Cornelli Taciti annalium

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was Consul Some time e re the death o Gaius a companion os Nero in Greece, legatus of Spa in unde Galba, and ne of Vitellius' Courtiers, is thought to have rit te a histor covering the periodsrom Gaius to Vitellius, hicli a perhaps used by Josephus in his account of Gaius de ath, and consulte by Plutarchis wellos Tacitus. Fabius Rusticus quote in the fame passages a Cluvius in is describe a to partia to Seneca, ut a bein in eloquela Ce

Britain, o perhaps his histor began illi Claudius rei gn, and therearem allusion to it illi referen cerio evenis later thanmero' time. Tacitus also reser to Corbulo' memoir. XV I 6 I in his account ofassair in the East, an may also have consulte thos of Suetonius Paulinus used by li ny A . H. for event in Brita in . Other vallabie materials ould e biographi es, suci, a thoseo Thrasea an Helvidius by Arulenus Rusticus an Herennius Senecio, funerat orations o famous en, an letters of public mencollecte an publis hed like hos of the o unge Pli ny There were also the public record acta' commentarii senatus h ad been hept since the firs consul shi os ullus Caesar, ho atthe sanie time also starte the acta diurna urbis, the dat lygaget te Chronici in pro Ceed ings in the Couris an Chie event of public importances an Tacitus made Se of Oth .g. XV 74, 3 iii 3, 2. The evenis of hich e rote, too, ere Sufficienti nearto his own da sor a considerable amount of tradition abolit themto e stili existin and worth recording, a the requenC Os serunt, traditur, Scci, e re tori es cite by him indicates. His orical ame of the An Iais.

4. Asmio complaing, it a more dissiculi sor historians o gelat the truth unde the Empire than unde the Republic Politic swere o longe so the genera public in urisdiction, in the

administrationis the provinces, an in the conduci of war, muchwas done by the princeps an his private adviser that could onlybecome nown stom ossicia version is Sue at the time, o DomSuch remini Scences a generat si imperiat ossiciat care to publis hsub Sequently Persons ut Si de government circles rematiae at themere of the ossiciat version remini Scence of a genera might emere self- glorification. Tacitus belleve himself to e riting

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INTRODUCTION

impartially, and was a diligent student an compiter os material S,aim in a basin his narrative on consenSus auctorum.' ut like ther ancient historians e probabi ha litile sense of the necessit of correcti estimatin the intrinsi merit of the authors Dona hom e re his materiai. An in the earlier par of the A=inals it is more than probable that his portrait o Tiberius is unia iri coloured because he has rawn or his facts pon authorities violenti prejudicet agnins that monarch. For Such Suspicion against the subject- matteris the ou las books there istes s Dundation. The evenis there recorde too place in Tacitus' own Childhood a a oung man e mus have ad frequent

opportunit of meetin and tali ing ith peopleolio ad lived unde Nero, an in the light of hat he ear stom them hewould e les likel to e misi e by the writers hom e Consul ted, i the were uili of migre presentation. An thesewriters ere Certaint in a position to kno the facis. Tacifus concorion os rae unc ion f his orF. 3. Tacitus professe purpos in rit in histor is a moralone, to rescue virtve rom oblivion, and that base ord and

up Xamples of nobi conduci sor imitation, o base conduci foravoidance A the Same time it is his imo potnt ut the right politica conduci for the subjects of the principale ho evenunder ad princes there an e good citi gens r. 42, 3 that the bes Course is a the fame time the asest, an is ne os digni sed moderation, suchos that followed by Manius Lepidus under Tiberius, Memmius Regulus unde Nero, an Agricola under Domitian avoid in on the ne and the vile obsequi ousnes of the flatterer an tools, who aster ali,ere discarded by thei mastero punished by his successor, and o the ther such truculent an dostentatious oppositio a that o Helvidius Priscus, invit in and incurrin destruCtion. This poliat o vi e N ives his orca wider range tha that os mere biographer like Suetonius. Tacitus the generat workingo the Roman system is interestin a a fiet for the displa os Character, and Vents are electe an represente in illustration

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LIFE O TACITUS

of the motives of the agents. his ut look mahes hi in Carelessabout exact et ait O Strategy, geography, and Chronology, Suchas are expected O a modem historian, an bring him into linewith the satiri sis, hom e surther resembles in his bold characteri ration his vivi contraSt an tenden cie to exaggeration, and the epigrammati style of his diction.

