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mihi certum est. Ego magno cum dolore parricidarum elapSUS 5 sum iis ; veniebant enim eodem surore in me quo in patriam, incitati. Iracundias autem harum rerum recentes habebant quod Lepidum castigare non destiteram, ut eXstingueret bellum quod
5 colloquia iacta improbabama quod legatos fide Lepidi missos
ad me in conspectum venire vetueram quod C. Catium Vestinum, tribunum mil. missum ab Antonio ad eum cum litteris exceperam : in quo hanc capio voluptatem, quod certe, quo magis me petiverunt, tanto maiorem iis frustratio dolorem attulit. Tu, si mi Cicero, quod adhuc fecisti, idem praesta, ut vigilanter ner-
-Seque nos, qui Stamus in acie, subornes. Veniat Caesar cum
copiis, quas habet firmissimas, aut, si ipsum aliqua res impedit,eκercitus mittatum cuius ipsius magnum periculum agitur quicquid aliquando futurum suit in castris perditorum contra Patriam, X huc omne iam convenit. Pro urbis vero salute cur non omnibus iacultatibus, quas habemus, utamur Quod si vos istic non defueritis, profecto, quod ad me attinet, omnibus rebus abunde,
rei publicae satis faciam. quidem, mi Cicero, in dies meher Icules habeo cariorem sollicitudinesque meas quotidie magis tua a merita Xacuunt, ne quid aut eae amore aut eae iudicio tuo Perdam.
I. Parricidarum, traitors. Cp. Philip
I4. O 27 a. 3, 3 'confiteor eos . . Plus . . quam Parricidas esse, si quidem est atrocius patriae parentem quam suum Cci
dere; Ιb. a. 7. 7 and Mr. ing's note. 3. Iracundias . . habebant. theirangry seelings ad been latet aroused by the followin causes. The plura iracundiae' seem ver rare But p. Ad in F. I. I, 3, 39. 4. Castigare 'castigando impellere. Billerb. 5. Colloquia, conserences etween An ton an Lepidus, orietween thei soldiers. CP Ep. notes Intr. to Paris. 6 I7. Legatos, C. Antonii. p. App. Beli. Civ. 3. 83. Fide Lepidi, unde the sala conducto Lepidus. Cp. Ep. 3, a note On fides
6 C. Catium Vestinum This mansem to e ni here mentioned. The Vestini Mere aseopte os centra Ital livingN.Ε of the Marsians S.Ε of the Picentines. 7. Ad eum, sc Lepidum Manut. 8. Exceperam, Iaad intercepted In quo 'on account of hich. Cp. p. 67,l. 5, note. IO. Nervose, energeticatly - sortiter. Forcell. II. Subornes, supply subinde instruas. Foroeli Not Ciceronian apparently.
Ia. Quas habet firmissimas, whichare verressicient 'iunter die schlagisnigsten . Wiel. I 3. Cuius ipsius, sc Caesaris. Whoseown aset is muc imperilled. Wit thisius o a relative no reserring to the ast substantive p. p. 35. I, Ole. Plancus
Quicquid aliquando . . On enit, at the desperadoes h were likel a any timerio take the fiet against thei countryhave me herer i.e in the campi Antonyan Lepidus.
I 5. Cur non . . utamur. A protest against an reluctance to transfer the forces of Octavian to the critica spol. I7. Omnibus rebus, in ver respere. Billerb.
Ex iudicio tuo, is your good opinion,' consideration. Billeriu
Opto ut mihi liceat iam praesenti pietate meorum ossiciorum tua beneficia tibi facere iucundiora. VIII Idus Iun. Cularone, κfinibus Allobrogum.
