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l CIcERO Wrote his treatise De Senectute, or On old Age, in his siXty-third year, in B. c. 44, perhaps after the aSSBSSinationi os Caesar. In tho troubled portod whicli followed Caesar'Si dealli Cicero's literary activity was uriremitting. He SOUghil in philosophical pursuits for the pesce of mind whicli hecould not find ei ther at homo or abroad. This Work deriveSiis titie froni Cato the Eldor, or Censorius, Who died B.C. 149. t He is here introducod in his 84th year B. c. 150') discolarS- ing on old age with Ρ. Scipio Africanus the YOunger, and C. Laelius, the friend of Scipio. Tho Cato Μajor is addressed to Titus Pomponius Atticus, who was three yearS Oiderthan his friend Cicero, and derived frona the perusal of this litile treatise tho consolation Cicero's Letters to AtticuS, XVi. 3, and 11), whicli the author himself could not, thoughit gave him relies to write it Ad Atticum, xiv. 21). oldage,' says Cicero, has embittered me my li se is sperit. VI he treatise has litile of the character os a dialogue, sor thetWo Speakers, Scipio and Laelius, do titile more than promptCato to give them a discourse. The considerations Whichare Urged against the common notion, that Oid age is miserabie, appear not to be so much derived frOm Cicero's own experienee, as frOm the works of his favourite Ρlato, Aristo ofChios, Who had written on old age, and other Greeli WriterS. I he argument is stated so clearly that it requires litile
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plete argument, for a Roman of the republican period. Some poor objections have been urged against it, and anote Or two is added to meet some of them. The notes are Shori, as they must be in a book of moderate siZe. Νor is there perhaps any advantage in such copious commentaries aS Some editions of classical authorsare rather encumbeted with than lightened. Some authors
whicli are very dissiculi, and are read only by ripe scholars, may bear a heavy Weight of notes. The generat purpose of this edition has been explained in the preface. The
notes are chiefly intended to assist students of the Latiniangvage who haVe made Some progreSS, and teachers Whomay not have had the best opportunities of education. Their object is to explain the teXt, as far as they go; notio eXplain every thing. Ι have used the notes in the Variorum edition, and the commentary of A. Μanutius. Ι have reserred to Forcellini's Lexicon, and to Professor Κey s Latin Grammar. As to the lime when the treatifewaS Written, See Drumann Geschi clite Rom8, vi. 350).
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I. I. O Tite, si quid ego adjuro curamve levasSO Quae nunc te coquit et Versat in pectore fixa,
Licet enim mihi versibus eisdem affari te, Attice, quibus affatur Flamininum
Illo vir haud magna cum re, sed plenu' fidei. Quamquam certo Scio, non, ut Flamininum, Sollicitari te, Tite, sic noctesque dieSque.
Novi enim moderationem animi tui et aequitatem, teque non cognomen solum Athenis deportasse sed humanitatem
Ille ηirJ He means Ennius, a Greeli, a native of Rudiae in BCalabria, and tho fallier of Romanopic poet . Ennius Was borti B. C. 239. Ηe became acquainted with Cato probably While Cato Was praetor Of Sardinia. Thero is an edition of the fragments of Ennius by F. Ηesset, AmSterdam,
s' be re a consonant, as in plenus,' occurs frequently in Lucretius. CognomenJ His cognomen os Atticus; for among Other accom-
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et prudentiam intelligo. Et tamen te suspicor eisdem rebus quibus meipSum interdum graViUS commoVeri, quarum consolatio et major est et in aliud tempus differenda. Nunc autem visum est mihi de senectute aliquid ad toconscribere. 2. Hoc enim onere quod mihi commune tecum est aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis Senectutis et te et meipsum levari volo: etsi te quidem id modice ac sapienter Sicut Omnia et ferre et laturum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, quum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere, tu occurrebaS dignus eo munere quo uterque
nostrum communiter uteretu Mihi quidem ita jucunda hujus libri consectio fuit ut non modo omnes absterSerit Senectutis molestias, sed e Treerit mollem etiam et jucundam Senectutem. Nunquam igitur laudari satis digne philosophia poterit, cui qui pareat omne tempus aetatis Sine molestia possit degere. 3. Sed de ceteris et diximus multa et saepe dicemus: hunc librum de senectute ad te
plistimonis Cicero's Diond sic Graece loquebatur ut Athenis natus videretur.' ' Nepos, Lise of Atticus,
Something is salit heroastor of thouso of qui' followsed by the subjunctive. The Latin should bo
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misimus. Omnem autem sermonem tribuimus non Tithono,
ut Aristo Chius, parum enim esset auctoritatis in fabula, sed Μ. Catoni Seni, quo majorem auctoritatem haberet oratio, Apud quem Laelium et Scipionem facimus admirantes quod is tam facile senectutem serat, iisque eum respondentem. Qui si eruditius videbitur disputare quam consuevit ipse in suis liuris, rittribuito Graocis litteris quarum constat eum perstudiosum fuisse in senectute. Sed quid opus est plural Jam enim ipsius Catonis sermo
explicabit nostram omnem de Senectute Sententiam. II. 4. SCIPIO. Saepenumero admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio tum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, Μ. Cato, persectamque Sapientiam, tum vel maXime quod nunquam senectutem tibi gravem esse Senserim, quae plerisque Senii bus sic odiosa est ut onus Se Aetna gravius dicant Sustinere.
Admirantes quod erat, J A comparison Of like passages in which quod' is followed by tho subjunctivo Will show that it be-longs to the more generat Construction of the rotativo qui' withino subjunctive. Comp. De Sen.
