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i the historia o Rome Liv himself telis us that mos of the public an private document then in existence perished in the conflagration an it is ni fro the secon Munding of the cit that he histor o Rome reSt on ritte re Cord of atru Stworth characteri. Certain inscription howeve engrave o bronge or tone furvived the destructio of the city. e learn that almos the firsi or of the overnment aster the departur of the Gauis was to See out the law and reaties hicli,ere stili extant'; doubiles other of hicli the recor ha been destroyed werereStore sto memory, and the list o magistrates rom theearlies time were alSo preserved β. TheSe monument Could noti themselves have afforded sussicient materiai sor a delailed narrative, and the origins o Roman histor must therefore besought elSewhere The annals of the Pontifri and of the other
Liv. I. I. a. He explain that he histor os Rome down to the capture of the cit is obscure hom it great antiquity, rom the Scantines of writte documents at the time, e quod, etiam si quae litterae in commentariis fontiscum aliisque sublicis privatisque erant monumentis, incensa urbe pleraeque interiere f. Plut mιm. I.
The Fasti Casuolini draxv up in the time of Augustus mus have been derive in the firs instance rom earlier monumentS.
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religious colleges, hicli forme S important a Source for thelater histor o Rome were probabi no extant for the Centvryprecedin the Gallic invasion , but the histor of this centuryis o precis in the account of the disserent ars, in the recordo prodigies and of natura phenomena that it could notiave been composed without the id of Some chronicies p. Such chronicies, hichia doubiles been preserve Domdestructio in the Capitol bries deficient an corruptos theymuS have been supplied the ouilines of Rome' deed and Susserings. The were Supplemente by the legend celebrating the exploit of the ancestor of particular families Thememor of Such exploit was heptis in the funera orations δdelivere ove the member of the reat gentes, an in the inscriptions attache to the usis of thei ancestors hichthe Roman obles hept in thei atria Livy's account of the deed os Camillus, ho play So important a par in this book, was oubiles derive ultimatelydrom the famil traditions of the en Furia, and time ad probabi not diminished thegreatneS of hi fame. These record aide by ora traditio an possibi by sonae popular balladS preserve themational legendS untii in the timeo the secondiunt War the writin of hiStorylega a Rome. From that date a series of annalisis devote themselves to the stud of the past of these riters e have litile direct knowλ e do not know f the annals of the Pontiri ere kept at this date, ut the paSSage quote in n. I, p. Vii. mahecit improbable that
See Schwegler, omisc e Grachic te m. P. 27Ι. Iaudationes; o. . Some of these ere doubiles writte do a disserent periods. Liv. VIII. o. 7 Warn us against the falsificationcontained in the funera orations vitiatam memoriam funebribus laudibus reor falsisque imaginum titulis).
Niebuli thought that many of the early legend of Rome erepreserve in Songs, and that Do these any of the mythica delatis were derived. He undoubtedi exaggerate the importance of theseballads; ut the may have Supplied Ennius and Naevius illi omeos thei materiai.
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ledge. Non of their ork have been preserve and we cansor but an imperfect de of the way in hicli the were compOSed On these ork howeve Livy' histor of this period a based. e have no sufficient eviden e to en ableu to decide hat were the ources e sed sor particular periodS, but it Seem clea that he didio in his earlier booksus a firsi and the est annalisis, such a Q. Fabius Pictoror L. Calpurnius Piso λ. The writerS, hoSe orks e probabi consulte moSt fati for the period e re considering were Valeriu AntiaS,
Q. Claudius Quadrigarius an C. Licinius acer. In the fifth book iv mentions non of his authoritie by amo. He is probabi indebie to Licinius Macer o his account of the Services of Licinius ' for Licinius acer, ho ad Strong plebeia sympathies, ould naturali give a prominent placeto the deed of his ancestor. In his account of the Gallicdisaster iv may be following the authorit o Q. Claudius Quadrigarius for e lino that his riter egan his historywith the invasio of themauis, and the necdote o Pontius Cominius ascending the Capito is quote sto Claudius by Aulus Gellius in much the sam for in hicli Liv relatescit . Qi ' historica metrio
His histor is a compilation derive sto the annali sis of the later republic β He accepted almoS Without criticiSm, What
Livy' reliancein the annalisis may be traced in the arrangementos his or in hicli evenis are related ea by ear, an in the Stior annalistic notices, hichi somelime reproduces almos Without
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Liv was howeve aware of the difficult of his asi herealige ho impossibi it a to attain to truth in relatingevent of Such remote antiquityε, an he wa content to repeat the current legendS, miraculou or improbabie a the mightie, without committin himself to a belle in them. par stomhis uncritica method of reatin historical problemS, e Cantrace in his or a stron patrioli bias β, hicli induce himat way to accepi that account of evenis,hicli is most favourabieto Rome, and in discus Sing the wars hicli Rome aged withother nations, he followed the traditions hicli id eas injuryto the nationa pride. In the histor o politica Struggles his Sympathie are for the mos par given to the old Romanaristo CraCy, although he was not illati unlair'.
