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i an mattera mere disputed. oreover, is an ono had foundout an ne invention hic mightae sesul for humandite, M sed in come thither an displanitri Jupiter.' The poetstransfer many things after his manner, o for tho Ae of spe in falsely against the objects of their orship but stat the manis variousi coloured figures ad beaut an graeet thei poems. ut the who domo underatand the manner, o the cause, o sto natur of that hic is represented by figure, attach the poets a salse an sacrilegio . ven hophilosophera mere deceived by this error sor causo these thingswhieli ara relate about Jupiter appeared unsuited to tho ch racter of a god the introduced tW Jupitera, ne natural theother fabulous They sin, o in ono and that hicli mastrue that he fors th, concerning Whom the poeta speah, Wasman; ut in the case of that natural Jupiter, ted by the common practice of superstition the committe an error, in much asthe transferre tho nam os a man to God, ho a me havsalready said),aecausemeris ne only, has no need os a name. Butricis undeniabis that horis Jupiter lio a born rem ops and Saturn. t is thereiore an empi persuasionis the parto those horaive the nam o Jupiter in the supreme God. For sommam in tho habit o defendin thei error by this e cum Mor, hen convince of the unitros God since the cannot den inis, the amrm that the worshi Him, but that it isthei plerauro that Heraliouldae called Jupiter. But what canbe moro absurd tha thi, For Jupiter is no accustomed tobe orshipped mithout the accompanying modihi of his miseand daughter. From hic his rea nature is evident nor isit lawfulcior stat nam to bo transferred thither, ,here thereis nesthe any Minerva nor Juno. Wh shoulda say that thopeculia meaning of this nam does no expres a divine buthuman power or Cicero explain the ames Jupiter and
is a called asci ho mere a talpinifather, a nam .hicli is illadaptexto God sor to et is the partis a man conserringsome id upon ne hocis a stranger, and in a case here thebeneficis smali. Nomne implores God to hel him, buta pr sorve him, to givo him lis and sala hicli is a much greaterand more important matte than to help.
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parages the excellen of the supreme poWer unde the ameos Iupiter. heresore, inboth hom his actions and character. have proved that Jupiter Was a man, and reigned on earth, it ni remain that we hoes also investigat his death. Ennius, in his sacre histo , havinidescribe ali the actions whichae performed in his life at the close thus speas: henJupiter, hen he had sive times mado a circuit os the arth, and estowed governments upo ali his triend and relatives, and lest iam to men provide them illi a settio modo os lisoand cora, and ove them many other benefiis, and having been honoured Wit immorta glor an remembrance, est lastingmemorial to his hiends, and when his age Was almost spent, he changees his life in Crete, an departed to the gods Andine Curetes, his sons, too charge of him, and honoured him; and his tombris in Crete in the toWn os nossus, and Vesta issaid to have founded his civ and on his tombris an inscriptioni ancient Gree characters, Zan Κronou, ,hic is in Latin, Jupiter the sonis Saturn.' This undoubtedinis no handeddown by poets, but by Writers of ancient evenis and these thingsare so true, that therare confirmed by some verses of the Sibyls, to this effeci:
Inanimato demona image of the de , Whoserio a the ill-fatin Crete possesse a a Masti
Cicero, in his reatis concerning thematur of tho Gods,havin sal that three Jupiters ero enumerate by theologians, add that in third was o Crete, the sonis Saturn, and that his tombris shom in stat fland Ho' therasore, canisgod bo alius in one place, an dea in another in ne place
Commutavit; thera read consummavit, ae completed.
