Cornelli Taciti annalium

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LIFE OF NERO

His deprave lusis have fuit play an Rome ecomes a scene fgros licenti Ousnes S. He exhibit himself o the public stage at Napies an meditates a tour os artisti triumphismong the cities of Gree e. ut his power a de Clining a the conspirac recolint edin the alter par of the book sho s. illi the army, his crediti adbeen impatred by a reverse in Britain xiv 32, 33 , solio ed by a disgracem surrende in Armenia xv 4, 33, an many oldierSwere imbue with the characteristicali Roma vie w that bracheted Nero' performance in theatre an arena illi his orsi crimes xv 63, 2 67, 3). The affectio of the eo ple, at ready Shahe by the insistene o the harSh sentenc against the ousehol of

Pedanius Secundus vis 2 4s and by the digregar o popularsympathy illi Octavia, a furthe wealiene by a wides preadrumour that he was accountable for the reat re xv 44, 23 and his endisti crueit to the Christians, on hom e fastene thebla me en de by movin CompaSSion sor the victim s. The up per classes a that igit hirili, prighiness, populari ty, and in facte minence of an hind were angeroux Burrus, it a belleved, ha been polson ex Seneca ad Sought aset in reti rement theu se of the statute dealing illi maiestas' ad been revive and might oonte turne against resti victinas Thrasea ad received direct notice of the em peror' dissavour xv 23, 3. Under these Condition there a ample prospect that a Change of uter ouldbe generat ly et Comed, and when the et ter of the two presecis of the praetorians, Faenius Rusus, o ine the conspiracy, it See me toliaVe very hance of success. ut both Piso, ho was to talae Nero' place, an Faenius Rufus alilae bellaved illi fatalpusillanimit at the critica moment he insormatio of the lothad reached Nero the droppe thei plans ithout stri hinga blow and Nero as abieri folio u his detectio of the lotwith a very rei gn o terror, stri hin down not ni tho se hose complicit couldie provexor suspected butit hers hom he ea redo dis liked on otheraround s. Thus et C. Cassius an L. Silanus, and the ther victim enumerate in Book xvi, of hom the ostprominent are Thrasea an Soranus. Against the forme there is no direct Charge of Conspiracy, ut his abstentio stom public liis, an altitude adopte Shorti after the em peror' renunciatio of his

friendShip forme the basis of the charge against hi in xvi aeth; xvii

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INTRODUCTION

and the way in hicli his hiend were dragged into the fame proSecution o the lim si eSt round shoivs that he was et tobe dangerous to the principate, asie in theae ad os a coieri professin Stoicis in and holdin a re publican dea o go vern ment, Santagonistic in facto Nero a Cato ad been to Julius Caesar. There is perhap the fame motive to repres Stoici Sm to e so undi the attachis Soranus, Rubellius Plautus frien an sello Stoic. a the nomina charges against hi deat with alter long aSt, an are evidenti mere pretexis for his destruction xvi 23 . 6. At his poliat the narrative of the Annalibrealis off, and Our linowledge of the last two ears of ero' life is derive stomother Ources To his previ ous Crimes he adde the murder of his sister Antonia an his tepso Rufrius Crispinus his ealous earo the commander of the legion caused hi in to execute Corbulo,as ellis the brother Scribonius Rufus an Proculus, the legatio the wo German provinces an he fille his purge by execut ingand se igin the propert of man wealth Greelis and the si richPOSSeSSor of half the province of Africa And that Melation ' and execution ent on usit in Rome uring this perio is indicated

by the numerous referen Ces in the Historis to informer under Nero, ho Se Career Seem ardi to have eguit hera the Anna Abrea oss. 7. For ou knowledge of ero' overthrow it is mucho beregret ted that we have no an account frona Tacitus to throwlight o the real ainis of Vindex an his relations illi Galba and Uerginius, an to ho ho it was that the armi es of three such disSimila province a Gaul, Germany, and patia Combine sor Nero s deposition. Doubiles the tender of the movement Sa , homo he execution of the legati, that there a no Salat forthem unde the existin reginae so the oldiers, suci Standingground of discontent S ad caused the muti ny on the death fAugustus ould have been aggravate at this time by new of thepi inceps conduci in reece an et sewhere, and by ealous at thegi sis lavished on the praetorians xv 72, ), Speciali is, as

In Rome it Self the praetorians ere naturali dispose to emain

For clites evenis se Appendicto Boo xvi.

