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diction, hereb he Could ei the tr in person criminal and civit Charge of very description or remit them, as e thought fit, toother tribunal S. 3. Hardi les important a the tribunitia potestas. In the later time of the Republic the ossice of tribune ad been generalty the ostio eri ut urban magistracy, a that o proconsulli ad been the clites ille o militar Command and the princePSwas a much bove ordinar tribune as bove ordinar proconsuis. He hel ossice sor ille, as ampered by the et o nocolleaguel and was known to e able i nee be to Supportinny coercive action by militar force. Froni his ossice e derived personat inviolabili ty it a through it that he could summo the senate an propoSe question to it, as et a intervenera sorbido modis an decree displeasin to hi m. Also, in his capaci ty, he Seem to have o sar repreSente theseopte that the old civicright of provocatio ad populum Do in the sentence of the magi Strate passe into an appen to Caesar, and the whole prerogativeos pardon is thus veste in him B a thir po er, that of the regimen legum et morum, 'he retaine to himself the mos important powers belongin to the ancient censorShip', Suchos the revis on of the lisis o senatorsan knighis, and the expulsion o unu orth member of tho sebo dieS. 3. nother ossice, regulari hel by the princep from andaster . C. I 2, a that of Pontifex maximus,' hereb he ecamethe supreme authorit in many of the hie religious questions belongin to the State. 6. It will e se en that the fori of the Roman Republic aspreserve es that the Caesar prosessedi derived thei power fronathei tenure os republican magistracies o modifications of such, and were supreme by a combination o Such om Ces, and by such extensior of thei functions as Ouid o Seem inconsistent illi
The suggeStion o a tribune, to et a decision of the senate known tobe in accordance illi Nero' Wishes, was couted a sutile, vi 26 6.
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their original dea. Not uia frequently the princeps also fille oneo the Consul Shi psy, ather as a recognition of the dignit of the ossice than a derivin an additional ou er frona t. ther i se, the annunt magistracies existe O thei ancient Moling, and dis-Charge their usual uties os outine the mos important eingi hoS O the consuis, a the regula president of the Senate, and of the praetorS, a presidin ove an regulat in the iudicia publica. 'Si de by si de illi them e re important ne officer directi appotiate by the princeps of whom the praefectus praetorio ' and praesectus vigilum' ere his militar an police vi cegerent in Rome, hile the praefectus urbi an praefectus annonae ' musthave encroache o Some functions of the republica magistrates D7. Passinifroni the magi Strates to the senate and the comitia, we find that ne of the rs acts of Tiberius a practicali toniani hi late the alter ody by transferring the electio os magistrates to the Senates'. The eopte a probabi have fel that the substance of ower ad long since departe frona them, and that ni the hado ha no follo e it at an rate, the Change oo place ithout serious opposition, and the popula e vere est illi nothing encessirili to care sor ut thei brea and
8. With the senate i was ut vardi sar other i Se In place of the senatus populusque Romanus, in hos nam the a Cts of Rome sed to run, his august Ody alone re mained, illi apparenti stili more than iis ancient majest y Affair that con- Cerne the State, and the mos important assairs hi Ch concerned
individual sq, were stili an die by it illi apparent reedom iis
decrees come o disserint in fori stom law in hoosin magistrateS, ho by virtve of Such magistrac hecome senators' i is formali a Sel elective ody in sori even the right of hoosing the princeps himself devolves pon it the whole narrative of xiii ii : xiii 3 xiii 34.
An attempto bring a criminal e re a praetor ather than the praefectus urbici notice in xiv ΑΙ, . xiv 28. Panem et circenses, Juv. Io, 8 I. - 6, 2. Agin rute, the senat was entered through the quaestorShi P.
Thus asser the death o Claudius the senate confii med the oldiers' choice of Nero, ii 69, 3.