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have a temple an in another a tombi et the Romans thenknow that thei Capitol that is the hie head of thei obieetso public veneration is nothinibu an empi monument. Letis noscomerio his iacter Who eigne besore him, and who perhaps had mors o or in himself, ecans horis aidio be bor Dom the meetingi such great elements. et usseo hat there a in him orthymi a god, especiali that heis relate to have ad the Miden age, ecauso in his reignthere a justico in the earth. I find something in him .hieli a no in his son. For What is solefitting the characteri agod a a justinovernmen and an age of pie ut When ontho fame principie, I reflect that horis a son, I cannot considerhim a the supreme God fora se that therocis omethingmore ancient than himself,-namely the heaven and the earth. Butatam in earchis a God beyond whom nothin has any existence, horis the fource and originis est things. e musto necessit exist who frame in heaven iraeis, and lai thoseundations of the earth. ut it Saturn a born rom these, ascit is supposed hosca ho e the hie God since homwes his origin t anotheri r lio reside ove the universo balaro tho irin o Saturn But this asa recenti faid is a fictionis the poets. For it Was impossibi that the sensetesselemenis, hic are separate is socion an intervat, hould meet together and give birtha a son, o that he who a bornshould nolint ali resemble his parenta, but should have a formwhicli his parent did not posseSS. Letis therelare inquiro hat degree o truth lies id underthis figure. Minucius Felix, in his treatis Whicli has the titio of Oetavius, alleged these proosse alia Saturn, Whenae hadbeen banished by his son, and ad come into Italy, was called
pectedi arrived, have fallen rom heaven and that he was
causerit is evident that even during his relan e mas so Memed. o might have argue thus: That Saturn beinga very po ersu hing, in orde that the memor of his paronismightis preserved gave thoi names in tho heaven and earth,
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34 LACTANTIUS B cI. Whereas these ero besore callo by ther ames, sor hichreason eano that ames ero applied both to mountians and rivers. For hen sto poeta rapea of the olyspring of Atlas, o of the river Inachus, thendo no absolutet say that me could possibba bor from inanimato objecis; ut in undo tedi indicate thoseolio ere orno in hos men, who ither during their lives roster thei death gave their
tice mong the ancients and speciali amon tho Greeis. Thus, havsaeard that seas received the names of thos Whohad falle into them, a tho AEgean, in Icarian, and the Hellesponi. In Latium, also, Aventinus gave his nam to thomountainin Whichae, luried and Tiberinus, or Tiber, gavehis nam to tho riser in hic he was drowned. onder, then, is the names of thos whoata ive birtha mostio e sui Engs ere attributed to tho heaven and arth. Ther fore it appears that Saturn a not ornesrom heaven, Whichis impossibie but hom stat man who bore the nam o manus. And Trismegistus attest the truth of this for henae aid that ver se had existed in hom there a perfeci learning, he mentione is nam mmon these his relatives, manus, Saturn and Mercury Andaecauseae Was ignorant of themthings, he gave another account of the matter; ho ho mi thave argued Uliave ino n. I Will say in ha manner, at hat timo, and is hominis a done sor it a notSaturn ho id his, ut Iupiter. Ennius thus relates in his sacre histo Then an lead him to the mountain, whicli is calle tho pillis of heaven Having ascende thither, ho suo ed tho land sar and wide, and there ista mountain heauild an altar to celus and Jupiter Was theiurat hooffere sacrifice o that altar In that place hodooked umis heaven is hic nam me no calicit, and that hic mas ove tho vortit,hich was called aether) the firmament, and h gine to the heaven ita amo ironi the nam o his grand-father; and Jupiter in prue first avo the amo of heavento that hic Was called aether firmament, an he bur entire in victim hicli ho ther offere in sacrifice. Nor iait hero ni that Iupiter is found to havo offere sacrifice. Caesar atio, in Aratus, relatea stat Aglaosthenes avs that Whe ho M. aetting out Domino utandis Naxos againat
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tho Titans, and was osse in sacrifico on the hore, an ea essen to Jupiter a an omen, and that the victor received i as agood taen, and place it unde his oWn protection. ut thesacre histor testifies that ove bosorehan an agie ad satupon his head an portende to him the hingdom. To whom, then, could Jupiter have offere sacrifice, excepto his grand- faster Coelus, ho, accordin to tho vin os Euhemerus,indied in Oceania, and was buried in tho tow of Aulatia 'CHAP. XII.-That the Soles oransfer tri Ammis of the poeta to a philosophica vatem. Sineo mo have broughtrio light the mysteries of the poets, and have found ut the parent of Saturn letis retum to his viriues and actions. e ac the say jus in his rate. Fidit, hom thia very circumstance heris no noma God inasmuch asho has coam to e. In the ex place, he was not Ven just, but impious no onlyrio ard his sons, hom ho devonred, butias in arti his ather, hom hecis sal to have mutilat .