CICERO CASSI SAL. Lepidus tuus adfinis, meus familiaris, pr. . Quinctiles sen
tentiis omnibus hostis a senatu iudicatus Si ceterique, qui una scum illo a re publica desecerunt; quibus tamen ad Sanitatem redeundi ante K. Sept. potesta iacta est. Forti sane SenatuS, Sed maxime spe subsidii tui. Bellum quidem, cum haec Scribebam, Sane magnum erat scelere et levitate Lepidi. Nos de Dolabella
quotidie, quae VolumuS, audimuS, Sed adhuc Sine caPite, Sine auc io tore, rumore nuntio. Quod cum ita esset, tamen litteris tuis, quas Nonis Maiis eκ castris datas acceperamus, ita persuasum erat civitati, ut illum iam oppressum omnes arbitrarentur, te autem in Italiam venire cum exercitu, ut, si haec e sententia consecta essent, consilio atque auctoritate tua, in quid sorte titubatum, is
I. Praesenti pietate . . iucundiora, to malae Our services more agreeable toyour .e to mahe o a retur sor Our services- by affection hewn in hindnesses done a Rome.
a. Cularone se noterat theaeginningos this letter 4. Tuus ad sinis Lepidus ad married
Iunia, and Cassius Iunia Tertulla bothdaughters of D. Silanus. COS. 6 B. C. and of Servilia. and hal sister os M. Brutus. p. Ad Att. 4. o. a Dion Cassius 4 34 Veli. a. 88. hei brother M. Silanus has beeumentioned Ep. 35. I he was consul a 5 B. C.
6. Quibus I agre with Wiel in thinking that this does no include Lepidus himself.
Sanitatem, bonam mentem,' rectum consilium. 'a ound state of mind. Forcell. 8. Scribebam . . erat, ' epistolary
9. De Dolabella: p. Intr. to aris,liso Appendix II. Io. From a letteris Cassius, a quaestor, O Cicero Ad Fam. a. 13, 4 , it Would seem stat Laodice Was i veste about June 3. IO. Sine capite, Without an definite fource. Caput origo unde aliquid manat et exit in vulgus Forcell. p. Pro Planc. 3, 57 si quid sine capite manabit. II. Litteris tuis p. 38. I 4. Haec, the war Wit Anton and Lepidus. 15. Titubatum, p. de Orat. 3. 5R I9a.
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PAR V. ut fit in bello, Xercitu tuo niteremur; quem quidem ego eXercitum
quibuScumque Potuero rebus ornabo cuius rei tum tempus erit,
cum quid opis rei publicae laturus is exercitus sit aut quid iam
tulerit, notum esse coeperit nam adhuc tantum conatus audiuntur,
optimi illi quidem et praeclarissimi, Sed gesta re eXSPectatur, quam quidem aut iam esse aliquam aut adpropinquare confido. Tua virtute et magnitudine animi nihil est nobilius citaque opta amus, ut quam primum te in Italia videamus rem publicam nos habere arbitrabimur, si vos habebimus. Fraeclare viceramus, nisii spoliatum, inermem, fugientem Lepidus recepisset Antonium; itaque numquam tanto odio civitati Antonius fuit, quanto est Lepidu' ille enim X turbulenta re publica, hic ex pace et victoria bellum excitavit. Huic oppositos consules designatos habemus, in quibus est magna illa quidem spes, sed ancep cura Propter incertosis Xitus proeliorum. Persuade tibi igitur, in te et in Bruto tuo esse gomnia, o CXSpectari, Brutum quidem iam iamque Quod si, ut Spero, victis hostibus noStris Veneritis, tamen auctoritate vestra res publica Xsurget et in aliquo statu tolerabili consistet sunt enim permulta, quibus erit medendum, etiam si res publica satisa esse videbitur sceleribus hostium liberata. Vale.
I. I mus express hoWeve impersectly m gratitude so all)our services. a. ou have trie to promot m Soldiers interesis, a the public wellare demanded, 3 and rutherio I have maintaine m position Cautio is needsul sor ou krces, thougha. Ornabo: p. the equest os Cassius, Ep. 38 3 and 4. 5. Gesta res, Vsom achievement. Maresult, i.e the overthrowo Dolabella. 6. Esse aliquam, has been effected to
9. Vos, Cassius an Brutus Cp. 4'.
Viceramus. An elliptica mode Dexpression. We ad gaine a great success, whic inould have been decisive, o perhaps, as Andresen says, it is rhetorica exaggeratio describin what ad early appenedas havin actuali happened. p. adv. 3 8, C. I 3. Consules designatos Plancus and P. Brutus. Manutius hinks that Octavianis passe over ut os regar for Cassius, hoha heen ne of the murderer os Iulius
Caesar. ut a no Cicero' reason for
omittin his nam have been that he didnot rus him p. note on l. I belo . I . Illa quidem. A pronou is osten prefixe rather pleonasticali to quidem. Cp. Madv. 489 b.
