Book V

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INTRODUCTTON. xvii

O Veii meteres, et vos tum gna uis is, et vestro fosita est aurea sella foro nunc intra muros pastoris buccina lenti

cantat, et in vestris OSSibus arva metunt. PROP. V. ΠΟ, 27 3O.

Warietween Rome and Veii Wa normal λ; the proximit of two Such owersul tales' and the standin dispute et weenthem a to the possession of the orderland made hostilities inevitabie. The two Cities recogniZed that the conflictis interesis was permanent an diu not Suali conclude eace, ut onlysuspende militar operation sor a time by means of an armistice Excuses for a renewal of hostilities ere neverwantinx horde disputes could not be avoide an any one of them might e regarde a a casus belli. The final struggle belween the two cities seem to have been rcedis by Rome, as Oon a the armi Stice Conclude in ashad Come to an end. The retexi ut forward was that the Veientes ad disregarde just laim so satisfactio made by the Romans . The Roma plebs ere a firs averse to the warsi, hut consente to it When militar pay was introduced'; and war a declare in O67. Rome undertoo the war illithe intention o crushin Veii for ver, and this a the first

Liv ranks the final war a the eighth I3 septies rebellarunt; cf. IV. 32. 33. Altogether ine ars are recorde belween the two States, Mur unde the kings, ve during the Republic. Vet wasint twelve miles rom Rome. Probabi the advance of the Etruscans to the district immediatelynorth of the Tiber a gradual se above p. xiv. n. 6. The Tiber aSno a definite boundary between Latium and Etruria, a Rome occupied the Janiculum to the north of the rive an both ank at the outh, while the possessionis Fidenae, to the South o the river, a constantly disputed. IV. 58. I quia temtus indutiarum cum Veiente populo exierat, gerlegatos fetialisque res repeti coertae. IV. 58 9. IV. 59. I. IV. o. 9.

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occasion on hicli Rome entere on a war os conquest uiside

Latium.

Vet was notisager so war. In forme conflicis it Was onlyby the suppor of the Etrusca States that he had been enable to hol out against Rome in the present a thenorther State were Uready Deling the hoc of the CelticinvaSion, and the outhern states ere unwillin to sen aid against Rome . Veii herefore prepare herset to stando Siege an assume the defensive. Although there could e litile oub about the ultimate reguli Rome a firSt made but Slo progress the succes of the

Veientes in o induce the Capenates an Falisci to tali partagainst Rome and in 398 theseople o Tarquinii also ookip

the parti allati Etruscans a made in 397 and might have been accepted hadio dange Domiti Gaul atready become imminent ε. From hi potnt the true tor of the lege hasbeen supplanted by the poetica romance hici gremu round the nam of Camillus, and we do not knowlow Veii fel o by

The De of Me Alba lale. Although, cannot place an faith in the delailed account of the lege of Veii, the stor of the rise of the Alba lake,

Lin 1. 3 attributes his disunion to the appotniment of a ingat Veii. The cause is more probabi to e ough in the ealousyan discord etween the states, to hich e have a reserenc in I 7. 7. This was a weaknes inherent in the sederation. Asmommsen Roman HistorF, I p. 13 says, it a quite a unusual so the Etruscans reatlyto ac in concertis it a for the Latin consederac to do ther-WiSe War Were ordinarii carrie o by a Single community, hichendeavoured to interest in iis cause such of it neighbour ascit could. 8. . . 6. 2. 17 8. si Arnold, Histor of Rome, I P. 326.

