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arguendae sententiae xiii 49 interficiendi domini animum,
xiv 44 ConStantiam Opperiendae mortis xiv 9, 2. Some timeSi is e pexegeticis a neuter adjecti Ve, a ne graVe manu mi SSi . . .
retinendi libertatem xiii 26, 4 suppinthe de of opus D Vologesi
vetus et penitus infiXum erat arma Romana vitandi, xv 5, 3 Supplythe de os consilium'). So, perhapS, Stentandi, XV I, 3, up plyini ius ' froin the Context. θ A remarhablem se is iactandi ingenii, iii II, 2, an imitationo the Gree genitive os infinitive expressin purpo Se like το
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prose are usuali, solio ed by uti ne illi subjunctive, CCur in great numbers in Tacitus sol lowed by infinitive a orabant cavere, xiii 3, 4 mori adactus St, iii 23, 2 perpulit Suscipere, xiii 54 3: abire subegit, xiv 26, se also the infinitives after mandavit, XV 2, D monebat, XV 2, 3 PlaCuit XV 4 D; Scribitur, V 23, 6 imperavit, v 28, 3 hortarentur xv 9 Suadenti, Vi 9, 3. 32 44J. The se of the accusative an infinitive is extende soas to solio accusare, xiv 8, I, and dubitare negatived XV 73, 3. 33 43J. The in sinitive depending on a veri, in a perSonat Constructio is sed in sonae cases here an imperSonat Constructionwouldie sua in earlier classical Prose a deseruntur Con Sen SisSO, xiii 23 haud creditus sum cere, xiii 3o, adnotatu . . . PrRCTiguisse, iii 33, 6 P adventare audiebatur, XV 6, 4.
34 46J. The histori infinitive is ver frequent in livel descrip
tions as xiii 3 I and solio ing xiii 37, I, i C. and i even Sed in temporal clauses hen the time at hic his state of thingsiegantias atready been specified by a finite ver, thus illi Cum, xiv 5, 2 donec xiii 57 6. 33 47 . The epexegetic infinitive a Graeci Sin Common in Horace,
B. dicative. 36 48J. The histori present is ver common it is o sar reat edas a past tense a to e Someti me joined illi a perscct, as in xv Io, an to have a Subjunctive dependent pon it in theimperfeci tense a ut omitteret maritum emerCatur, ii 44, IN CLalso XV 9, 2.37 49J. Parenthetical or explanator Clauses in the indicativeare inserte in the idsti oratio obliqua, a With dum, xiii 3 7,&C. quotieS xiv 64 L an relative, vi I, 6. 38 sol. The indicative is used rhetoricali in place of subjunctive
in the apodosis o conditionat clauses, statin What might have happene a though it ad actuali occurre M a exstimulaverant . . . nisi impunitatis Cupido retinui SSet XV O, 7 or an in- Complete a Ction O tenden Cy, ho in vividi What wa on hepoliat os appening as ibatur in aedes, ni Si . . . Ob Viam SSent, xiii 2 or hat ould have been in contra St Q What didra appen,
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39 3IJ. The potentia subjunctive is frequently employed in
the imperfeci, as require: es, xiii 3, 6 crederes, vi , 4 in the perse Ct, a ne fa Cile memoraVerim, xv 49 haud promptum fuerit, XU I neque . . . Crediderim, Vi 6 I. 4o 33J. The subjunctive is used denoting a faci, illi quamquam, xiv 36, 'illi quamvis, xv SI, 6 and with donec even hen noide os purpo se or expectation is implied xiii 3 xiv 8, 3. 4i 32J. The subjunctive os cases frequently occurrinii Comi non in Tacitus in subordinate clauses: illi unde, iii 43, 3 qua, xiv 3, 2 ubi X 38, 3 to perhaPS quae . . . in CuSRret, xiv I though his may also be explaine a causal). Non quantum inimici cuperent demissus, iii 42 I, may be reseri edto suci limitative se of subjunctive illi relative a the phrase nihil quod sciam' so also nulla caeli intemperie quae oculis occur Peret, XV Ι3 I. Notice the se of impersect subjunctive reta in incit pa Si Conditionat orce though solio in consecutive ut in vi Id D adeo ut . . . nemo ObSignaret ni Si Tigellinus auctor exstitisset for obsignaturus fuerit). V. PARTICIPLES.Cf. algo I. 42 34J Theiori Stici se of the present partici plerihould be noti ced a in ablative absolute, initium faciente Cossutiano xvi 28 I; b asequi valent ora relative Claus With a paSt ten Se VinCentium. i 36, 2. 