An this a pectus havs appene in truth. ut men, having rogar in the element Whicli is called the heaven, rejectthe wholo table a mos foesistit invente&; though in Stoies according to thei customyendeavour to transfer idit a physical system, hos opinion Cicero has laid down in his reatiso concerning the Nature of the Gods. They held, he says thattho hi est and ethereat natur of heaven that is, of fire, hichis itfel produce ali inings, a Without stat par of the hody hic contained the productive organs M.this theorymight have been sultabie in Vesta, it sh mero calle a male. Foesicis on this account that the esteem Vesta toae a Virgin, in much a fire is an incorruptibi element and nostin canhe bor from it, sincerit consumes at things, Whateve it has solaedispon vid in the Fasti says: No do ou esleem
Euhemerua a a Sicilia minor of the age of Alexanda tho Gre Η mroto a sacrin historrcontaining an account of the overat oda, mere morisipped in Greece, hom ho representa actaving originalty been men ho had distinguiahe themaelvm by thei exploita, or benefita conferre Mon men, and who mero heresere, alter inela death, oratippina goda Tho Christian writer frequently reser o Euhemerus achelping
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36 LACTANTIUS. Boo LVestario bo anything eis than adiviniflamen and o se nobodies produced hom flame. Thereiore heris trul a virgin, for ah send forti no seed, o receivescit, and oves theattendant of virginity.
This also might have been ascribe to Vulcan, hocindeedis supposed to eiure, and et the poets di no mutilato im. I might also have been ascribe to the sun in hom is thonatum and cause of the productive poWers. For ithout theseo heat of the sun nothing could bo bom, o have increase; so that no other element has greater need os productive organs stan heat, is the nourishment of Whicli ali hings are conceived, produced, and supported. Lastly even is the case ere asthe would have it, hy inould, suppos that celus asmutilated rather than that ho a bor Without productivo
organs ' or fio produces by himself, it is lain that holad
n nee o productive organs, since e gave trilicio Saturn
himself; ut is ho ad thom and sufferod mutilation rem hisson, the originis ali hings and ali natur mouid have perished. Wh shoulda say that thendoprive Saturn himself no onlyo divine, ut also of human intelligence, hen the amrmtha Saturn is he who comprises the cours and change of the Spaces and seasons, and that he has that ver name in Greela Foras is called Cronos, hicli is the fame a Chronos, stat is, a pace of time. ut horis called Saturn becauso heris satiated Wit years These are tho oria o Cicero, settin fori theopinionis the Stoica: alio orthlessnes of thes thing any one marreadit underatand For i Saturn is the sonis celus, hoW could Timo have been or homicelus, o Coelus have been mutilate is Time or after ard could Timo have been
CHAP. XIII.-How ain and trisin are the interpretations of the Stoies respeetin the gori, an in them eoneerning the origis of Iupiter eoneerning Saturn an Θε. Is theresors these speculations of the philosopher are tristing, What remains, excepi that, belleve it to bo a matteris factthat,aeing a man, ho suffered mutilation rom a man --lesa
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whereas, i ho had possesse an divino knowledge, he ought no to hos mutilate his ather, but imself, o prevent thobirin fraupiter, ho deprive him of the possessionis his hingdom. Andas also, henae had married his sister Rhea, whom in Latin's callips, is satyto havo been Warned by an oracle noto bring u his male childron, ecauserit ould comerio pras that he shouldae drive into banishmentara son. daeing in fear of this it is lain statio didio devour his sons, a the fabies repori, but ut them to death although itis ritis in sacre histor that Saturn an ops, and thermen, ero a that time accustome to eat human flesh, ut that Jupiter, ho gaveri men a s an civilisation, a thesim .ho is an dici prohibite thoos of that ood. o. is inicis true, hat justice an here possibi have been in hiis' ut letis suppos it toto a fictilious stor that Saturndevoured his sons, ni true aster a certain fashion; must e
srat traversed the worid. Janus received him mandering and destitute; and the ancient coin are a proo of this, on hic there is a representation ofJanus With a doubio face, and on the other fide a shipri a thesam poet adia: μ But pious posterit represented a sitimo the coin bearingtestimon to the arrival of the strange gOd.
