The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus

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ON THE

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such a degre acto improve and increas certain peculiarities hichtho ancient,riter somelimes displa in single instances, uti in whicli thoy too have mostly followed tho language of tho poets. Itis me, he adopte tho Sage of his age, an indulged his own peculia genius in ne constructions an in the sermutionis compotandwords; butio never in these instances, transgressed tho law of his native longue like a great legislator, ho best provide so the common eis ei retaining on the ne haud in customsi antiquity, whilo he also employs his own genius in inventinilaws hic arebetior and moro sui texto the demand of his age. There ure, indeed, an passages in his ritings,hicli are rendo ed obsci rei a concisenes almos intricate and abrupi man whicli, departinisrom tho common modo of speech, cali se much attentionii tho reader. But jus a tho milh-liae exuberance os Liv and thowondorsul clearnes of Cicero delight the mind of thei readers, and gratis them illi a pleas ct hiclici presented, scit, ere, spontaneously, and obtained by n great labor so the brevit os Tacitus, obSCure, indeed, ut neve unpleusing neve impenetrabie to thoodg o genius-whilo it calis forin es the reador' strongin audne ver suffers his in t be inactive, but ulway engages him moround more in no efforis to imbibo de opi tho osties an most beautissi sentimonis-filis an pervades illi a jo assuredi no imi crior nny imperisti te, tho miud Os thos who come to tho perusalo tho orta os Tacitus, no a to thicheis bristling illi thorns, ut I a Consecrated grove glimmering ith a dolabisul but hol light. No tho laws,hicli Tacitus has sollowed in the compositionis his itings, and the ources Pom hicli chiost ali hos thmgs proceed whicli constituto the peculiarit os his style, may be most conVenientii referrexto variety, hicli, may ulso cali copiousness to brevily,on hicli ho fore os langvage depend8 und to tho poetica compleaton

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ut ali in poculiarities os tho stylo os Tacitus, Ettheris example os the Varioty, Or of the brevity, or of the poetices complexion, by whichliis stylo is marhed; ut missi his restriction, that man peculiarities Cun notio described in ord indirought unde rules Pand we thinhit sussicioni t havo collocte horo examples of eachaind, and thusto have potntediut to tho student os Tacitus thouoad by whichaheyma arrivo ut a fuller knowledge of that writer.

O at writers Tacitus has talion most ain to var both single mord and the compositioni sentences. In this qualit ho was pre- codod chion by Liv and Sallust. And the caro of Livy, in this re- Speci, indicate copiousnes an exuberanco; ut that o Sallust an affectationi antiquity. Tho reasonis this peculiarit Tacitus himselfilaint onough declares. Ora says that his labor a in arestricted spaco, and inglorious; ' that tho positions os nations thoineissitudes of batiles the triumphant deassis O generias, interest audros rosii tho ind of reiners; ut ho ad to string together cruei mandatos, perpetua accusations, reacherous mendinips, in ruin os innocent men, and cause Whichia the fame issiae, ining strihinglyεimila even to satiety. ''It is not, herosors, o bo wondere at that in collecting tho memorial of pas evenis, he hoes havo talion aius to acquiro that variet whicli presented itsoli spontaneousi to the writer of tho old republic in orde to avoid burdonin and wea in tho ind of his rea ners by expressing in the samo ordAMVenis perpetuali recurring. As to tho ac that for his very ondae sed certain ancient se sand wOrds, an intersperson them in his narrativo, o know that thoughio rotainod a muchis ali ancient thing a was prope and bocoming, et he didio despis in moro polistisd stylo os his omnugo t

But it musti obsorved that in many passagos, ali ines qualitios are united: so that in his very brevitnthere appear at the samo tim variet undis poeticulcompleSion. Anness, iv. 32, 33 Nobis in arto et inglorius labor.' Situs gentium, varietates proeliorum, clari ducum ritus retinent ac redintegrant legentium animum nos saeva jussa, continuas accusationes, fallaces amicitias, perniciem innocentium, et easdem Mitu causas conjungimus, Obvia rerum similitudine et satietate. ' Suo in Dialogus de Oratoribus c. 22 ariet compositionem; nec Omnes clausulas uno et eodem modo determinet.' An c. 18 Non osse unum eloquentiae vultu V c.

