장음표시 사용
31쪽
friend Fuscus, saying, Μultum, non multa But to my
8 Plinius Secundus. Ep. Vii. 9. 8 A book much usod in former dayS.
32쪽
specialty os youth, for the ready and sure obtaining of any
Translation is easy in the beginning sor the scholar, and bringeth also much learning and great judgment to the master.
It is most common, and most commendabie of ali other exercisessor youth : most common ; for ali yOur constructions in grammarschools be nothing et se but translation : but hecause they be not
33쪽
man, but doth also discommendλ and refuse his own formerWOnt in eXercising paraphrasin and metaphrasin. Paraphrasisis to take Some eloquent oration, Or Some notabie common placein Latin, and express it Mith other Words: metaphrasis is totahe sonae notable place out of a good poet, and turn the Same sense into metre, Or into Other Words in prose. CraSSUS, Orrather Tully, doth misithe both these Ways; because the author, ei ther orator or poet, had chosen out before the fittest Words, and aptest composition for that matter; and so he, in seehingother, Was dri ven to use the wOrSe. Quintilian* also proferreth translation bes ore ali other eXe
cises ; yet having a lust to dissent froni Tully as hs doth in Very many places, is a man read his Rhetorich over advisedly; and that rathor os an enuiolas minit, than of any just cause) doth greatly commend paraphrasis, crossing spites ut ly Τully's judg-ment in refusing the fame; and so do Ramus, and Tallaeus evenat this day in France too. But such singulari ty in dissentinghom the best men's judgment, in liking only their oWn Opiniolas, is much mislikod of ali ilium, that join With learning, discretion,
rience, eXcellently learn ed himself, a liberal patron of learn edmen, and the purest Uriter, in mine opinion, of ali his age I excepi not Suetonius, his two schoolmasters, Quintilian and Tacitus, nor 3 et his most eXcellent learn ed unes e, the eiderΡlinius) doth oxpross in an epistis to his frien d Fuscus fuit. 9), many good Ways for order in study; biit ho bsginneth with translation, and preferreth it besore ali ilis rest. Aud because
De Oratore, i. 34. Sed post animadverti,'' &c.' Quintilian, Inst. Or. X. 5, remarks that the old orators thought it agood practice to translate Dom Greeli into Latin: vertere Graeca in Latinum, &c. Sed et illa ex Latinis conversio,'' &c.
34쪽
his Words be notabi0, Ι will recito them: Utile in primis, et multi praecipiunt, vel ex Graeco in Latinum, vel ex Latino
Vertere in Graecum, quo genere eXercitationis proprietas Splendorque Verborum, copia figurarum, Vis eXplicandi, praeterea imitatione optimorum similia inveniendi facultas paratur; simul legentem quae fefellissent, transferentem fugere non pOSSunt.
Intelligentia ex hoc et judicium adquiritur ' Yo percuive how Ρliny teacheth, that by this exercise of doubie translatin g, is learn ed easily, sensibiy, by lituo and litile, not only ali the hard congruities of grammar, the choice of aptest Words, the right Daming of Words, and Sentences, Comeliness of figures, and forms fit for e very matter, and proper forevery longue: but that Whicli is greater also, in marhing daily, and following diligently thus the stops of tho best authors, like invention os arguments, lihe ordor in disposition, like ulterance in elocution is eastly gathered up; Whereby your scholar shallbe brought not only to like eloquence, but also to ali true unde standing and right judgment, both Dr Writing and speahing. Andwhere Dionysius Halicarnassaeus hath written tWo excellent books, the one De Delectu optimorum Verborum, the whicli, I fear, is tost,) the other, of the right Daming of Words and sentences, whicli doth remain yet in Greeh, to the great prosit of ali them, that truly study eloquence: yet this Way of doubie translating, shallbring the whole profit os both tho se books to a diligent scholar, and that eastly and pleasantly, both for fit choice of Words, andapi composition Os Sentences.