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INTRODUCTION ix

miraculou ascit is, is too et atteste to e rejected . Theris was due to the obstructio of the subterranea channel bywhic the waters ere usuali carrie to the ea, and this obstruction a probabi cauSed by Volcani movementS. The exceSSive now of the precedin Winter may have increased the volume of ater in the ahe an contributedio the overflow . Extraordinar meaSure were alien to prevent the inundatio of the Surroundin Country, and thechannei cut so that purpos is stili in existen ce3. It is possibi ethat the superstitio of the eopte a excite by mean os prophecies an bracleS, to induce them to Carr out a ork involving so much labour; ut other motive tha thos os mere SuperStitio mus have actuate the RomanS.It has been potnted out that the agor Auamos a occupied by a number of smali farmers, hos litti properties ould eruine by inundatio an enriched by irrigation and w may conclude that the objectis the work was to fertilige this district 'It is hard o see hat influence these operations an have hadupo the lege of Veii, ut the fallis that cit Seem to have occurred almos immediatel aster. Io. Tres of the Roman arm in Iruria. The sal of Veii as Oon followed by the ConqueS Orsubmission of the ther Etrusca state a War illi Rome. Besides iv the ollowin authors reseruo the event. Cicero de Dis. I. Ioo), Plutarch Camill. 3), Valerius Maximus I. 6. 3ὶ, Dionysius and Dio aSSiuS. 13. I Cicero an other authorities tellis that the ahe had actuali over-nowed iis banks Livn 15. et oni says in altitudinen insolitam crevis. Burn, Rome and theia agna, p. 357 The tunnei, whicli stillcarries of the superfluous ater o the lake, is more than a mile and ahal in tength, rom seven to ten ieet in height an neve les than fourseet in breadth. ' o Cicero de Div. II. 32 69 telis us, aqua Albana deducta ad

uti talem asti suburbani CL LiVy, 6 9 aquam Albanam . . .emi amper agros rigabis.

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Capena was the firs to malae eace . Faleri endure a lege by the Romans for Some time, but at lengili submitte o good terms'. The eople of Volsinii an Sappina invade Romanterritor in 392δ, ut ere defente in the nexi ea an conclude a truces Sutrium an Nepete Seem to have come under Roma dominio about the Same timerus Veii β. The result of the war in Etruria maine a great advanc fortite Roman arnis Veii, hicli ad threatene the eace and securit o Rome ver in C the mundatio of the ity, was Cru Shed, and Roma influenCe o the orth an of the Tiberwa extende to the natura boundar forme by the Ciminianmountains. In the ride of Victor Rome et a mightier foean her desea by the aut checked for a time the surther

Aur ea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis;

virgiatis tacent sagulis; tum lactea colla auro innectuntur duo quisque Isina coruscant gaesa manu, curis protecti corpora longis. VERG. Aen. VIII. 658-662.

The cause, hichia prevente the EtruScans Dona Comingto the helinos the Veientes, was the presenCe within thei borders of the unknown and barbarou GaulS. The Gaul who Conquered Rome ere a branch of that tali fair-haire race, hicli asSpread ove Europe Dom the hores of the Atlanti to the Alps. The were at the time of the conquesti Rome in the nomadicstage of Culture the wandere sto placeo place, rivingtheir ocks an herds, and a the di no sor permanent

et . 3 See n. on 27. I 5. The stor of the traiiorous pedagogue, hichreflect suc glor o Camillus, is os a mythica character ut occurs in mos of the authorities.

Both town were unde Roman protectio immediatel aster theretriat of the aula VI. 3. 2 Indi. 3.

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set ilements and were firSt-rate figlitin men the were alwaySincline to res resties Sty on in ursui os tunder With allthei persona bravery and their love of ighting the werereSileS an turbulent, averse to orde an contro the lachecli fac ali the politica virtu es, hicli are neceSSar to forma greati permanent power Thei qualitieS, Say ΜommSeny, tho se of good soldieributis ad citigens, explain the historicalfaci, that the Celt have hahen ali states an have Mundednone. It was win to the Character of the invader that the invasio of themauis ad socii ille effectis the States of Italy. With the lin violence of a force of natur the Gaul Sweptove the and threate ning to Submerge an deStro orderan civiligation, but a the wave subsided the State reappeared an havin repatre the ravage of the Galli inroad resumed thei development almos ascis ita ad neve been interrupted. Accordin to the Roma traditio the Gaulsi ad irst entered Ital in the re ignis Tarquinius PriscuS, bout two Centurie Sbe re the too Rome*. A and compose of contingentSfroni different Galli tribes led by Bellovesus, nephew of the hin of the Bituriges, cros sed the Alps an descende into Italyδ. Here the settie with Mediolanium a thei capitat; the were followed by a secon band the Cenomani, hosetile to the ast of the Bituriges an launde Brixia and