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v. dirumpere and irrumpere, adstitit nud astitit, adlicere and allisere, adpellere uia appellere colloqui, colligere, und conloqui, conlectus possundere and obfundere accelerare, accolere, accurSus, Rud adcelctrare,

adcolere, adcurauS.

b. Cotidie and quotidie promiscus, promisce, Dd promiscuus, prinmiscue abisse and abiisse epistul and epistola volgus, volnus, voltus, CouΓOlSus, evolsus mavoltis, und vulgus, vitruus, C. and uiso, in somo Places, Soevom, praNOm, alvom, captivom donativom avonculo, O tho Common saevum, pravum, C. tegumen tegimen, an tegmen ς balneon balnea uni baline e claudere aud Didere inclutus au inclitus; quotiens, totiens, iciens, eptuagiens, and quoties, toties &C. transmittere, transnagare, an tramittere, tranatare vinculum und vinctiim; Hercule and Hercle libido, and Once lubido altissumus, optumus, 'tumates, proaumus these examples aro Ound ach ni onco in Tacitus), an altissimus, c. monimentum in monumentum decumus an decimus, C. urgere and urguere, intellegere and intelligere, oreretur und oriretur, poteretur und potiretur, detractare und detrectare. II WoRD ARE UARIOUS LY ΙΝFLECTE D.

u. Tigranen Tigranem Lirin, Turesim the accusativo pluraletidinii is os participies an adjectives hieny los frequently of substantives, is intercliangest,ith the common form us, imminentis, Omnis, tris navis; tho genitivo hicli end in um illi tho commoti tormination in rum deum vel raret deorum , liberum, OSterum, Annal. iii. 72), quindecimvirum Annal. Vi. 12); parentum and parensinum B a Poetica usage received stom the writers of tho Silvor go, o rea in Annal. iv. 41, salutantum O salutantium,und severu examplosis the sumo kin occur repentedly. Cai Cnei, Caeselli Patulei, Rubelli Pacari, ut tiberii, Pompeii, c. di dis, dii, diis, uni deis quibus, and not les frequently quis The dativsondinitia, is ver frequent in Tucitus, A et a the common torm-

inution us luis nuru metu decursu, cruciatu Caesar, horases that

1brin moro requently generali oves nothin else ut magistratu,

equitatu, eaercitu.

b. Heteroclito und desective ord plebes, plebei gen and dat.), and plebs, plebis, plebi so in Cicero, Livy, and other sortiter riters ;joenta, senecta, aenium), Poetices Ords, uidi juventus, senectus uster Livy' ex ple); ut juventus in Tacitus ulwuys euus ouths,orse Uenta nocles Constantly the age of youth; nouus are both of the sirstati si sili deciensisti in the nominativo ascis usual), in the accusativo,

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Xxvi ΟΝ HE STYLE M TACITUS. und in the ablative cases materia and materies, mollitia an mollities, duritia an durities So also in Cicero), with an Obsolete genitivo,

Annal. iii. 34, multa duritie veterum in melius et loetius mutata, un-los it is botter o in duritie so the ablative, illi eae uderstood. oblinio anx Hist. iv. 9 oblivium the plural oblivia occurs frequendit in the poets), obsidio an obsidium 8 Varro, Plautus, Sallust),whicli in Tacitus, indoed is the sameras obses, Annal. xi. 10, Meherdaten-obsidio nobis datum. So ho se consortium for the common consortio u Liv. iV., ); alimonium Annal. xi. 16, aster Varro'soxample but Plautus, Suetonius, Gellius, Apuleius, Se alimonia, e . Eventus and what is no an uncommon ord Wim Cicero eventum, Annal. iV, 33, plures aliorum eventis docentur moeteoetu unx Hist. ,

ii. 100 iii. 80 as in Seneca an Suetonius proeteaeto Vologeses, genitivo Vologesis and Vologesi datiVe Vologeso, accusatiV Vologesen ablativo Vologese. Ad to these decus and decor a in the writersos in sume age); sonos and the poetica form sonor honos and honor satietas and Sallust salias seetus and Sallust, Livy secus; intinera and munia auxitiis frequentlyy muri and moenia comparo

Hist. iii. 30, ea the Endy gratia und grates Ganimus, et animis pSemermus, semermis inermus, inermix claritudo, claritas Irmitudo, jirmitas. C. Heterogeneous Ords loci and loca, here the reser o counita, ure sed indisserenti by Tacitus; the writers tess requently US loci. Iu Annal. XV. 32, loci ure the senis in a theatro; on lis Otho hand Liv and Vellius at them loca. Arguments, hicli ars reato os in utebat o speech und HS PasSages o Sem tenoe os speeches O books, are called by ult writers uti Tacitus lihewise loci. Some ames o cities eudin in arare both seminino and neuter Artazata Hierosolyma undithers.