δ Ascham, as Μr. Upton rematas, does not give this passage exactly as it stands in Pliny, and he suggesis that he trusted to his memory. Τhere is a curious disserence in the first part of the passage as qlioted by Ascham: Utile in primis, ut multi praecipiunt, ex Graeco in Latinum et eX Latino vertere in Graecum. Pliny certain ly does not in plain terms recommenddoubie translation; but a translation Dom a Latin author by a Roman into Greeli mould clearly be an exercise of littio use, uniess the translator hina Greeli original to comparo his translation mith.
35쪽
l Would but translato after this fori, one litile book in Tully sas Dol Senectute, with tWο Episties, the sirst, Ad Q. Fratrem, the other,
Ad Lontulum, the last fave one in the first book) that scholar, I say, should come to a better knowledge in the Latin longus, than the most part do, that spend four or sive years in tossingati the rules of graminar in common schools. In deed this one
most notabie oration περὶ παραπρεσβείας.
And a bellor nn d nearer example herein may be, our mosti nobie Queen Eligabeth, who never took yet Greeli nor Latingraminar in her hand, after the sirst declining of a nolin and a verb; but only by this doubie translating of Demosthenes and Isocrates, datly, Without missing, every forenoon, and likewisesome part of Τully every afternoon, for the Space of a year Origo, halli attained to such a perfeci undorstanding in both thotongues, and to Such a ready ulterance of the Latin, and that With such a judgment, as they be feW in number in both the Universities, or elsewhere in England, stat be in both longuus comparabie With her Μ esty 3. And to conclude in a shortroom the commodities of doubie translation ; surely the mind by dat ly marhing, sirst, ine cause and matter; then, the wOrds and
phrases, neXt the order and composition; after, the reason and arguments; theri, the forms and figures of both the longues; Iastly, the measure and compa88 of eVery sentence, must ne edS,
The paris of Cicero Whicli this volume contains have been
ε Τo this effect is tho testimony of Henry Savilo in his meli WrittenLatin oration pronounced before Eligabeth at Oxford in 1592. His langu eis panegyrical, but not extravagant; and his evidence to the queen's facilityin Greeli and Latin is most precise.
36쪽
selected for the purpose et ther of using them astor the methodwhicli Ascham recommends, or merely for the purpose of reading them in the usual way, is any teacher prefers it. Tlis texi is that of Orulli, whicli has always been sollowed exc0pt in tho fe instances Where a variation is mentioned in the notes. Is an oditor had a fuit collation of tho ΜSS. before him, he would deviatu further than I have done froni the texi of orelli, who has notgiven ait the various readings whicli an editor Uould require, is his object were to estabiisti the texi according to his own judg-ment. The texi of Ernesti, whicli has hitherio been generat lyused in this country, is osten bad; and numerous errors in theposition of words may be eastly detected in it by any personwhose ear is formed to a right ordering of Word8. The punctuation of Latin books is dissiculi, and it is impossibie to lay down any generat rules. The fauit of the commoti punctuation is that an author is overi aded With stops, and words whicli are closelyconnected in sense are Often separated in such a manner that alearner does not see the conneXion. But when a man begins tostrihe out the politis, he will osten find that when lis has got ridos one, he must get rid of another, and then a third, so that
37쪽
not fati in many cases to see the relation of Words to one another
The notes are mainly iii tended to eXplain the laiigilage. Iliave attempted to eXplain the meaning and use of a few single mords, whicli are either dissiculi or somelimes misian derstood; the right placing of some Words, Whicli it is important to observe ;and the usage of those Words, Whicli chiefly serve to connect thesubordinate or dependent With the principat sentences. Ι have not attempted to give reasons for certain usages Or formS Os eXpression, for Such reasons are generalty very in sum cient; but I have attempted to fhow the logical structure of the sentence. Those who have not been used to a critical study of Latin, may perhaps be led tο see bow far a caremi stud y and comparison ofa smali portiori of one author, and that the best in the Latin langvage, Will enable a student to master ali the ordinary fornis of