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Tacitus is ullis iis debates and decisions. As of old, it Ward striumphal honour an other recognition o victoriesy, and senil sit thantis o reward to allied hings a representative of the State it decrees public funerat ' and ther honours to the dea Τ; it malles regulation to repres di Sorder', an Cur extravagan Ce qan immorali ty, and o deat stringently illi the abuses of religioliso Superstitio us practices 'hile, abroad ali important question Sappertaining to the administration o it o n province are referredio it Besides ali his, the senate has Supplante the praetor Stribunal as the reat igh cour os criminat justice, e re hicli Culpriis of an a re almost always arraigned, speciali on the Constanti recurring Charge of maiestas'. ' 9. Those, however, ho Could ook belo the sui sace newwel loliat, o the Senate, ut the em peror through the se nate, goVerne and that it a te rather a representative of him hano the state. very magistrate a reatly o sar his nomine thatoni suci Candidates as ad his re Commendation, or at eas his approValy. Could e Chosem an a the entry to the senate iselfwas through magistraCy o by the direct nominationis the princeps', e ver Senator mus have fel that he wed his position to theem peror 'ho, e Sides the o vers formali, conferre on him, ad ali the duantage arising roin the generat recognitio that, ho-ever a maSter of the legion S, a master os as u Ch et Sera hethought fit to claim. io I we ook to the practical orking of the imperia administration the hie dimere iace fel by the inhabitant of Rome
The princeps commended ' two ut of the went quaestor annuallyelecsed Mur ut of the welve praetors, an nominated the consul g. The consul ship as raret hel for a fuli ear the two consul Who gave theirnam to the ear retire aster a se monilis, and were succeede by consules suffecti. Tu o monilis eventuallyaecam the ordinar tengili osten ure of this ossa ce so that there ere Welve OnSuis per annum. i. e. by the quaestorshil See a bove ). Some senator are tyled ad lecti a principe.'
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militar police forcem three urban Cohoris, eaCh a thou Sand Strong, en forco the summar jurisdictio of the it praesectri an ni ne praetoria Cohoris of Similar Strengili ere at and i needed. This securit mus have been incit self no mali boon to trade an dindustry and even the oores clas mus have mund thei gain in the more Systemati regulatio of the Corn Supply. II. In the empire ut si de the mos important Change tonotice is the division o provinces made in B. C. 27 e tween Augustus and the senate, heret, Only the more eaCeil ereretaine by the alter otiose latet y acquired, orither is need ingili presenCe of militar force, be in talien veri the em peror.
II. O the senatoria provinces, the wo chie Nere Asia and Africa The former, Compristia a large triangula tracto illi is basem the wester Coastis Asia Minor, include generali Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and early ali Phrygia, illi mos of the fland in the Aegean, and ad iis metropolis and eat of overtamen at Ephesus. The alter ould coincide in modern geograph withthe wester parti Tripoli, the whole o Tunis, an a considerable portioni Algeria iis hie Cities e in Utica and the ex Juliancolonymi Carthage. I 3. For the proconsul shi. of these two great province tot swere drawn annuali by the two senior consul ars ho ad notprevio usi hel et ther. The ther Senatorial provinceS, eight orni ne in number', ere similari allotte to annual governorS, at Sostyle proconsul S, though usuali oni o praetorian rank. Theirduties, a n rute, ere Civilisnly, O are an SoldierS, excepi a se vi, way of police tot sotan generalty in these province δ' Besides the assistance of one or more legati of high senatoria rank, achproconsul a attende by a quaestor, ho received ali sum dueto the aerarium.