III. The followin examples ill prove O great is the variety

sor hemives aures proebere, adire, perstringere, advertere, imbuere, i- fare, polluere, Ob8truere, verberare, ostendere ad aures conferre, pervenire; auribus obtemperare, auribus non satis competere, aures re Τιrant.

agnoscunt aliquid diversitas, fastidium aurium oratio auribus jud

cum accommodata diverSiSsimarum aurium copia ς cognito populi aures aures adrectioreδ, trepidias, lentos, promtoe, pronoe, Superboe, Equin,

mos oxample oscit are urnished by his Dialogus concerninior tors and therelare, Cicero, ulso, and Quintilian Osten uso this Nota

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1TE VARIET Y. XXVII secondly bocause, in describin times hicli, o us his o 'ords,had destroyodi prosecutions the intercourso Os speukin indiearing and recalle the recollection of the well-known ear of the tyrant Dionysius, he was able, by tho se of this mode os speech, t ex- Press illi the reates propriet an effect many things hicli be- longe to the wiel exuris os tyranny aud clave . b. Therocis generali a variet of the sumo in in describinglii idei and socro things Thus to palam ure OPPOSed secreto intus,

domi, per OccrιlDιm, per occulta, in occulto, privatim, furtim, secretis criminationibus, occultis nuntiis, inter secreta convivii, voto Annal. , i. 7, mortem Poppaeon ut palam tristem, ita recordantibetis laetam; Hist. i. 10 palam laudares secreta male audiebant; propalam-Secretis nuntiis, secreti promiSSis.

c. Sinc Tacitus had to mention frequent deassis, he has in these, also, sed Ver grent Varioty relinquendae ito certus; nis sponte

sumtus, quoesita mors suo ictu mortem inu 'nire, Inem vitiae tibi ponere, sumere allium, Olungario Gitu cadere, sua manu cadere, mortem sponte

sumere, se ita PriCare, se ipsum interscere an interfectus also is sed in a ruther unusual Way of Voluntur de ath in Annal. i. 2, interfecto Antoni : compare Hist. i. 53, occiso Nerone , voluntate aestingui vim vitae sua adferre, vitam abstinentia snire, egestate tibi perimi, enenum haurire, gladio incumbere, senili manu ferrum tentare venas, brachia ez-εolvere, resolvere, abrumpere, inters indere, abscindere, interrumpere, incidere, perare rursum; mem ictum enis inferre defungi, eastingui, Obire, concedere, oppetere, nire, fato fungi, fato obire, at conceder e, morte fato propera anuferri, mortem obire, mortalitatem e tere, Memvitae implere, supremum diem e tere, concedere vita, cedere vita, vitam Inire mors mortes , obitus, acessus, nis Dial. 18, fatalis et meus

dieS. d. Propinqua vespera, eae in vesperam die, vesperascente die, inumbram vespera, Principiti in occasum die, aetrem die, sero dies, Obscuro dier.

e. hos Phrases, ulso, aro changod whicli Dis tho sua customnota ulter us, aqua et igni interdicere Annal. iii. 38 civ. 21 , aquae igni arceri Anna . ni. 50), aqua atque igni prohiberi Annal. XVi.,

s. Particlos armum ted moro frequontly than in other riters haudand non, haudquaquam, nequaquam dein, deinde eain, Ginde proin, proinde modo-modo uti interim-quandoque, OdO-minc, modo ecce nunc erga und with the Samo Signification, contra, adversus inspenes an ad in apud juata und ad apud. They serve so a transi- combination os passages by hic Dionysius is sat is have been able cover a me orta os his captives achemat in hia palace.