43 34J. The suture partici pleris Sed expreSSin PurpoSe, Oppres Sura xiii 37, 7 elu SuruS, iv I, 2, C. 44. A participi takes the place of protasis to a conditionalSontence, a ne . . . deii SSent . . . agenti, i 53, 4; placabiliore iv fore . . . rebatur nulla Sollicitudine turbatum, iv 59, Ι. 3 33 . in participia expression is preferrei to the se of nabstrac nouia followed by a genitive captarum pecuniarum Crimina, xiii 52 receptae Armeniae decus, i 29, 2 Pudore deprehenSi sceleri S xiv 7, 7 Vulgatu Pudor, i V 4 S. xlx
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Cf. also sor thei omis Sion 5, 8, 3, 4 I9; naStrophe, 33. 46 36 63J. The folio in are Some of the mos Characteristi C
Plin mai.), XV 8, 3. In a with accusative, much sed in expres Sing the esse et intende or resulting like , or προς, as in deterius xiii 4 in maius, ii ira in mollita S, xiv 39 in Sub Sidium, iii I8, 3. b with ablative of a neuter adjective a alternative to em ploying the adjective attributive ly, a in integro xv 2, 4; in
ObSCuro XV I6, 3 in incerto XV 36, 7. Iuxta is sed metaphoricali a an ad veri, in the ense of pariter, xiii 32 I. Per has frequently the orce of a Simple ablative, o ablative illi ex Or in a per no Clem noctu, iii 38 6 Crebris criminationibus, aliquando per facetias, i I, I frivio 8 I. Super is sed equivalent to de Xi 43 IN XV , , C. The sol lowin are rare, an in no earlier proSe
VII. ADVERBS AN CONJUNCTIONS. 7 64J. Comparative Sentences are osten abbreviat ed -
a by supplyini magis potius ' efores quam ' as in Greeli μαλλον bes ore I libens quam coactus acciret dominana, i 61 6 b by the se os a positive illi quanto, without the additiono magis quanto inopina tanto maiora i 68, 3. c by omissionis tanto in apodosis 74 P xiii I3 I.
8 63J. The omission os conjunctions asyndeton i frequent, o inito Tacitus rhetorical tendencies in livel narration, iuri I, I;
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in enumerations osten lead in uinto a Climax, villa arva vicos xiii 57, 5 ratione CouSilio praeceptis, i 35 Senatores eque mileS feminae etiam xv 48 an in antitheSOS, plana edita X 27, 4.
49 66J. Adverbs are used as adjectives attributively, as in Greeli, honestis an Secus amicis, iii 6 6 cuncta extra xiii I, nulla
3, 2 predicati vel a dicta inpune erant, i 72, 3 inpune . . . Vertit, iii 32, 5.5o 67J. Tamquam, quasi, and les frequently velut are sed a of someth in falsely pretende or allege a reason sor theaction described, quasi SubSidium . . . Oraret . . . genibu prin Cipi Saccidens xv 33, 2 ficta valetudine quaSi aeger nervi S XV 45, 3 tamquam Naxum deveheretur Stiam amotus, Ui 9, 2 b but osten the re ason allege may be ahen a the real one orat an rate belleve in by the person allegin it interceSSit . . . tamquam sati expleta ultione, iii 43 7 xiv I, G XV 9 7 Neapolim quasi Graecam urbem delegit, XV 33, 2 e Stabat velut
c an in sonae passages these parti Cle Simpi introduce reportet spee Chir thought vulgi opinio est tamquam mutationem regi portendat, i 22, after nuntio S, xiv 59, 2 after rumore, xv 73, 2 Vulgato . . . quaSi xiv ConSCientia quaSi, xiv IO S. Note algo xiv 32, 2, here tamquam' and quasi are co- ordinate with and used a varianis for quod . '
I INNOVATION IN UOCABULARY.Si 69 7o . Tacitu conStanti preser unuSual forins a Claritudo, firmitudo, to the o m in agri Cognomentum to the Orm in men medicamen tegumen to the forins in mentum beside introduc ingword no previousi mund o found ni in poets. The folio in are Some of the mos noti Ceable sa Ne verba substantives, expres Sing I Agent, On Certator,