Verona 3. Other Galli tribes came in quic succession untii the drove the Etruscans entiret stom the est bank of the o, CroSSed the river expelle the Umbrians and occupie thedistrict etween the o and the pennines β. The SenoneS, who ere the last to arrive went furthest afiet an setile in

the districtis the eas Coast belween Ravenna an AnCona'. Histo , I p. 335. The rilliant description of the Celtic characte by the Same riter ib. IV. p. 86 Should e consulted. Herefers to their lagines in the culture of the elds thei delight in lippiin and brawling thei ulter incapacit to attain io, o even totolerate, an organiSation, or an sortis fixe militar o politicaldiscipline. I. The date is also fixe by the legend that it a simultaneous illi the Munding of aSSilia 3 . 8. 3 . Mandi. 45. I. 45. 2. ' b. 3.

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This eopte findin their boundarie to narro for themi, o perhaps impelle by thei Countrymen in the orth, CroSSed the Apennines an so the firSt time brought the Gallic ac totheanowledge of the civilige Worid. The Senones thusiegantha long series o conflicis belween the Celti and Itali races, whicli cause suci Constant troubie to the Roman armiduring

the nexi three centurieS.

The deseat of the Allia, hicli rendere the da on hicli it

occurred accursed in the Roman calendar and est so permanent an impreSSion o the Romans, as nexample in the historyo thei state. Neve had the been deseate So eas ityi Sodisgracessilly, neve had desea been followed by such terribie ConSequenceS. It wa impoSSibi for the Roman annali sis todisguis altogether the fac of the deseat, ut nasmuch a the account reSted on tradition it a comparativel eas for them Livn 36 3 agrees illi the ther' authorities, in representing the

Gaul as askinisor land Do the Clusians There are traces in Livyos a totali disserent account of the advent of the Senones. In 33. et hementions that the auis ad been rought ver the Alps an lexto Clusium by Arruns, an Etruscan immediatet besore the attach. his account tu rightly rejecis, sor although the immigrationis the auis was gradual and the Senones ere the asto arrive, Diodorus says expressi that he had been setile in Ital for ome time. Livy's

inconsistene in representin the aut a Comin ab Oceano terrarumque ultimis oris 37. et is a mere rhetorica exaggeration.

The dies Alliensis, July 8, was an atra dies. LiΠ 5 . in

attributes the disaster to the 36501 ear of the state i. e. 39 B. C. The Roma Calendar Maoweve in disorder, an accordin to Polybius Ι. . et the disaster occurre in the fame ea a the eace of Antalcidas, i. e. 388-38 B.

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INTRODUCTION. xxiii

to hape the delatis in Such a way a to represent everythin in the mos favourable light so the Romans Patrioli seelinglia entiret overridde the instinc sor historica truth, an itisini Dom the Gree writers Polybius and Diodorus, that we

Livy, in his account of this incident, has followed the late annalisis, who hau falsified the story It is impossibi to dissectili legend satisfactorily-to a lio much is invention and ho much exaggeration it ill e susticient to ive a bries narrative os event in Soriar a the cani determined, ointingout the mos important deviations sto the truth in Livy'saccount PolybiuS' narrative give u in a se lines the most important facts Some time asterward. the auis conquered the Romans and thei allies in batile, and pursuing the fugitives in three clay after the batile the occupie Rome illi the exception of the Capitol. ut the were interrupte hecause the Veneti invade thei land and therelare the made termSwith the Romans and havin deliveredipuli city after occupy- iniit for seve monilis hille returne to their own country. This direct account is obscured by the mythica and poeticaldetatis hicli e sinu in Livy. Supernatura causes for thedeseat were invented δ; it was attribute to the irreligionis thegeneralSε thei neglectis ali precautions an to the overwhelm- in superiorit of the Galli forces'. In realit the deseat was due o non os theSe causes. The Romanilia ample timerior preparatio besore the batile y the marche out o only iththei own forces ut also illi hos of thei allies', an in

The Roman mus have linown that war a imminent, as Oonas the had rejecte the demand of the Gallic enuoys. The musthave had timerio prepare, a Diodorus XIV. II telis us that the Gauls

of the defenceles state of Rome aster the batile, implies that at the Roman forces hau been calle oui.