IION THE SVNTA AND TVLE OF TACITUS

No TR Most os,hat is here a id is applicabie to the writings o Tacitusas a Whole, and speciali to the γιvati; ut the instances iven arealmost,holi ho the four Books containe in his volume.

By the time o Tacitus, Latin proSe Composition ad atready de parte much froin the standar o Cicero or Caesar, throughthe frequent adoption o word an sorm os expressio stoin thegreat cla Ssi poets, who ad by that time ecome exibook in ever grammar-SChool also through an increasin toleran e of Greela ord an grammatica Graecisms, parti due o such Stud of Augusta poetry, parti to an increa Sing tas te sor hat was Gree a such The specia qualities of the style o Tacitus have been et to consis chi es in rhetorical or poetical Colouring in the stud of brevi ty, and in that o variet nil f hicli Characteristic areno doubi due maint to his prosessiona career has im- fel tol us that the leade in his a Could n longe expatiate like Cicero, ut a bound to e terse, epigrammatic, and striking, an to grace his style illi poetic colouring rom thetre Sur of Vergit an Horace, or even rom more reCent poet. In fallin in illi his fashion, Tacitus raws the poetic elementin his style almos exclusi vel frona Uergil. to hom he is re

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INTRODUCTION

historyy. The effor at variet of expression besides bella parto the habituat hillis an orator, is surther due to the historian's destre to reli eve hat he stet to e the oppressive monoton ofhis subjecty by saying the fame hin with the ulmos variet ofexpreSSion, by osten iving the sentence an nexpecte turn by inventin ne Word O ne Sen Se Ο words, o reviving Such ashadie come ome ha ObSolete. O the various sages note in the solio in se Clion S, Comparati vel se are altogether peculiar o Tacitus; ut many arene in PrOSe, an ali are so far Tacitea that the are sed by him illi more oldnes and Dee dona than by earlier prose

The reserendes in quare brachel are to the para raptis in the Introductionon Syntax, large edition Vol IJ I SUBSTANTIVES, ADJECTIVES, AN PRONOUNS.I I, J. Abstracti Oun are sed frequently in place os con Crete, mos commoni in the plural dominationibus aliis fastiditus, xiii a clienteli et servitiis Octaviae xiv I, 3 validam quoque et laudatam antiquitatem, v I 3, 3 imperatoriae iuventae, xiii 2, 2 cf. pueritiae Neronis, i 3, 5 Superbia iamliebris, xiii I imbellis aetaS xiii 34, 2. Note algo the adoption rom poets of the adjectivalisse of sub

2 4, 6J A. Adjectives arem sed substantivali With much Deedom sa in masci, a equester, xiii O, 3 militares, xiv 33, 4. b in

neut . a tri Ste . . . Providum XV 34 breve et incertum, xiv 29, 3; Secretum, vi 23, 2; in incerto xv 36, I imaginem honesti, xvi 2, 3 cf. also scripto usum, iii 23, 3). ne ut Plur., Suprema death), XV II, 3. B. Adjectives are osten sed adverbially, as Secondar predi- See below,4 68. - Se iv 3 and 33.

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cates, a Steterunt diverSi, xvi O, sequens adesse, iii 33 7 priore audere sp tignam), xiii 36 properi inseruntur, vi II, 4.3 8 . a Pronouias belongin to the thir person re ostenomitted, speciali in the accus. even o a Sometime to involveharshnes o obscuri ty thus se is omitte in xiii 49, 34 xv 27, 3 XV 43, 2 eum, iv 32, 3 OS XV 2, 2. θ The indefinite quis is no confine to sub ordinate ClauSeSintroduce by si, ne, C. Se xiii 57 6 xiv 33, 6 X 38, 3;xv I9, II. CASES. A. Accusam/e. 4 IIJ. The poetica o Gree accusative os the par concerned, rare in pro se, i employeda praeriguisse manus xiii 33, 6 frigidus artus xv 64 3 flexus genu, XV 4, 3. 3 IoJ. The accusative of the placeooward Whicli motion ahes placeris sed without preposition : Oceanum decurrerent, xiii 53, 3. 6 12J. Transitive accuSative are Sed a in apposition to the sentence, i. e. explanator os an Clion described, o os a single Substantive in the Senten Ce xiv 3, 4; xvira, I xvi 7, 4. tb aster veri, expressin menta Deling S agmen paVeSCere,

c aster Compound verbs, here a dative or a repetitionis the preposition illi it proper Case ould e regular malo praemineret, X 34, 3; munimenta propugnabant, V 3, 2 genua advolvi, XVII, I.