xiv 29, 2 patrator, i 62, 3 p profligator, vi 8, a Action, XX i
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xiii 37 Prosessorius xiii I4, D properato xiii I, 4; Sesquiplaga,
32 74J Among the mos noticeable metaphorica expres Sion in these book are the illoruin a verbs, vergente iam die, iii 38 7
exueret magi Strum, i 32 6 in mucronem ardeScere, XV 4, Glibertas Thraseae Servitium aliorum rupit, i 49 Corrum Pere
nullisy, XVII, 4; Volvere ponder, xiv 33, 5 provolvere degrade, xiv 2, 4; haurire de Stroy, a Ste xiii 42, 7; vi I 8 no prima imperii spatia ingredimur, xiv 6 b SubStantives, moleS, xiv 65, 2 xv 2, 3 locorum facies, xiv IO, c adjectives, lubricus, iii 2, 2 turbidus, i 39, 5 adverb, Colle Clementer adsurgenteS, iii 38, 5. 33 75J. Personification is emplo, e to render expres SionS
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one defines the ther like an adjective or genitive, is sed by Tacitus more frequently than by earlier prOS authorS: te Stamenta et orbos, iii 42 7 cf. opibus et orbitate, iii I9, 2 ingenium atque audacia xv 42 Stoicorum adrogantia Sectaque xiv 37, D cubiculum a sinum, xiii 3, 2.55 77J Anastrophe a os preposition is frequent in the case ofab, ad apud , X, in an inter, ut o mund with circa praeter, Prope Sine, Supra, and pro note alSo abusque, iii 7, 2 Coram, XV 24, 3 extra, iii 47, 2 Super xvi 33, 2 solio vin a genitive, cubiculum Caesaris iuxta xiii Is M S propter, xiv 9, 3 et Neent o substantives in apposition, Ferentino in oppido XV 53, 3. θ of conjunctions si occurring fifth ord xiv 3, 3 quaSi SeVenili xiv 2 See at So quamquam, i 2I, 7 ut XV 4, donec xiii 33 I. 56. Anaphora qui, xiii 2Ι, T quantum, iii 28, 4; no .i, iii 33, 3 Sine, iii S, C. 37. The foliore in expression may also be noti Ced here :- a instea of using a concrete substantive qualisi e by adjectiveor partita, TaCitus osten inploys an abstraci substantive Coupled with a concrete in the defining genitive obiectus moliuna, formoles obiectas xiv Contrario Sagittarum iactu, v , I in sagittis ex adverso iacti Sin Communione Parietum XV 43, 4. b an adjective is ome time used in agreement illi a SubStantive to hicli it oes no appea properi to elong Hypallage '):n Ovu nuntius contumeliae, XV I, 2 diro Sacrorum ritus, vi 8, 2.
Note also the passage nec amplita quam C., iii O,6 qui . . . cremabantur, XV I3, 2 SPeXeritne C., i 9 I. 39 82J. Parenthetica remarh Mare Some time expresse conciselyb one or more ord apparenti in apposition in the nominative
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and equivalent ora relative ClauS See rarum xiii 2 incertum, xiv 7, 2 his is tot distinguished stom the se note in in a. 6o 83J. Zeugma is frequent; cf. Stendere, iii 33, P Sum PSere,
IV. INFLUENC O THE STUD O UARIETU.62 83J To his may be ascribe variations in the or ofERStern name S, a ArtaXata, Varying et eenos and 3r de lensions ii 36, 3 xiii I, 4; S also Tigranocerta, i 24, 6 XV 4, 2G iv 23, V and Vologeses, varying et ween an dand 3rd xiii 37 xiii 7 2. Sorio Tacitus uses both alioqui andalioquin balneae an balneum dein and deinde grates and gratias agere inermi and inermuS; Senecta an Senectus, C. 63 864. Names osten mentione are varie&; CL Paetus Thrasea, xiii 49, I but Thrasea Paetus, i I 2, 2 an in many the placeS sinapi ThraSea, as vi 2I, C. o the cognomen alone is Sed, when the nam has been give more sully bove. 64 87-9IJ Changes in the orna of the expression re osten introduce in Correspondita clause S, Simpi for the salie of variet ;so me of the commone Strare
a Fromine preposition to another of simila mean ing adverSUS . . . Contra, iii θ in . . . Pud, i I 4, 2. b hom a Simple Caseo a case illi a reposition adverSapravitati ipsius, ProSpera ad fortunam reserebat, i 38, 3. c froni a Syndet to conjunctions, o stom ne conjunctio to