I 6. am iamque Brutus province, Μacedonia, as of Course much nearer than that os Cassius. I 8. X surget . . consistet. Bold metaphors: wil aris Dona iis depressio an besetile in a satisfactor position. Exsurget ' - erigetur,' ' recreabitur.' orcell. Cp. p. 48, I, Ole, On XSurgere. I9. Permulta, foll. Perhaps these Words reser o Cicero' suspicion Os Octavian.
ver numerous, are so the mos part inexperienceda 4 is yo can endrus in amyof Africa, o the oun Caesar's, e ma ris a batile it confidenoe . . ou knowho friendi I have alway been to the oun Caesar sor Variou reasons, . ut Lmustria that our present dissiculties armentiret owindito his breac os promise and molis ambition. 7. Ali,ho have influence withaim ought to exert it in the interest of the state. . ur position here is dissiculi, as a batile ould e angerous, and retreat might involve los to the Common ealth.
PLANCUS IMP. COS. DESIG. S. D. CICERONI. 1 Facere non OSSum, qui in Singulas res meritaque tua tibi gratias agam, Sed meherculeifacio cum Pudore meque enim tanta necessitudo, quantam tu mihi tecum esse voluisti, desiderare videtur gratiarum actionem, neque ego libenter Pro maXimis tuis beneficiis tam vili munere defungor orationis, et malo Praesen sobservantia, indulgentia, adsiduitate memorem me tibi probare.
Quod si mihi vita contigerit, omnes gratas amicitias atque etiam pias propinquitates ' in tua observantia, indulgentia, adsiduitate vincam amor enim tuus ac iudicium de me utrum mihi plus dignitatis in perpetuum an voluptatis quotidie sit adlaturus, non io lacile dixerim. De militum commodis suit tibi curae quos ego
non potentiae meae causa-nihil enim me non salutariter cogitare Scio-ornari Volui a Senatu, sed primum, quod ita meritos iudicabam, deinde, quod ad omne casus coniunctiores rei publicae esse Volebam, noUissime, ut ab omni omnium Sollicitatione aversos is
This lette is the last writte to Cicero
7. Amicitias . . propinquitates sor amicos an propinquos. The word dono seem to e sed quite in his sense by Cicero, ut e find ' convictiones ' an ' apparitiones' sed of persons Ad in F. I. I, Ia). p. also Pro Quinci. o, 3 ab
afflicta amicitia transfugere atque ad florentem aliam devolare. 8. In tua observantia, ' in courtingyou.' p. p. 29, 2 sine ulla mea contumelia. Wesenb agrees it Baiter in regardin these ord a suspicious, and put 'in tua . . adsiduitate in brackets.
Indulgentia, devotion. millerb., Wiel.
9. Amor . . ac iudicium, the affection hewn in your opinion os me.'Io Adlaturus, masc. as agreein Miththe more important,or amor. Cp. Ad Fam Io 2I, 5 mihi . . non modo honorem
sed misericordiam quoque defuturum.' P. Madv. Iod ObS. 3. II. De militum commodis. Perhaps Plancus resers speciali to granis of land promise to those ho hould e loya tothe common ealth. p. Ad Fam. II. Ο,3 II. I, 2 and D; Philipp. 5. 9, 34 4. I , 38 It is probable though no stat .