14. The Caesari an provinces, hos revenue sorme themati supportis the fiscus, Compri sed ali ho se fronting the enem ies
Thos usuali S rechone loere Sicily, Sardinia Wit Corsica), Hispania Baetica, Gallia Narbonensis, Macedonia, Achaia, Bithynia, Cyprus, and Crete with Cyrene): ut ome of these ere at times give ove to
Astica formed an excel)tion to this rute, hau in a regula force of one legion. XXX
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os the empire, an many ther important CountrieS. Theirgovernors, appotnte directi by the princeps, hel ossice duringlii pleas ure, usuali sor roin three totve ears, but osten or much longe period y, and like proconsul os senatoria provinces, ad the assistance of legati, as also of a procurator fisci, Whosed uti es ans erexto hos of the quaestor Hold in osten the om-mand of large armies, an hau in much ulter po Ner o lis and death , these governor were in a farii glier real positio than thato a senatoria proconsul although, in recognition of the sole proconsulare imperium' of the em peror, non e ad chigher illethan that of ' legatus Augusti propraetore.' IS. To the reates provinces, in hi Ch large orce were stationed legati os consular an were always sent' oremostamon these are Uppe an Lo e Germany an Syria, each ithiis garrison o Dur legions, hos of the German armies stilles organire an traine by war against the nsubdue tribes beyondthe Rhine, and tho se of Syria charged with maintaining the prestigeo Rome again Si Parthia. I 6. nother classi correspondin to the secon Clas ossenatoria provinces, compri Sed hos in hicli ni a single legion or even a malle force, as stationed. In these the legatus a Susuali oni o praetoria ranti, ut ad therwis the Same statu Sas in the greater provinces AS an ex ample os Such may be ahenthe three division o Gaul, Gallia Belgica, Lugdunensis, and Aquitania, sor ali of hicli insignificant forces seem ordinarii toliave sufficed, illi the German legions in reserve in case of a riSing. I7. In a thir classis province of Stili es importance, the Procurator, of Ont equestria rank instea of ein place undera legatus, i himself the acting go vernor pertia PS SUAll in Somesubordination to the legatus Da ei glibourin provinCe. One ell-known instance of such a governinent in the time of Tiberius that
See note o Poppaeus Sabinus xiii 5 an note the lenilth fCorbulo' appotniment in the East. Senatorial proconsul coulit not excepi in Africa execute a soldier and an Ciligen, unde a caPita charge, could appea sto any go vernor o Caesar ell-known instanc is that frit Paul Acts xxv. II). Desides Iliose aere mentione l. HIispania TarraconenSis, moeSia, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, helonge lao his class.
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os Pontius Pilatus in Judaea, shows that an ossice evenis this pnhmight have command of at leas a cohort'. IS. Egypt a the reat granar of Rome had an exceptionalposition, and though et by a considerable orce, as ent rus tedio no legatuS, ut ealousi retaine by the princeps unde his own Controi, with a vi Cegerent of equestri an rank style praesectu S.' I9. Alliso vernor o provinces ad fixe Salaries Dona thetreasur an Crueli an extortion, though ymo means thing of the past, enjoyed a les impunit than Such a Collusive CCuSerS, or jud ges intereste in connivance, ad osten secure for the Culpri in forme times. From his cause, probabi algo homo hemore equitable SSeSSment of tribute through a Systemati Cen SuS, the provinces are admitte to have been gainers by the fallis the Republic, and there is eviden e that hos place unde theem peror ere more economi Cally go Verne than the senatorial.
2o Severat States an hingdom no sormali reduce toprovinces, ut est Semi- independent unde native rulers, hel pedio Strengthen the empire against hostile nations a I. The great militar force of the empire a masse alongiis orth-eaSter fronti er formed, oughi Speaking, by the Rhine, Danube, an Euphrates. The eight legion o Germany and the Muri Syria have been atready mentioned the line of the Danube was secured by ive in Moesia an Pannonia, Supporte by two more in Dalmatiari to these are tot adde two in Egypt, ne in Africa, and three in Spatia, malaing, the whole tandinis orce of twenty- sive legions Italy ad n other garri Son than the praetorian an urban Cohoris swhose ea quarter inere in Rome), and the fleet o Misenum and Ravenna. 22. The legion command ed by a legatus of Senatorial osteneven o praetorian rank, Consiste of ten cohoris, ach sub divide dilato three maniples, ach of whicli containe two centuries. Allit soldiers, though recrui ted reel frona ali part of the empire, were Roman Citigens ut a large auxiliar o non- Citigen force Was alway attached O it, Supplementiniit hie fi With light troops an cavat ry the whole Corps e in ilius made uinto a Strengili ofabout O,OO os ali arm an descriptions The main armi es may