Suis libris,J Cato Was a Sol-dier, an Orator, a sarmer, and nn author. He Wrote a smali treati se
SOme fragments remain. Theseagments of his orations are collected by Μeyer, orat. Rom. Fragm. pp. 11 - 151, 21id ed. Cicero says Brutus, c. II) that he had road above ono hundred and fifty of Cato's OrationS. Quid opusJ An ordinary ellipsis in familiar discourse, instead of quid opus est plura dicere ΘVΤhus a Roman could say quid plura λ' quid multa Θ' The Omis
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CATO. Rem haud sane dissicilem, Scipio et Laeli, admirari videmini. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene
beateque vivendum, iis omnis aetas gravis est: qui autem omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, iis nihil potest malum videri quod naturae necessitas asserat. Quo in genere est in
original of this passage os Cicero may be the Hercules Furens of Euripides, V. 631,-- ἄχθος δε το γγηρας ἀεὶ
larm os expression is manifestly more emphatic here, than is tho tWo paris of the sentenco changed their relativo position. The Eng-list, idiom adopis anOther Order, but ono that is much inferior in eXPreSSi veness : Dr every periodos liso is irksomo to those Who
Quod- erat.J Τhis is partos the subjeci, of whicli is predicated, that it cannot appear bad. Is part of the subject is thus placedaster the predicato, Whicli is generalty the case When a negative is used, this disjoinod part of tho Subject is expressod by qui ' withthe subjunctive. The form of tho sentence might bo, quod naturae necessitas affert, id non potest
amples of this use of the subjunctiVe Occur, some of Which may notappear at sirst to be rightly explained on tho principio abOVestaled. In the expression, nihil habeo quod accusem Senectutem ' De Sen. o), quod accuSem,' &C., is the subjeci, the suppoSed exist- ence of Whicli is negatived. Indoed these forms of expreSSion arein a manner conditionat: nihil autem molestum quod non desi
enim tam seneX qui Se annum non
putet posse vivere De Sen. 7),
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primis senectus, quam ut adipiScantur omnes Optant, eandem accusant adeptam: tanta est stultitiae inconstantia atque perversitas. obrepere aiunt eam citiuS quam putaviSSent.
Ρrimum, quis coegit eos falsum putare t Quid enim citius
adolescentiae Senectus quam pueritiae adolescentia obrepiti Deinde, qui minus gravis esset iis senectus, si octingenteSimum annum agerent quam octogesimum i Praeterita enim aetas quamvis longa quum emuXisset, nulla consolatione permulcere poSSet Stultam Senectutem. 5. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirari Soletis, quae utinam digna esset opinione veStra noStroque cognomine, in hoc sumus Sapi-
fuch a man is negatived. Νothingis clearor than the folloWing passage: ad quas non est facito in- Ventu qui descendat, ' Whero it is obvious that ad quas-qui descendat,' a man to descend to,' istae subjeci and the nominativo of est,' and that os suci, a man it issaid or predicated non est facile inventu.' In De Sen. J 9, We have nec quid sequatur sciri potest,'' ero the subject quid sequatur' is manifest. There is occasionalty an apparent and perhaps Sometimesa roes dissicut ty in determining the subjeci and the predicato os a Sentence; that is, it may bo dissiculi to discover precisely What the
person Who framed the sentencemeant, and partly becauso he has conceived his idea vaguely himself.
is so here. In the eXpresSion; nemo comenire me voluit cui
fuerim occupatus ' De Sen. 10), the subject is a person With referetice to WhOm Ι Was engaged, whicli supposition is negati Ved. Tho fame thing mirat be Some-what differently expressed thus : nemini fui occupatus qui me
voluerit convenire,'' Where a man
ining happened. V Adestam rJ Sevorat ΜSS. have adepti,' but thoro is authori tylar the passive form. FOrcellini, Lexicon, by Furianetto. Quid enim J It is usual to puta note Os interrogation after quid enim,' the reason sor Whicli thosemust give Who Would havo it.
In hoc-quod sequimurJ Iithis is considered as containing an
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entes quod naturam optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur eique paremUS; a qua non Veri Simile est, quum ceterae partes aetatis bene diScriptae Sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inerti poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum et tamquam in arborum bacis terraeque frugibus maturitate tempestiva quasi vietum et caducum, quod serendum est molliter sapienti. Quid est enim aliud Gigantum modo bellare cum Diis nisi naturae repugnare t 6. LAELIUS. Atqui, Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam pro Scipione pollicear, seceris, Si, quoniam SperamuS Volumus quidem certe Senes fieri, multo
indepondent assirmation, there is no dissicut ty about tho uso of thoindicative. Comp. De Sen. 12, 13,I7; De Am. 5; Ad Q. Fr. I. Such a passage as the folio ing in the Do Am. 20, quas qui impedire vult quod desiderium non ferat, is et infirmus est,'' &c., is a disserentiand of sentence. But seo the noto on si in hoc error' &c., C. 23. Naturam optimam ducem.J Thesense in Which natura' is usod in this troatiso is hardly open to any Objection. On the meaning of theeXpression tO lallow naturo' and to live according to nature,' and tho liko, Bishop Buller has Somevaluabie remarks in the introduction to his sermons. In the De Amicitia Naturo is called tho bestguide to good living, by Whicli the writer clearly means, that the wholo constitution Of man's nature AhOWShow ho ought to livo ; Whicli is notby Ollo ing a part of his nature,as, for instance, his animal prO- pensities Only, but by living in conformity to the whole nature of his boing. The truo notiori Ofliving according to nature is cloarly expressed by the Emperor Antoninus Med. ii. Ι, and elSeWhere . The word naturo' is soldom used by tho Greeli and Roman philosophicat writers so Joosely as it is by