that such promise were made to the oldierso Plancus. I 3. Scio. Mesenb has scis. Ornari volui: p. ΕP. 32, 7. I 4. Ad omnes casus. O the ore os ad, cp. P. 426, Ole. I 5. Novissime, lastly. Not Cicer nian apparently in this ense. Omni omnium sonicitatione, all
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eos tales vobis praestare possem, quales adhuc fuerunt. Nos adhuc alii omnia integra sustinuimus Quod consilium nostrum, etSi quanta sit aviditas hominum non sine causa ' talis victoriae scio, tamen vobis probari spero. Non enim, si quid in his exe 5 citibus sit offensum, magna subsidia res publica habet X pedita, quibus subito impetu ac latrocinio parricidarum resistat. Copias
vero nostras notas tibi esse arbitror in castris meis legiones Sunt eteranae tres, tironum vel luculentissima ex omnibus una; in castris Bruti una veterana legio, altera bima, octo tironum: Io ita universus exercitus numero amplissimus est, firmitate Xiguus; quantum autem in acie tironi sit committendum, nimium Saepe expertum habemus Ad hoc robur nostrorum Xercituum sive Africanus exercitus, qui est VeteranuS, SiV CaeSari acceSSiSSet, aequo animo summam rem publicam in discrimen deduceremus.1 Aliquanto autem propius esse quod Caesarem videbamus, nihil destiti eum litteris hortari, neque ille intermisit adfirmare se sine mora venire cum interim aversum illum ab hac cogitatione ad alia consilia video se contulisse. Ego tamen ad eum Furnium nostrum cum mandatis litterisque misi, si quid sorte proficere,o posset Scis tu, mi Cicero, quod ad Caesaris amorem attinet 5
5. Subsidia . . expedita, reserves ready for action. 6. Lmpetu dat. π Madv. 46, Obs 3 Nagelsb. 56. 52.8. Luculentissima, finest. Wiel. 9. Bima ,hic has seen more hanone ear' service. Appian Beli. iv. 3. 49 seem to have considere this a veteran legion. IO. Firmitate, steadiness, uot commonwithout a qualisying genitive. Exiguus, stight,' weah. II. Autem Andresen remacts stat enim bould sui the contexi eiter. Nimium saepe, .g. at Pharsalus, P. Ep. 88, 2 Intr. to ari III, 6 Io II; Τhapsus, Intr. to Par IV, DIOG and Forum Gallorum, p. 35, notes Intr. to art V, 6 6 For an account of the orces of Plancus and D. Brutus, p. Appendi II, and 3. I 3. Africanus exercitus: p. Intr. to
Accessisset . . deduceremus, epistolar tenses in place of the fui. Xaci and simple ut indic Cp. EP. 56. 5, me. I 4. Summam rem publicam, thehighest interests,' the existence of the common ealth. I 5. Propius esse .sc. quam Africanum
ao. Quod ad Caesaris Octaviani amo
societatem mihi esse tecum vel quod in lamiliaritate Caesaris vivo illo iam tueri eum et diligere sui mihi necesse vel quod iPSe, quoad ego OSSe potui, moderatissimi atque humanissimi fuit sensus vel quod ex tam insigni amicitia mea atque Caesaris hunc filii loco et illius et vestro iudicio substitutum non Proinde s habere turpe mihi videtur. Sed-quicquid tibi scribo, dolenter mehercule magis quam inimice facio-quod vivit Antonius hodie,
quod Lepidus una est, quod exercitus habent non contemnendos, quod sperant, quod audent, omne Caesari acceptum referre Pos-Sunt. Neque ego Superiora repetam; Sed e eo tempore, quo Qipse mihi professus est se venire, Si Venire voluisset, aut P- pressum iam bellum esset aut in aversissimam illis Hispaniam cum detrimento eorum maXimo XtruSum. Quae menS Um, aut quorum consilia, a tanta gloria, Sibi vero etiam necessaria ac salutari, avocari et ad cogitationem consulatus bimestris summo Iscum terrore hominum et insulsa cum magitatione transtulerit, eXputare non possum. Multum in hac re mihi videntur necessarii eius et rei publicae et ipsius causa proficere OSSe Plurimum, ut Puto, tu quoque, cuius ille tanta merita habet, quanta
I. In familiaritate Caesaris, in an intimate friendis Julius Caesar.
a. Illo. . illius reser to the eide Caesar; eum . . ipse . . hunc O Octavian. 5. Vestro. Octavian's adoption asoni sanctione in the comitia curiata aster his return to Rome rom orth Italy, apparenti in August. p. App. Beli. iv. 3. 4; Dion Cassius 46. 7. However, Cicero hadalways calle hi Caesar in the Philippics cp. 3 6 I, 5. 7, 46 , an mos of the
an end. II oppressum, putis endrio. I 2. versissimam. esenb. has adversissimam.