7 14 . The se of adverbial accusatives, a id tempori S xiii 8, I, is extended, ne forinstein introduced a idem aetati S xiii I6, 1. B. Darive. 8 a fi3J Aster compotan verbs expressin deprivation Tacitus follows poets and Liv in sin dative here ablative illi preposition Ouid e more usual Subtrahere oculis, xiii 7, 4ri poenae eximere, iv O, D urbi detraCtum, xiv 24, C.

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INTRODUCTION

moenibus admovere, xiii 39 4 balineis inseruntur, vi II, 4;rather than cum licentiae permiXtus xiii 24 Poppaeae coniungitur, i 6O I. fi7J. Dativus Commodi: a rebus conducere, xiv I, 6, and the much olde non reserre dedecori, xv 63, 2, hould e noted. I9J. b the dative of a noun, o Closely conne ted with another that a genitive out be expected is frequent in poets and also in Livy, and stili more in Tacitus : Cf. ministeria magistratibus et sacerdotibus xiii 27, 2 flagitiis et sceleribus velamenta xii 47, Ι vulneribus ligamenta, XV 4 4. io 18J. The Dative of Agent is sed ithout restriction to thegerundi ve or adjectives in bilis, and without an prominenc os the dea os the interest' of the agent a Neroni trahebatur, xiii O Cf. xv 33, I sibi compertum, xiii 43, 4; Corbuloni audita, X 3 I. To his CaSe rather than ablative hould bereserre Such phrases a cupita aliis, iii 3, 3 suspecta maioribus, xiv 44 4 Sapientioribu deliberatum, xiv 4 iter Lucullo Penetratum, xv 27, D parta maioribu S xv 2, 3 See also 6.11 22J. The Dative o Purpos o Wor contemplate is very frequent the gerundis gerundi ve in his case a solio an adj., a dignam . . . Su Scipiendo . . . imperio xiii 4 , o stand witha veri, as equivalent to a final Clause, a teStificando . . . Vulgabat, xiii II, 2 subruendo vallo inducit, iii 39, 4, an many therin Stan Ces e. g. Contegendi S xiii 3, 2 Supplendi S xiii firmando, xiii I x visendi S xv IO, 4. The Same Se of this case is extende to Substantives dux bello delectus xiiii 6 venditioni exposita, iii 23 Verberibus annu intenderent, xiii 26, 2 see also ultioni xiii 32, viae, iii O, Sermoni xiv 3 Colloquio,

12 23J. his hout be distinguished Dona predicative datives

13 24J. The Ablative os Place hen e is sed re ely, ithout preposition bothis proper ames, as Italia pellerentur xiii 25, 4;

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SYNTAX

Armenia abscessere, xiii 7, 2 Pontico mari . . . adventanteS xiii 39,Ι; and of Common ames, a Cubiculo prorumpit, iii 44 6 pellit sedibus xv 27, 4; osten aster Compotin verbs mPlyin separation, a matrimonio depulsam, iii I9, 2 sententia deceSSit xiv 49, 3 demovet cura, iii 4 exuerent Sedibus, iii 39, 3 contuberniis