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numbers the probabi di notriali saristior of themauis Therea explanatio of the des eat is to e Sought in the paniccause in the Roman arm by the Strange appearance of the harbarians and their unwonte methodis fighting , an in theskill of the Galli generRl. The Roman made no ea resistance, ut e at tace. The right in was rive fro the ills on to the lest ingwhich wa.drawn up nea the river. The enem practicali Cutos the retreat o the est an of the Tiber, and this a thereason hy o many of the fugitives ad their a to Veii . The aut could not he induce to leave the batile-fiet atonce, but o the thirdia aster the batile the reache Rome δ. The Romans thus ad timeo malae their preparation themen o militar age ad atready occupie the Capitol the defenCeles population ad for the mos part ought refugerinthe eighbourin Cities 3, hii Some ight Senator and therold me had resolve to meet thei death, an to Save Rome, fpoSSible, by the voluntar Sacrifice of their lives β. The aut on entering Rome egan at once the work of destruction, but thei attac o the Capitol wa repulsed' and the were Compelle to undertake lege operations a Wor sorwhicli the wer entiret unfit ted. The lege dragged on, anda monili aster monili en by the barbarians egan to Suffer

This is obvious romat the accounts of the batile. Cf. 35. 4;

38. 5. Themauis ad attache the right wing on the flank, and hurle it on to the lest ing, riving the Romans toWard the Tiber. ΜOmmSen K Ache Forschunon, II. p. I inclines to the opinionthat the batile a fought o the right bank of the Tiber, ut Livy's descriptio of the batile-fiel 37. 7 is to explici tote rejected. Polybius i. c., and Diodorus XIV. II both sanit was three daysaster the batile. Livy' statement 39. et that it Was o the nex danis

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INTRODUCTION XXV

Do famine an digeasex. Meanwhile the Roman fugitivestia gathere a Veii, an ha been organiged by Caedictus η. Communications illi Rome ere Stablished by the daringventur os Pontius Cominius' hicli e to the attempted surpris of the Capito by the auis, folled by the watchlalnesso the sacredisees and the exploit o Manlius But the

Diodorus XIV. II says that Pontius a sent to let the Romanso the Capito know of the orces athering a Veii. Hi account Says nothingis Camillus. 48 6 and 7. Polybius II. 8. 3. This inserenoesis drawn rom theriaci that the wor forinold in the Celtic languages old risii , Cymri aetor is evidenti borrowed romthe Latin aurum. Polyb. II. 22 5 θραυστοι καὶ ἀσινει ἔχοντες τη-ωφελειαν εἰς την οἰκείαν ἐπανηλθον.

49 5 and 6. That the stor is a late and worthles invention is established, o only by the account of Polybius, ut by the discrepancies an inconSistencies of those riters hora attribute thedeliver os Romerio Camillus.

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ferenc os Camillus is in laci, an interpolatio made by the

later annali Si Dom patrioli motives, an doubiles renderedeas by the tendenc to exaggeration hicli characterige thesamit memorial of the Roman ariStOCracy.

Liv is Concerned mark an neventia Stage in the Strugglebetween patrician an plebeians. No question o principieeither socia o politica was decided. The attentio of the nation wa Centredin the two great ConteSt With the Etruscans and the auis, and ascis usualty the case, patriotic laetin to alarge extent verrode political differen es, and the nationaldange checked the ardour for politica reform. At the Same time much of Livy' narrative is devotexto a discussion of the problems of home politic an it is orth hile to conside1what the objects of contention ere. The main politica question ad been compromise for the

the plebeians to osse themsetve so the highest militar office had been recogniZed, ut the concession ad as et been without result for no plebeian ad been elected. e need no Suppos that at this time the patricians ad commandecla majorit in the Comitia the strength of the plebeians atthis date a b inferre stom thei predominance n Severni occaSion belween the ears O and 396 B. C. When theycarried the greater number of the candidates, and thei absolute exclusion stomaliis ossice hitherio must there re e attribute d

The patricians teide thei privileges grudgingly, and,

although the had made a forma concession to plebeia ClaimS, the had epi in their own hand Such large poWer of On- troiling the elections that the concessio for the time brought no duantage to the plebeians the firs place the Senate

IV. 6 8 Per haec consilia eo deducta est res, n tribunos militum consulari soles ate promiscue ex patribus ac plebe creari Siraerent.