Ostento Neve suci Changes mar different grades os connexion.) d change os case or mi number, pede equites, i 29 4 senatore eque mile feminae, XV 48 I. e change of oice : prorupisse rursum Parthos et rapi Armeniana xiiii Iri trepidatur . . . diffugiunt xiii 6, 4; f. alSo iv 24, 7. f hom ablative to participle, par mora, pars seStinan S, X 38, 5 cf. inpunitate . . . OCCultus xiii 25, 4 familiaritate . . . adductus, xiv 4, 8; cupidine . . . metuenti, XV 36 6 revolutus ... imitatione, Viri 8, 4. XX iv
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63 93J. Tacitus surther talies evident pa in to vary the expres Sion os facts that have orae state osten the great number os different phrases sed by him for suci evenis a denti, sulcide, anishment wil be readit notice on read in the text. U. INFLUENCE OF IMITATIO N. 66 93J. The Graecism in Tacitus a re hie si such as adat ready heco me naturali Zed in Latin an mos have been noti cedin previ ous paragraph S. To thes may be adde ut quisque audentiae habuisset, xv 3, 3 ut Conie Ctare Crat XV 34, 2. 67 96J Archaic ord revive by Tacitus re mei Cimonium, xv 38 2 Plautus), and perduellis xiv 29, 2 EnniuS, P autus, &C.).68 97 . The debili Tacitus to his chie predecessor in historical writ in an to the great classica poets may here e illustrate bya sex instances other can e gathere from previ ou SectionS, CLD3 I ii an many ther are potia ted out in the note O the text. 1 Sallust: χρυtitis
Car. 23, 5 ingenium eiu haut ab Surdum xiii 43, 2 ius memet Studium meum laudando extollere Cat. 2, 3 aequabilius atque Constantius P . H. 2, 3 ad Vorsa in pravitatem declinando P . f. 4, 3 Volentia plebi acturusi V. 3, 3 pauca Supra repetam
vii 37, 14 velut indagine . . . . vii I7, 3 sacerdote eorum an soli.
Aen. ii 374 rapiunt diripiunt .
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INTRODUCTIONIII HISTORICA L INTRODUCTIO TO THESE BOOKS
I. In the constitution solemni inaugurate by his acceptan Ceo the ille os augustus at the egi nning os . . 27, Octavianwas contento b designate no as king or dictator, but onlyas prince. I this term is, as has been Commoni SuppoSed, Shortene Dona princeps senatus, it implied ni that a was no doub the facti his nam stood firs on the ollis senators, and would Conve no de of his relation to the state. The iaci, however, that he is always spolien o no as princeps senatus butas sinapi princeps ' Seem S together illi many the con Siderations to oin to the conclusion that the term is an abbreviationos an hind is ather that o sonae suci an expressio ac princepScivitatis,' and was intende to designate his genera position asirst itigenis the Republic, hichae latine to have in ther respecis restore in t entire ty. Thus understood, the ille Conveys no monarchi Cal idea, and does no even impi magistracy though certa in o ver alWayShel xvit licit ad the princeps rs magistrate os the State. 2. O these the rs an mos important,as the imperium procon Sulare,' hereby, in contrast to thos hold in a more limited imperium, he was distincti vel the sole imperator ' or em peror, of the Roman empire, an commander-in-chie of alliis fleet an armies. Not only the legati of his own specialprovinces, ut also the proconsul of those est to the Senate, rankedis his subordinates an ali militar operations ere heldb a fiction to e conducte unde his lauspicia η' hile, bya further extension, his ori er a valid ais in Ital and evenwithin the walis of Rome, tu in hi in no only the Supreme command of the ho me arm an potice, but also power of life and death ove at Citigens, eveni Senatoria rank, an a speciat uris
The se of this ille, as cominem orative of victories se On xiii I, 3 , is distinc frona iis serio denote Supreme command.