Tantae motis erat Romanam conjere gonum. VERG. m. I. 33.
Livy' histor is heresore a compilatio based on late and inferior authorities, hicli e sed ithout criticism, an his wor i to Some extent coloured by his patrioli an political
CL 1. inseritur huic loco fabula. OmmSen Rom. Forach. ΙΙ. p. 3oet. It is characteristic o Livy' reliance o the later annalisis, that he bases his criticismon interna gronnds, an notis thei differ- ences rom the earlier annalisis.' There is a trace of this in 6. II.
21. 9 sed in rebus tam antiquis, si, quae Similia veris Sint pro veris accipiantur, salis habeam. f. raes. D6-8.
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elings. e may fairi assume that historices truth was notiis firs objeci, and we have to consider ha his purpose a in writin the early histor o Rome H himself describes it sorus in his prefacei; it was o do his par in recording the proud deed of the cit whicha ad Attaine to the empire of the worid, to ho what a the character of the men ho had uili pthat empire and what polic the had followe both at homean abroad He istiexto divertamen's yes rom the troubleso later ear an to turn their age to the glorious day of
Theirs te book of Liv were ein composed about thesam time a the Aeneid both Vergit an Liv had the fame
patrioli purpoSe, to Celebrate the growth, in CCordance illia divine dispensation, of the Roman empire an Roman civiligation*.' Liv howeve brought into greater prominence themora causes hicli contribute to the roruth of the empire. Only by virtve an manlines S, justice an piety, a thedominio of the wori achievedy. He i She to torara an effective contrast etween preSent an paSt, to potnt the moralso the degenerate descendant of the heroes of ancient Rome.
Praef. iuvabit remma gestarum memoriae principis erra=rum populi pro virili parte et ipsum consuluisse gi h asks his reader toconside quae vita, qui mores fuerint, fer quos viros quibusque artibus domi militiae tie et par tim et auctum inseritam sit. Nettieship En s in Latin Literataιre, P. ΙΟΙ. Liv as a Stoiclays stres o the influence of providenCe See n. n 6 8 49. I;
Liv has a pro und admiratio for the Roman Dol days, and Romanus denotes sortim ali that is admirabie cf. 28 3 36 1 38. 5. Vergi sums p the reat qualities of the Roman in Aeneas, ho embodies in his character the qualities of a Warrior, a uler, anda civiliger of men the legendar impersonation o ali that was great in the achievements of Rome. NettieShip P. 1o3.)
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Horrida praecipue cui gens, adsuetaque multo Tenatu nemorum, duris Aequicula glaebis. armati terram exercent, Semperque recentis convectare iuvat praeda et vivere rasto. VERG. Aen. VII. 7 6 7 9.
While Rome' position o the norther frontier o Latiumbrought her into conflict illi the Etruscans, he had therenenties o her outhern OrderS. I 494 B.C. the Romans, Latins an Hernican had conclude a reat foedus aequum)sor mutua protectio against the Aequi an Volsci, wo iidtribes of Sabellian toch, hociive to the Solith and wes of Latium Rome age war illi theSe tribes sor centuries, untii the were finali CruShed, and the hiStorian give S a mono- tonous account of UnSucceSSm Campaign and indeciSive operation againSt them. The warsare ConSiSte so the mos parti ravages an repriSal S', an a the Roman graduali gainedground militar colonie were plante to estabiisti thei influence an hol the enem in heck. A the eginning of the perio covered by the fifth book, OLB. Q, Rome a at eace Liv VI. I. I divides his subject into foris bella an domi sedi-
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with the Aequi an Volsci λ. his eace aste unti the ear 397 for although Anxur, a Roman Settiemen in the outh of Latium', revolted δ, Rome id not hecome involve with the
to the territor of the enemyy. his aggression te to a Deshouibrea os hostilities in 39H The Roman lost Verrugo 'an Vitellia λ', and the war, hic ha no deciSive consequenceS, Wa interrupte by the invasio of the auis. EtruScans. In the early years of Rome' history that cit hadiso more constant so than the Etruscans. The Tiber forme theboundar belween Latium and Etruria, an Rome ro iis Commandin poSition o the rive hecame, hetheri accidentor design, the clites utpost of the Latins o the orthern frontier. Here the Camerint conflict illi the Etruscans, arace of ancient civiligation, hicli ad atready attaine considerable power at the time hen Rome a only one of theman peti communities include in the Latin league Thequestion of the origi of the Etrusca race and of iis relationto Other races as et ungolved the language, hicli is
I. I face alibi farta Liv does no mention in book IV. thata format armistice illi theseseoples had been concluded.
The place a conquere an colonige in O6 IV. 59. 7. . . . ε 3. I. β 6. 2. β 23. 2. This was probabi Vitellia Se n. O 24. q. Diod. Iv. 98 Livndoes no tellis hen the ovibrea occurred, althoughi gives an account of the war 28. 5.