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38 LACTANTIUS. Boo LNot ni theresor at the poets, ut the writers also ofancient historie and eventa, agres that he was a man ina muchos the handed down to memor his actions inalabros Gree writers Diodorus an Thallus o Latin riter Nepos, Cassius, and Varro. For since mendived in Ital astera rustic fastion,
Doe any one imagine imo b a god, ho astarive intobanishment, ho fled, hocia hid ' o ne is a senseteas. For solio flees, or lies id must ea both violenco and death. Orpheus, Who lived in more recent times than his openlyrelates that Saturn reigned on e th and among men:
Tho poet di no sani tho forme passago that horae this life in heaven nor in the lalter passage that he eigne overine god above From hicli it appears that he was a Ling onearth and thisae declaros more plaint in another place:
Ennius, intaed in his translation os Euhemerus, says that Saturn a no the first ho re ned, but his fallier manus. In tho eginning ho sus, Coelus first ad the supreme poWeron the arth. Η institute an prepare that hingdom in conjunction it his rostera Thero is no great dispute, itinere is doubi, o the par of tho greatest authorities respectingthe son and theriather But it is possibis that inch may have
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Boox J NE DIUINE INSTITUTES. 39happened that manus fretaegan toto pr eminent in poweramon tho est, and to have in chie place, but no the hinν domu and that astematas Saturn acquire greater refources,
CHAP. XIV.-What the saered historno Euhemerus and Ennius ea in eoneerning the fori.
Nom sine the sacre histor differs in somo degre homthos things hic me have related letos ope thos thingswhic are containe in the truo ritings that e ma not in accusing superstitions appear o solio an approve of the follies of the poets. his are tho moria o Ennius: Aste Marti Saturn marrie ops Titan, Who mas older than Saturn), demand the hingdom for himself. pon this thoirmotho Vesta, and thei sister Ceres an ops, advis Saturnnotrio ovem the hinoom to his brother Then Titan, homas inferior in person to Saturn, o that account, an causo he saW that his mother an sistere ere using thei endeavoura
there ore made an ameement Wit Saturn that is an malo
Juno. Upon his the present uno to the si iis Saturn, an secretly hido Jupiter, and give him to Vestario boarouolup, conceallachim rom Saturn ops also bring sorth Neptune mithout tho knowledgem Saturn, an secreti hides him. In the samo manne ops bring sortii tWin is a thitabirili, Pluto an Glauca Pluto in Latin is Dispater; thera eat his Orcus. Upon this the showto Saturn the daughter Glauca, and concea an hide the son luto. The Glauca dies hilo et oung.' his is the lineage of Jupiter and his brothera a thes things are riuen), and the relationsili is
hande don in us aster his manne from the sacre nam rative. Also horti aster ard he introduces these hings: alien Titan, he hedearned that sons ere borito Saturn, an secretiyarought up secreti takes Withaim his sons, hoare calle Titans, and seiges his brother Saturn an ops, and enclose them isti a mali, an places ver them auard.'
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Tho truth of this histor is tauo by the Erythraean Sibyl,
who spealis almost tho fame things, it a se discrepancies, whic do not affect tho subject-matter iiseis. There ore Jupiter is reed rom the charge of the greates Wichedness, according to hic heris reportesto havo bound his satho withsetters for this a thoraee o his uncte Titan, ecauso he, contra clo his promise anyoath, hadarought up male children. Tho rest os the historsis thus ut together. It is aid that Jupiter, hen rown up havin heard that his ather and mother ad been surrounde With a guar an imprisoned, camo illi a great multitude os Cretans, and conquere Titan and his sons in an engagement, an rescue his parent fromimprisonment, restore the ingdomo his ather, and thus returne into Crete Then, aster thes things, the say that an oracle a giVen to Saturn bidding him to in hood est his son hould expol him irom the hingdom; that he so thosais of eaening the oracle an moidin tho danger, lai an
μου, inco it is evident homilies thing that the weromen, it is no difficultri se in What anne theyaegan to bocalled gods. For i thero ere o hingsaesore Saturn or Uranus, o account of the mali number of men horaived a rusti lite ithout an ruter, there is no doubi ut in those times men egan to exalt the in himself, an his holefamily, it the ighest raises and with ne honours, so that the even calle them ods Whether on account of their Wondectu excellence, men saet rude an simple reatly ente laine this opinion, or ascis commoni the case, in alter of present poWer, o on account of the benefit is hic thoymere se in orde and reducedri a civilised state. sterwardstho hing themselves since the were eloved by thoso hosistis the had civilised aster thei deat test regre of themin