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thus e rate in the aggregate at abo ut SO, OO me to hichperhap IOO, O may be ad ded for the troops of taly the marines of the fleets, and the et achedio dies statione in ea esul province S. 23. his organigation a a hole date Dona AuguStus, and was maintaine by Tiberius as e found it, it hout ther changeo importanc than the transserence of the electioni magistrates tolli Senate, and the Concentratio of the praetoria guar in Rome. On aurea tons under Claudius and Nero. 24. Unde Claudius more and more of the work of the State passed ut of the and of the senate an it magistrate M and knight o Deedmen, a minister of the em peror, re Spon Sibi tolliminione, ere appotnte ove ne de pariment of administrationat home an abroad Nero professe to restore to the Senate an dlaw- couris functions that ad been usurpe by his predecessor 'screatures xiii 4, 33. ut hi restoration even is sinceretnintendedat the outSet was ut o harmon with the natural trendi evenis: the old-HShioned Cumbrous machiner of the senate made it ahindrance ather than a hel in the work of overn ment. Again, from iis quasi- independent status, the Senat was in the emperor' seyeS, a Perpetua Source of pos Sibi rebellion. An So in the Courseo his rei gn Nero' original altitude os prosesse respect for the Senate Change to ne of ear an suspi Cion He exterminate iis nobi est an mos eminent members, an it S re Corde that he eventhreatene at ne timerio abolisti the whole orde and go vern Olelythroughanight an Deedmen Suet Ner. 37). 23. A the reach et ween the emperor and the aristo CraCycontinualty idened he wa brought into Close relation illi thepopulace. The transferen ce of the cost of the cor dole rom theaerarium to the fiscus, hether actuali the work of Claudius orNero Seem to have orne iis hie fruit unde the alter ThemASS, homo thus in the mos direct way looked to the princeps for their ood, dispense in his nam and by his ossi Cers, and Supplemente by gist o various in d an by Constant an gratuitous amu Semenis, formed a vas an increasini clientela Caesaris, in Compari sono illi hicli the adherent of the hattere an im- poveri Shed aristocrati houses could have been o more than ahandiui. PITΜ- xxxiii c
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DI. He asior in DeCember, 37 A. D. About two ears lator his fallier, Cn. Domitius, ted an hi mollier Agrippina, aughter of Germanicus, the favourite hero os both arm and eople, M a Sbanished on the discover o Lentulus Gaetulicus plo against Gaius. She was howeve recalle by Claudius horti aster his a CeSSion, January I, A. D. her Son haVin mean while been under the charge of hi sinunt Domitia Lepida. In his early childhood hewas exposed to the eat ouidis like o Messalina, ut, win dotabiles to his descent sto Germanicus, he was a favourite of thepcople, an in 7 A. D. at his appearance in the ludus Troiae in the cludi saeculares together illi Messalina' son Britannicus, heobtaine a noti Ceable preponderance of applause. I. O Messalina' overthrow 48 A. D. Agrippina ecame iseo Claudius, and id not res tili he had secure her own son Spreserence ver the ea os Britannicus. In 49 . . , he waSbetrothe to Octavia, aughter o Claudius, an in the nexi earvia adopte by the em peror, a te recommende a lihel tostreng the Britannicus positioit e no lai disside the a me of L. Domitius and too that o Ti. Claudius Nero Caesar Or, more sully, Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germani Cu S, and wa Soon enable to supplant the brother' hom he was supposed toSupport. Dein three ear olde than Britannicus, he now ook precedence a Claudius et dest Son in I A. D. he assume thetoga virilis e re the rightsul age, received the ille o princeps iuventutis, hel proconsulare imperium XCept with in the ity, and was designate esto hol the consul shi in his tu entieth year Theselion Ours, an his appea rance in the Circus in the state res ofa Roman magistrate here Britanni Cu Wa Simultaneou Si Seen in mere Oy's praetexta sufficienti indicat ed hicli of the two was designe to e Claudius successor. The powersul Deedman NarcisSu attempte to secure a reactio against Agrippina' influene an to ensure the succession sor Britannicus, but Agrippina remove the em perori pol solacies his vacillatio might undo herscheme the praetorian were Commande byter nomine Burrus, XXxiv