This may be inferre seo Livy he says that the garrison fled,
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found in a number of in Scription S, has up to the present time offere insuperable dissiculties to the philologist; and in Spite of numberles attempt to connec it illi the ther languageso Europe no ne has Succeede in determinini exceptato hisown satisfaction whether it elong to the Indo-Germaniciamily of speech, o not. O the histor o Etruria e nowlitile; some account of he wars illi Rome is preserve by Roman historians, butier interna histor is only rille in the might walis of her citieS, O her roadS her SewerS, hertunneis, but bove ali in her sepulchres The Etruscans hactsetile in Ital long esore Rome a munded, and ad occu- pie notini the country hicli aster ardibore thei name, butthe district between the Alps and the o', after ard.known as Gallia Cisalpina. e do not know hicli districi firs came into thei occupation or hether the entere the penin Sula bylan or by ea. Livy states that the firs setile in Etruria, but his theory, hicli a probabi founde on the reat importance of this district in the histor of early Rome is notSupporte by an tru StWorthy eviden e It is more probablethat the ancestor of the Etrusca race ad their a into Ital fro the orthε. Here the Conquere the Umbrians, who the occupie the Cisalpine district β. Asterward theysprea to the outh of the pennines, an occupie Etruria, graduali advancing untii thei Settiemenis belween the Ciminiansorest and the Tiber rought them into contact with the
Dennis, The Cities anae emereries of Etruria, I p. xxvii. The greatnes of the Etruscans is atteste sor us by the number and magnificence of thei monuments and by the beaut an elaboratio of
33 9 and Io. 33. 9. Polyb. II. 7. . OmmSen, Roman Histo , . . et argueSagainst their haviniimmigrate byraea. Plin. N. H. III. I9. II et Modern excavations have hown that at some time during the bronge age the Etruscans invade the an and overthrew the Umbria civiligation. ΜommSen, Roman Histo , I p. 3o. The outher boundary
of the Tusca territory was probabi sorme atrars by the Ciminian Forest, and at a later period by the Tiber.'
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Romans Friendi relation areanown to have existedietween Rome an Caere, an Rome a indebie to Etruria, hersuperior in civiligation and the aris, o many of her institutions ' The old theor that one of the Roman tribes axos Etruscanorigin is no generali rejected but it cannot e doubted that the Tarquin f the laStaingi dynast a Rome, ere EtruSCanS. Aster thei expulsion the EtruScans, talain advantage of the division within the state brought Rome an Latium underthei dominion Thei power a then a it height trade interest an a love o piracyia cause them to create and maintain a fleet large nough to ive them the ascendenc atsea η. his enabled them to occupy the Coast to the ouili os Latium Antium in Latium and Surrentum in Campania erethei mos important SettiementS, but the exerci Sed SWay oue1 the Volscia district an a great partis Campania. Their po Ner a howeve to extende to e maintained, and the decline os Etrusca influence a rapid. In Latium thei dominion a soon lost in Campania the came intorivalry illi the Italia Greelis an in 7 Hiero of Syracusebroh sor ver thei power at ea δ; in the norit Celtic tribes presse in an gradu ali drove the Etruscans Dom the plain os the Poε. y these reverse the hecam Confine to Etruria, an here the had to submit to the gradu a advance of the Roma legions unti finali EtruSCan nationalit wa completet merge in the Roman civiligation.
Accordinuto Liv the Roman were indebtexto the Etruscans sorthei method o bullding I. 56. I), the custom o marking the sona rium Se n. n a. 153, the ar of the haruspices I 5. 1 and the insignia os the magistrates I 8 3ὶ. Henc the se to the est fotat bore the nam o Mara
The victor o Hiero is celebrate by indar, PTM. . et and recorde in an inscription o a helm et Mundis Olympia, 'Iάρων
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Etruria containe twelve autonomou CitieSI, each managingit own affair an purSuin it oWn poliCy the recognigeuhoweve that the were unite by Communit os race and religion, and the Combine therefore t for a religious sederation to hicli the est parallel is to e found in the Gree amphictyonieS. The met early at the stirine of their great god deSS Voltumna at Volsinii', an appotnted one of their princes a themational high priest', o have the conductis thegames and of other Solem riteS. The populatio of the different town was divide in to therulin Clas of Lucumones, ho ere ricli an luxuriou S, and thei serD, the descendant of the conquere raceS, ho ere attache to thei masters by a lauda relation. The rule of the Lucumone Wa probabi oppresSive and the Subject classes doubiles regarde the Romans a deliverers 3. AS a militarypower the EtruScan were at a diSadvantage in comparison,iththe Romans, fro the absence of a Strong militar sederation, stom the division within the separate townS, but above ali stomthe want of a Vigorou peaSant Class, Such a sint that time madeu the strength of the Roman insaniry. The employment of mercenarie Could no compenSat for diSadvantage suchisS
17. 6. I. 5. Liv mentions discordia intestina a Veii, V. 58. . e learn DOm VI and 5 8 that during the war o many people ro Veii, Capena, an Falerii had deserte to Rome that in 387 our ne tribes were made to include them.