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loyal to Nero : ut the alter stio ed himself hel ples an cowardlyin the risis, hile Tigellinu S in Capacitate by debaucher and dis ease, ad OS his o ver ver the troops, o that his colleague Nymphidius as nable to in them verrio Galba' support bypromise of a large donative. 8. It is a curious laci that aster Nero 's death there stili rem ainedpeo ple ho iewed his memor With affectio an long continuedio dec his grave illi flowersa hile the secrec of his en madei possibi for an to belleve that he stili live and would oneda re turn to resume hi power, an pretender i hi nam appeared nolint soon aster his death but even Some twent years later. 9. Tacitus descriptioni Nero convey to us the impressionis a Character ithout interest in the practical si de oscilla, ut caringoni for ari an amus emenis, Sinhin through nrestra ine andun natura indulgen C to the condition o a mons ter in hom alisens os right and wron was loSt. An though misrepresentationis a Common Character isti of the historians of the perio of the early empire, mali in Caution nece SSar in ur sinat estimate os Tiberius an Claudius, in the case of Nero accounts are in thema in consistent an credibie, an it Seems unlikel that surthethnowledge ould give a more favou rabie picture than Tacitus haslest us. Formne ho was respons ibi for the death of very near relation e ad in the wori and of so many of the ighes and besti hi contemporaries, there is mali possibilit os extenuation.

AFFAIR IN THE EAST

I. The disturbances in Armenia, ead in to the hostilities with that country an Parthia, ad originate in Claudius reign.

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INTRODUCTION

Vologeses hin os Parthia, nox too the opportunit to supporthis brother Tiridates in laim ing the kingdom in place of Rhadamistus, an occupie the hie Cities of Armenia ithout resistance. But the Parthi an roops illi drawin in the fame inter 33 Α. D. in Rhadamistus returne and again ad himselfaing, butino verned illi suci crueit that his subjecis rebelled, and drove in infight o Iberia, here so a hile he hept up a desultor warsare against Tiridates. The alter hori e ver ad the suppor of the Parthians, an at the ope ning of Nero' reigia a master of the sit uation in Armenia. 2. It was the standin polic of the early emperor that Armenia hould e unde a in owning the fugera in tym Rome,

in the Eas against the encroachment of Parthia. o Tiridates perSOnalty it Seem there a no insuperable objection, in defatalio Dother more de si rabie candidates for the throne of Armenii thehingdom ustio Neve in the yes of the wori come olim DomRome an no fro in Parthia. It was then, o secure thi poliatrather than ensor e Roman domination ver Armenia that war a Sno underlaheim: the more ambitious poli Cy an nouncedis a Sub

Sequent Stage by Caesennius Paetus xv 6 6 di no receive the Seriou Suppor of the ho me go vertament: and that the inas 1 Rome ere throughout limite to securin Tiridates' o mage sorhis ingdom seem lihel sto in the account of the dela in Commen in hostilities, the vertures repeat edi made to the erae my xiii 37 6 xv k xv 27 I-3), and the reluctance of Corbulo tohol an disse the ad vantage secured by his verwhelm in military

3. In his account of the war Tacitus has devote himself principali to giving a livel character-shelchis Corbulo, depictinghim as an able reforme os a disorganire arm an an efficient commander in Contrast to his sutile rival Paetus. The vague nesso geographica and chronological de talis supplied leave much ob de si red. The narrative osten leaves it uncertain hether a series of evenis elong to more than a Single Campat gn, and where a inter is mentione iis proper ea is osten a matteros dispute. The sol lowin are the considerations homo hic hthe chronologica summar of the hie event of the war given