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and the and the legions ad large reward to expect for Support-ingier a single Sittin of the senate Confirme Nero in ali theimperi alio er an privileges, and e CCordingi ente redin his
3. In the sirs sive ear of his rei gn, covered by Boo xiii thetauit os Nero' Character eremo fata to good govern ment. Thebetier influe iaces round hi in ere Sufficienti Stron to seCureout wardi a perio of improve administration, and this inuinquennium Neronis' a Subsequently ulogized by Trajan a thebest periodi government since the foundatio of the principale. It was his avowed a imo avoid the abuses of the late reign, in whicli public polic and the administration o justice had ecomematters of palace intrigue xiii in The senate as en Courage to
Some even in Subversion of hat Agrippina Champione as acta Claudii ' Clis. 3, 26, 28, 32 as hie criminat court, it deali illi corrupi ractice unde the late re ign Clis. 42 43ὶ as ei as illi provinciat misgovern ment of Which twelve cases ere trie diet weenthe ear 54 and I A. D. a large number sor a periodis that tength. Fore igia poli Cy was vigorousi conducted the risis in the ast was et by the judici ous appotniment of Corbulo in Germany, en CroaChment previ ousi overtooked were cheched by a ne legatus sch. 34 provincialiovernor Were deprived of one of thei method so evading the legat Consequences of mal administration Ch. 3I, 5 . A regard the princeps' own hare inino verninent, Pallas, Claudius' favourite, as dismisse frona the Controi of the em peror s privypurge, and apari frona direct bicliso populari y such a the larges Sesgi ven a the eginning of his rei gn the withdrawal of the vardsrom the theatre Ch. 24 in and the erection o a ne amphitheatre in Rome Ch. IJ, e ma trace a genuine destre so the benefit fhis subjecis in his regulations against the extortions of the publicani ch. 3I), in his chimerical Scheme to abolisti the vectigalia throughout the empire an derive the state revenues solet frona the tributa stom hic his iligens ere exempt Ch. O), an in his assignment ofland to veterans to recruit the windi in population o Italiantowns xiv 27). ut the responsibilities of govertament di nothave the effect os dra in ut thesiet ter qualities of mero's
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CharaCter, a Was osten the CaSe illi Romans even os profligate life cf. the case of Otho, Ch. 46, an Petronius, xvi 8). His vici ous tenden tes ere meret disgui sed, o for the presentrepressed, and even at this time his bruta riotin a night and
in the theatre sch. θ), his murder of Britannicus ChS. 3-I7ὶ, his expulsion o Sulla ch. 47), an his adulter With Poppaea ch. 46), e re minou Signs of What he was orae Come. L4. In the nex Book xiv), his iched nes reaches it culmination. The earlier chapter are occupied illi his murder of his mollier, a crime prompte by personat ea an dis like. While he lived, he dare no divorce Octavia, o gratis his vanit by publiclyexhibitin his accomptishment a musici an and charioteer Thatthere a an dange that Agrippina might ea a movement for his overthrow is uiali hely though sh could stili count o the devotion of the arm sch. 7, 5ὶ her revi ous assertion xiii 2I, )that he had more to os than gain by the depositio of her sonstiti represente her position an in the document sent to the senate to justis the murder, the Charge of attempte assaS sinationbrought against her a s manifesti unienabi that main emphasis was thrown pon the additiona enumerationi Charge relat in tolle previ ous lis e crimina longius repetita, Ch. II), to prove thather existence in the state a unde si rabie o generat round S. Noth in howeve is o Characteristic in Nero as his Cowardice in
the face of public opinion Though he had obtaine the servile acquiescence of ali classes publici servitii victor, Ch. I 3, 3 in themurder, he eare to berio precipitate in Carrying ut the designf hi Ch his mother' remova made easter o him. In exhibitinghimself as a public periormer, An ac deeme horribi degradingio a Roman oble, an superlativel so to the princepS, e pro- Ceede tentati vely, appearing rs in his private round S, an onlygradu ali mali in the performances public. Nor didae ventur onlii nex domestic crime the divorce an murde os octavia, ill Burrus' ad hee su Ceede in the command of the praetorians by Tigellinus, and illae ad Mund the executioni his possibi rivals Sulla and Plautus clis. 57-59hhailed with ait the mark of approvali, senate an PeOPle. 3. In Boo xv the tyrant is seen a the height of his power, illi Tigellinus an Poppaea as his Secret an mos influentiat advi Sers. XXxvi