will scarcoly belleve lili ho has tried the experiment, hoW much of the language is contained in a single treatise, suci, as the De Senectute. This smali treatise alone, is thoroughly mastere don Ascham's plan, WOuid mahe a man a good Latin scholar. There are indoed many things, Whicli it does not teach him;
but those are either rare and peculiar eXpression S, Or WOrdswhich have a technical character, and belong to matters of constitutionat history, laW, natural history, and the lik0. A fulland exact knowledge of ali or even of the greater part of suchwords can only be learned by much reading; and even some of the primary significations and nicer meanings of words in ordinary use can only be acquired by the student when he is of riper years. But for a knowledge of the ordinary Words of the Latin language, their meanings, and the structure os a Sentence, a smali portion os an author is suffcient; nor can the Latin language be learne d well, unless the foundation is luid in Some Smali, Select portion of a good author or tu o. When
facility of reading Latin has been obtained by a proper discipline, a boy may read as much as the time will allos, and homay direct his attention to the matter of the langvago as Weli asto the language itself. But it is a great error, toWards Whichthere seems to be Some tenden cy at present, to introduce a boyto any author or part of an author, where the matter is dissiculi,
38쪽
bosore he has acquired a considerable lacility in the language; nor iis it any answer to this objection that he may bo holpod with inoles and books of reference. Notes cannot in any reason leo
Space eXplain every thing; and indoed they ought to bu chiofly designed sor advanced students and teachers ; they should rather ili instruct by suggesting What a learner should look at, than by Ialming at complete eXposition. As to mahing a boy use many ibooks of referetice, either sor matter geographical, historicat, or iany Other matter that requires explanation, there is great risho that ho shali tali in to tho habit os reading about his author oro the matter that is in him, instead of studying the author himself. IIt is the teacher's busin ess to supply ali necessary eXplanation for beginners; and for this reason, notes are not required sor is y0ung boys. As atready suggested, What Ι have dono in these inoles, has been done With the vie w of aiding te achors and more sadvanced studenis, rather than for very young scholars. The i ireason Why I have explained the use of particular Words chieflyby referetice to similar usages in the passages here selected, is obvious. Is a sui ali portion os Cicero, weli learned, is susticientio lay the foundation of a good knowledge of the Latin language, it is necessary to fhoW that every particular usage, Whicli is an essentiat part of the language, may be explained by like examples drawn froni this sinali portion. In selecting matter for notes whicli must bse of limited extent, there is no rule that can bo laid down. Tho object is to helpthe reader to understand the austor; but sOme readers requirehelp, When others do not. Where there is a palpabie difficulty,
there should be a note . In other cases, the commentator muStbe guided by a certain taci and Deling, whicli combiti ed with experience as a teacher Will enable him to mahe such remarks, and give such hinis and suggestions as may be usefui, thoughthey may not be ali that could bo wished. I Would suggest that os ali the pie ces in this book tho De Amicitia si, ould bo read last, for the reasons stated in the introduction to this Dialogue. The first book of Letters is intendedfor young studenis, to mahe them familiar with the ordinaryepistolary style of the Latin language. They should be learn edso thoroughly that a boy should know e very forin os expression in them. As to the matter, it vili cause litile dissicut ty; and
39쪽
ficiency. The long letter tu Quintus, being more in the oratorical style, Will serve as an introduction to the orations of Cicero. The prose language of the Romans should be learnod DomCaesar, Terence, and the easter paris of Cicero, Which will fu nisi, amplo materiat for the sirst feW years of a Studens s course. The re ad ing of other writers and of Cicero's orations should bodoferred illi the pupit has mastered the Latin language weli in those portions of it Where it appears in the purest and simplest forni, and encumbered With feW dissiculties of matter or sub