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XXV111 N THE STYLE GF TACITUS. ition his atque ac, et talibus, his et pluribus, ceterum, dehinc, hine ad

hoc, ad haec beSideSyac, et inter quin, interea, per idem tempus, sub idem tempus, interim, imul, proinde, ainde, deinde igitur Seldom itaque)ergo, at, at Hercule Hercle . IV. Tacitus is uis remain te orareat copiousnes and variet ofwOrd ; ecause, besides the word received in common se, he likemis frequently uses such as are Oundini in single passages in the writer of the forme age; ecause, too ho adopte those Ordswith whicli the poets of every ago, und the writer of his own time, euriched the Latin longue and lastly be cause he himself discovered anti composed many ne mordS; S, centurionatus, zStimulator, instigatriae, inturbidus, quinquiplicare, pro s8Se provivere, peTNigere, Super3tagnare, superurgere. 11 ho Ollowed the sume plano Tu κΜΕΑΝINGS OF ORDA, O oni combining the disserent senses hich

a As in Cicero e rea adducere habenas, in SeneCa adducere vultum ad tristitiam in Quintilia adducta frons s in Tucitus With astigii chango in the mea in of the word, Annal. xii. 7, adductetιm i. e. severum, rigidum et quasi virile servitium xiv. 4, familiaritate juvenil et rursus adductus; und Tacitus alone appears thus to have used the adverb, adductius regnari, imperitare , in Germ. 34, and Hist. iii. 7.

b. Eaepedire 1 As in iis common Se i in Samo S proeparare, Parare, RS arma, alimenta, iter, concilium Annal , iV. 55, qui me non tantum proevisa, sed ubita e edire docuisti, concernin facilit os Speech. 2. The in the fame ense us e onere example of this meanin are furniine byaeretice, Virgil, und ther poets AnnaL,iV. 1, hunc Originem, Ores-e ediam, und SO frequently 3. Tacitus ut Oue appears o have uso it absolutet for e editionem suscipere; Hist. i. 10, nimiet voluptates cum acaret quotiens e edierat mapnoe virtutes Chus lXXXViii. multos-sec ιm e edire jubet; ut exactiyin the sumo way ducere is sed or ducere zercitum, notini by acitus, but much osteneri Livy. C. Eaeternus, besides ira common uso, in hicli it simply applies to

reigmnations as Arinal , i. 16, ire eaeternum ad imperium, is also in Tacitus synonymous illi hostilis Hist. iv. 32, ut absisteret bello, neve aeterna armis falsis velaret iii. 5, ne inter discordias Romanorum eaeterna molirentur. In the sam manne div ersus is sed by

Tacitus of things relatinguo enemies and opposing parties; as, Annal.,

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IT VARIE TY. XXIXxiv. 30, staΦα pro littore diversa tho hostile acies Hist. iii. 5, ne majore e diverso mercede receiVed from thei adversaeries jus fasque

eoeuerent an diversus is generintly Synonymous With alienus, abhorrens ab aliqua re Annal. ii. 2, diversus a majorum institutis; i. 33,

disersa indueres cspouso difforent sides; ut thus Livy, uiso Ueuk of

variet of tho stylo os Tacitus is discovered. u. Tho singula an plures number are interclianged miles, eques

eontis gladiisque ruerent Hist. iii. 59 Samnis Pelignusque et Marsi. The Plui ut used so tho salie os majesty is os ton oluod illi ho singular Annal. iv. 11, ut peterem ab iis, quorum in manus cura noStra venerit, C. Agr. 43, nobis nihil comperti ad irmare ausim. b. Different cases aro Oine togetheri Annal. Aii. 29, legionem-Pro ripa componeret, siιbsidio victis et terrorem adverSris victores Hist. , i. 53 corpore ingens, animi immodicus Annal. XV. 59, nomen mulieris

Arria Galla, priori maria Domitius Silus and the fame cases Vith disseront significations Germ. 35, occidere solent, non disciplina et severitate, sed impetu et ira Hist..ii. 22 molarea ingenti pondere ac fragore provolvunt.

