociation,plication, as weli as os reduction into evem form. Lut intowhalever form it is reduced, it natural aspires to iis most perfectform, and is in the effori to return to it. On this subjeci Leeu-

constituent particles 3 For this phenomenon Uould Seem RSSur-edly to indicate, that unless these fluid substances Were under

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the restraitit imposed upon them by the volatilo salis, or by the inertness of passive hodies, they Would exhibit a degree oselasticity and volatilily surpassing every conceivable mode. Iam in doubi as to What principio or What experimental saet theyxest upon Who Would predicate hard ess of these hodies in their natural condition, When Wo sud that thoy doclino Dom theiractive life into an inactive and moribund stato in proportion asthey declino Dom thoir olasticity. I know not What universia Substance could enter into tho blood and compose it, is in iis least paris it Were of itself inert, incapillo of adapting itfelito the various littio channeis and poros of the body; and is it

Wore Ri RΠy, eVen the Smallest, moment of time, during the period Os iis circulation, to Jose any considerable portion Os iis 1 Orces, or at any Single potui to stand stili or offer resistance. Is hoWover the principes substance of the blood experiences no loss of the force it has onee received, saccording to the universal law of pure elastic fluids,) but communicates the wholeos the forco impressed iapon it both to contiguous and remoter distances; or is it impresses the remoter regions in the Same degree as the partS Whicli are ne est, then We are en lento comprehend hoW the nature of a part is transferrest into avolume, hoW the nature of the whole volume returus to that os a pari, and hoW ali things are enabled to conspire to produceone effeci, belonging to one and the fame end. Desides this

iam to Whicli I have noW adverted, I may observe that ait theother laWs of elasticity coincide With the poWers Whicli areascribod to the spiriis, the nervolas juice, and the blood. Thatthey must be thus ascribed, experimental saci demandS, and this, in the fame proportion in Which lila consists With their

with their hardnOSS. 101. The most convenient form in Which any force of nature cari aci, is the spherical; a form Whicli deserves to be called thogenuine form os activity and motion, sor it is one that has nonngles Or prominences, Whicli are the sole impediments tomotion. It is also the srst principio os ali the other fornis,as Weli res their basis and measuro; Whilo again the sirst principie of the spherical form is tho perpetuatly spherical or cubicO- Spirat, in Whicli the substances, Whilo in their state of ulmost