14 et 5 . The Ablative os face at hic is Sed, ithout repo Sition a S i reel acin poetry, a Cappadocia xiii 8, 2 insula Pandateria,

nocti S xiv Io, medio temporis, xiii 28, 3 triumphi S Voti S, XV 45, 2 triennio, vi 22 I. On the ther an Tacitus Some- times uses in ' to expressume in trie course of hic , a in tribunatu plebi S xi 48 I. 16 274. Instrumental Ablative is sonaetimes extende to person S a poetical Se), Centurione comitatus, xiv 8, 3 Corbuloni Certis nuntiis audita Sunt, xv 3 repentini Si OStibu CircumVenti XV 4 4. The se of this caseo describe the force illi hicli militaryoperation a re Conducte resemble su Ch Gree conStructions asci ιμε ιν στρaτω See XV 7, 2 duabus legionibus Armsniam intrat toti regni viribus advenisse, xv I 3, D CL algo expediti legionibu S, xiii I, Iri non infenso exercitu, xiv 23 ipse legionibus citis, xiv 26 I; hich may be referressito this rather than ablative absolute. I 7 28J. The Ablative of Manne or Modal Ablative is employed boldi without an adjective a vigilatam Convivio noctem xiii O, 3 See at So ignavia xiv O , impetu, xiv 32, 3 and xv 38 4 Cuneo, xiv 37 I. 18 29J. The Ablative of Qualit is osten se of personSwithout the addition of the ver esse or os a common ame cf. 233, a Plautum magnis opibuS, i 87, 5 habebatur . . . erudito luxu, xvi 8 Eprium Marcellum acri eloquentia,

19 3o . The Causa Ablative is sed illi much Deedom in the

Anna A, here a reposition, causa 'ir gratia ' With genitive,

xiii

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INTRODUCTION

wout be expected both os subjective motiveS a Caritate Suorum, XV 38, P Spe, vi 24, 2 pugnam inaperitia poscebant, xiii 36, 3 note also facinorum recordatione xv 36, 3 inclinatione quadam hostiunt xiiii, sin and of Objective auSeS, RS servore Spernabatur, xiii I6, 3 magni nominis miseratione xiv 8, 3. Both type are Seen in i 3I, 4, qua Contumelia et metu graviorum. Ole also non utilitate publica Sed in saevitiam unius, xv 44, 8 publica fortuna, i II, 2 aequitate deum, xvi 33 revolutus ad vitia seu vitiorum imitatione, vi I 8, 4. 2o A very noti Ceable extensionis his Se is iis frequent employmen a giving the round of fame, good o bad, a multarum rerum experientia CognitoS xiii 6 4 experientia probatos, iii 29, 3

Cognomento . . . non in Signe, Sed Copia negotiatorum . . . Celebre,

xiv 33 insignis genere fama lascivia xiii I9, 2 celeberrimae luxu famaque X 37, 2 vita famaque laudatum, xv SO, amicitiae fide et arte medicinae probatum X 64, 3 notum more Uxoris. xv 3, 5 Chaldaeorum arte famoSum, xvi 4 matrimonio Senatoris haud ignota, vi o I. So oo ex primoribus peritia

legum, xiii 3O, 3 in

a I 31J Ablative absolute sonae characteristic Ses h ould enoti Ced: a the participi so me times stand in ablative neuter Without notan or pronoun, multum di Sceptato xv I 4 4 Semel edito, Viri 6, 3. b the neuter ablative of the participi stand a predicate, illia Sentence a SubjeCt, a Satis comperto Vologesen attineri xiii 37 6; Script . . . Ut . . . Stenderet, ii 56, 4 Seerat So cognito xiv 34, 2 praedicto, vi 33, 3. Such an ablative neuter participi may besonaetime undet stood Domin participi previ ou Sly used in anothergender; f. iv 33, 2 I, I. in

L ablative absolute is Sometimes used though the word might be brought into more direct construction illi the ver of the

Sentence, a perfecto demum celere magnitudo eius intellecta est, xiv Io, cunctantibus SC. Coniuratis . . . Epichari . . . arguere coniuratOS, v Ι hausto Veneno, tarditatem eius Pero SuS,

xvi I 4, 6. ii the ablative is thus used by it seli ithou demonstrative Orrelative prono vn hen the subjeci an ea sit be supplied stom thesens a Vulgantibus xiii promittentibus xiii Is 8.