C. The dativo, accusativo, genitive, and reposition aro sed in

the sumo hind of constructionet promptus rei in rem ad rem inrumpere terram, in terram, ad terram Annal. XiV. 38, νjus adversa pravitati ipsi, , prospera ad fortunam rei publicae referebat unleSS Ou presertat in thisin a Zeugma xii. 55, vim cultoriseis et Oppidanis ac plerumque in mercatores-audebant Annal. , V. 1 sui Obtegens, in alios criminator xiii. 21, Nitionem in delatores et pro mi amicis obtinuit.

d Thoro is the rentes variet in the mode os comparison. 1. Tho sua constructio uisu tanto, quanto tanto, scite magi quam probe, avidius quam consultius. 2. The positive, or ther orta whichiavo iis orco, is sed so tho comparative in nimos in sumo muniter a me read in Agr. 4 vehementius qmam caute Annal. i. 68, quanto inopina, tanto majora os unduntur; c. 74, quantoque incautius reverat, poenitentia patiens tulit comparo Livy, i. 25, Romani Horatium accipiunt eo majore cum gaudio, quo prope metum ea fuerat); V. 67, quanto intentus olim-tanto resolutus ComParo Livy, XXi. 48, urantum ela lus-tantum anaeius. 3. Tanto is tran P Annal. i. 'l, speciosa verbis-quantoque majore libertatis

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imagine tegebantur, tanto eruptura ad infensius serrilium . . Tanto Or eo is omitted Annal. ii. 5, quanto acriora-studia militum et aversa seo O. 2 patrui voluntas, celerandia victorioe intentior Hist., iii. 58, quanto quis clarior, minus Idus. OmPure Livy, XXV. 38, quo audacius erat consilium magis placebat. 5. Plura is mitted Annal. , iii. 5, tanto plura decora mo tribui par fuisse, quant prima fors, gavisset. 6. Eodem actu is ut so tanto Hist. i. 12, qui in dies quanto potentior, eodem actu invisior erat. 7. Quam is sed Mone, meanin more than, magis O potius ein omitted Hist. iii. 60,

Proedo quam periculorum socius Annal. iv. 61, claris majoribus quam vetustis. Compar Livy Vii. 8, multiple quam pro numero damnum est. 8 Also the more uncommon Construction, Annal. iii., 8, quem haud fratris interitu trucem, quam-oequiorem tibi perabat, Put for non tam-quam, O tantum abest ut ut. e. Adjectivos and genitive cases are mixed Ogether Annal. ii. 3, Armenia-inter Parthorum et Romanas opes in fida xii. 14, eae quis Izates Adiabeno, moae Acbarus Arabum cum zercitu abscedunt. f. Verbs aro Variousi and indeed, ather incommoni Construct-ed fungi inciis an osseia, potiri sagitii, honoribus, regiam byarchaism), adipisci aliquid an rerum, dominationis socii Tacitus aloney praesidere alicui rei and what ther feem tote no examplo

os in othe writers Medos, Pannoniam oubere alicui tributum p Germanos-non juberi, non regi Annal. Xi. 32, jussit ut Britanmcris et Octavia ergerent xiii. 15, Britannico jussu eoesurgeret Chap. 40, quibus jusserat ut-resisterent. Compare Terence, Andria ii. 5, 1 me jussit-observarem Cicer uiso Livy, and Other somelimes oin this

Ver voti tho dativo. So illi many orbs is oluod in infinitivo

an ut ne quod uiso me reposition ad und the partici ut ars in-tErchanged e g. Annal. ii. 62, haud leve decus Drusus quoesivit Lliciens Germanos ad discordias, utque fracto jam Maroboduo usque in eritium insisteretur. The historica present aud perfeci are Oinod imgether Annal. ii. 7 Caesar ubet; ipse-seae legiones eo uetit C. 20. Seio Tuberoni legato tradit equitem campumque peditum aciem ita instrurit tit, c. i. 39, perduci ad se Plancum imperat, recepitque in tribunal.- ahere are those horascribo such thing t negliaestico in the author But he eems to me to hau thus adjusted them de

a pollined asto hat word shouldiuo with a more animaled, undwhat with a more tranquil courso. V- altherin the Annals ii. 7. In the fame a ho places together tho historica present, the historica infinitivo, and the per sect Annal. iii. 20, Eodem anno a

farinas-bellum in Africa renovat, vagis primΤι populationibus- dein vicos eaescindere, trahere grave medas, postremo- cohortem