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AFFAIR IN THE EAST

bel OK, is conjecturali pie ceu ut The event of Look xv fallWith in the ear 6I-63 Α. D. sin C the lose of the event describe di Look xiv clis. 23-26 S referre to the fame ea a the affairSos xiv 27 Vig. O . D. A so the event in Boo xiv the longbreah et ween ch. 23 and the last mention o Armenian assairs in Eoo xiii 4 mahes it natural to regar the campaign described in PaSSage so farinpar a belongin to different ears No the capture of Artaxata xiii I is by the ope ning ord of xiii 42, tot referre to the fame ea a the tria os Suillita S, vir. 58 A. D. SO that, eae the wo ear 39-6o A. D. so the event of Xi 23-26. Tigranocerta a capture aster the gathering of harvest xiv 24, 3), an a sufficient number of important evenis appene alter it ξCapture to justis attributiniit to the irs of the wo ear covered by i 23-26. Then, a Artaxat was ahen in 38 A. D. the inter

xiii 33 3 spent by Corbulo in Ari mnia prior o iis capture illi, that of 7-38 A. D. and this leaves an interva of three earSbet ween Corbulo' appotniment an his actuat Commen Cement of hostilities, the reater par of hicho ma ConjeCture a S

57 A. D. Advancem Roman troops into Armenia : their inter-

quarter in Armenia xiii s).38 A. D. Campaigia o Corbulo in the orth of Armenia against Tiridates marchipon an capture of Artaxata xiii 33-4Ι . 39 A. D. Corbulo' march froni Artaxata, past the Mardi round the totis Mounts Ararat an Niphates, o Melagger&; Sufferingsfroni eat an famine crops obtaine in Me aggerd; marchContinue through Tauraunitium to Tigranocerta Capture of Tigranocerta, solio ed by that o Legerda xiv 23 23).6 A. D. Change of poli Cy perhaps Windito Corbulo' conquestos Armenia and the Complete expulsionis Tiridates oli Romani edprince Tigranes appotnted in o Armeniari meastire t Sase-guar him xiv 26, 3); aeti rement of Corbulo to Syria.

6 A. D. resti emoris o the part O Vologeses to restore

Tiridates; Tigranocerta successiil defended by Tigranes;

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INTRODUCTION

arrangement made et ween Corbulo an Vologese that Tigranes should evacuate Armenia, hi te a Parthian embaSS Should applyto Rome so the et ilement of the Armenian question X I- s).62 A. D. Rejection o Parthian propo sal arrivalis Caesennius Paetu proses Sin a commission to malae Armenia a province his Campaigia in Armenia an premature illidra at into inter quarter Sudden alta Ck of Vologeses o Paetus an disgracesul

The student vili findis valvabie contribution o the chron olog of this Armenian war, by r. . . Henderson, in The Classica Revia ,

xlii

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tari

xliii

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ANNALES

XIII XUI

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CORNELII TACIT ANNALIUM A. U. c. 8o7.

LIBER XIII.

1. PRIM novo principatu mors Iunii Silani proconsulis Asiae ignaro Nerone per dolum Agrippinae paratur non quia ingenii violentia exitium inritaverat, segnis et dominationibus aliis fastiditus, adeo ut Gaius CaeSar pecudem auream eum 5 appellare solitus Sit verum Agrippina ratri eius L. Silano a

necem molita ultorem metuebat, crebra vulgi fama ante-sponendum esse vixdum pueritiam egresso Neroni et imperium liper Celu adepto Sirum aetate comDOSita insontem, nobilem let, quod tunc Spectaretur, e Caesarum posteris quippe etro Silanus divi Augusti abnepos erat. haec causa necis ministri istiere P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi. ab his proconsuli venenum inter epulas datum est apertius quam ut fallerent. nec minus' properato Narcissus Claudii libertus, de cuius iurgiis adversus 35 Agrippinam rettuli, Spera custodia et necessitate extrema ad mortem adigitur, invito principe, cuius abditis adhuc vitiis per avaritiam a prodigentiam mire Congruebat. 2. Ibaturque in caedes, nisi Afranius Burrus et Annaeus Seneca obviam issent. hi rectores imperatoriae iuventae et,

a rarum in societate potentiae, concordes, di VerSa arte X aequo ponebant, Burrus militaribus curis et Severitate morum, Seneca praeceptis eloquentiae et comitate honesta iuvantes in vicem, quo facilius lubricam principi aetatem, Si virtutem aspernaretur, Voluptatibus Concessis retinerent. certamen utrique a Dunum erat Contra serociam Agrippinae, quae cuncti malae

dominationis cupidinibus flagrans habebat in partibus Pallantem, quo auctore Claudius nuptiis incestis et adoptione exitiosa Semei perverterat. sed neque Neroni insta servos ingenium, et Pallas tristi adrogantia modum liberti egressus