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e there is frequently an omis Sion of the antecedent pronoun, where a relative clause sollows participi or adjecti veri adulantibus

22. t should e remembere that the ablative has the widegenerat functioni expreSSing the Circumstance attendant ora an action his expla ins a the frequent occurrenc os a substantive an adjective in ablative no definitet referable to the categories absolute, ' causal ,' C., hi Cliore ames o specia devel opinent of the generat unction. Besides ordinary absolute ablative like acri etiam tum libertate, iii o, 3 incolumi Agrippina xiv I IGmediis decimanorum delectis, iii o M there are an sor hic h ablative of attendant circumstance' ould e a belle name, SCrebra vulgi fama, iii I, 2 magni patrum laudibus xiii II, IN dissicili effugio xiv 37, 3 nulla palam auSa, i 32 See Al SOx 29 4. Sometimes there S an approa Ch to thes causal use, as errore longo xiii 56 6 talibus literis, xv 25, Ι tali iam Britannici exitio, i 3 3. In XV 4, I multo Sermone, and xvi I, I longo fletu et silentio the ablatives have the orna os ablative os description, but are co- ordinate with a past participi an accompani edwith adverbs of time, howing that the are meant to indicate action, a though equivalent to paSi Partici Ples i. e. - ablative absolute. his malles the strange ablative of de Scription dux diversis artibus, i 23, 3, more intelligibie. b the ablative of gerundis gerundi vera equivalent to a presentparticipi or tempora Claus introduce by dum a trahens, callidumque et Simulatorem interpretando xiii 47 exercendo, xiv o D in edita assurgen et rurSus inferiora populando xv 38, 4 CXturbabant . . . appellando, i 3I, G explenda Simulatione causal Cf. I9), xiv percurSando, V 8, 3 Protegendo xv 7, 3; alendo, Vicio I. D. Geni me. 23 32J. Partitive or quasi-partiti ve Such re abundant, the partiti ve mean in bella osten lost sight L and the constructionbein equivalent, as in poetry e. g. strata viarum, Lucr Uerg.),to a simple substantive an adjective.

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INTRODUCTION

a aster neut Sing. a reliquo nocti S, i ΙΟ, Ι lubricum adolescentiae, iv 6, 2 plus seminarum, iv 36 nihil hostium, xiv 34, 2 idem Virium xiv 52 quid lii id hoc in nobis auctoritatis St, i 43 2. δ after ne ut plur. a reliqua belli, i 38 cun Cta Scelerum, xiv 6o I occulta Coniurationi S XV 74 I. sc after masC. essem. also frequently RS illi pauci, multi, &c.: an in expression like obvii Servorum, iura L praevalidi provincialium XV O, I. d with ad verbS, as eo Contemptioni deSCen Sum XV I, 2.

pensi habere, xiii 3, 3, adopte frona revi ou writers, S referre to this ea by advig, but to the genitive or locative of

a with vertis. The elliptica genitive, common illi verbs saccusing and judging, i extende to ne examples, S interrogare, xiii 14, 2 deferre, xiv 48, 24 aemulationi SuspectoS xiiii 2. θ with participies, requently as,ith cupiens, Ut 6 PatienS, X 6 6 and accordin to ne reading retinenS, Vici, Ι. c with adjective S, frequently the genitive Some time expres Sing the direct object, here accuSative illi participi might be sub

36, D incurioSum fratri S xv. I, I; ostenes expressing the thingin potiatis, hicli a term is applied to a person, a procax otii et potestatis temperantior, iii 46, D morum diversus xiv I9 morum SpernenduS xi 4O, , laborum Segne S, i 33, 4; maerori immodicus XV 23, 5 CCa Sionum haud segnis, vi 4 an manifestus, illi vanitatis, iii 23, 2 criminum, xiii 26, 3 ambitionis, xiv 29 paxori S XV 66, 3 an coniurationis, xv Ο, 3. So oo

animi validus, xv 33, 2 a de vel op ment of the locati veri Roby II 68ὶ.23 34J. Qualitative genitive, arisin frona the meanini belong- in to,' a mar os, a impetus antiqui xiii 54, 6; tui muneri S, xi 53 I; Sui muneri S xv 52 4 Sed illi the fame brachylogyas the ablative o quality, cf. 8, as semper Romanae ditionis, xv 13, this may be referre diurni quoque ictu S, XV 38 7. 26 37J The gerundi ve genitive. a This is much used a in defining genitive, a materiem Xui