Necessaria Becauseae had much tosea seo Antony. I 5. Bimestris. An exaggeration. ForOctavian was electe a latestis Sept. 22. Cp. Intr. to Part I9, note 6.16. Efflagitatione, a rare Word It Oc- cur Ad Fam. 5. 9, 2. O the facts herereserre io, p. Intr. l. c. Suet. Oct. 26 App. Beli. iv. 3. 88 Dion Cassius 46. 43.I7. X putare, ver rare in coniectando adsequi. Forceli. Necessarii. His mother Atia, his tep-sather L. Philippus an his rother-in-la C. Marcellus, the consul Os 5 B.C. maybe speciali reserre to. p. Ep. Io8, 2;
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61o M. TVLLII CICERONIS P. AD FAM X. 4.
nemo praeter me; numquam enim obliviscar maXima ac plimmam , ihi debere De his rebus ut exigeret cum eo, Purnio
to Cicero' proposais in the senate in honouro Octavian those .g. recorde Philipp. 5.
does no seem to e Ciceronian in his sense, but orceli quotes Seneca and li
4. Duriores; eo duriore Mouldine more in accordance ith uSage.
Expeditissimam facillimam Forcell. he superlative is ound also Ad
. Se respexerit, stat have regardio his true interest' - ad. consilia sibi et reIpublicae salutaria redierit. Orceli 9. Ab hac parte, in his quarter of the empire.
r. Cisalpine Gaul. D. Brutus ad been appotnted by Caesar togovern hi province, and went there in April B. c.' A the timeos the lege os Mutina e seem to have had two legion os old soldiersand ne os recruit at his disposai, with a numerous hod os gladiator. . He oo the command os Pansa' ne levies aster the death of their generat, and these illi recruits homae alsed himself brought his totalsorce prio te legioni=-os,hicli, however, Plancusint allows ne toliave been composed os veterans. Four os his legion subsequently joine Antony, an si Octavian 'a Narbonensian aut illimither Spain. M. Lepidus et thesetW provinces, ut entruste their governmento his legates sor sometime'. He ad a legion clos to Rome at the time os Caesar'smurdery, and Mur in Gaul later in the Same ear Next year esin him ea Forum Iulii a the ea os even, ne ein thesamous' tentii. 3. Norther Gaul Gallia Comata). his province, hicli adbeen adde to the empire by Caesar, a divide in B. c. etWeen A. Hirtius an L. Munatius Plancus. The former, however, est his district to his ossicers δ' and in - 3 B. α e find the whole province subjecto Plancus, ho commande an arm os lauris sive legions
there L . Farther Spain Baetica and Lusitania). Aster the batile of Munda Sex. Pompeius retire among the Lacetani an subsequently aised sorces hicli e combined illi sugitives rom the batile. He ought With some succes against Pollio δ*, ut Lepidus δ' induce him o lay
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down his a s and e retire t Massilia to atch venis. During the campaignis Mutina, C. Asinius Pollio governe Farther Spat withthree legions ' os,hicli the 28th and 3oth Wer tWo. 5. Africa There ere Wo Roman province in Africa; id Africaan New Asrica or Numidia; the rs was overne by Q. Cornificius'. the secon by T. Sextius. e re not oldoliat orce Cornificius ad at his disposai; ut Sextius seem to have ad three legions an to have obeyed an order of the senate to end wo of them to Rome, an place the thir unde the order os Cornificius The two which were sent to Ital presently ent ove to Octavia L6. Sicil Was overne by A. Pompeius Bithynicus il he was force to iei up his province to Sex. Pompeius togard the loSeos 43 B. C.'
et Macedonia a the time os Caesar' death was subjectra Q. Hortensius, ony os the great orator. In the autumn f 44 B. C., M. Antonius o it assigne to his rother maius, hocianded illi ne legionnea Dyrrhachium, ut ound the province Hready in possession os M. Brutus, ho delaate an capture him ' Brutus ad been designate by Caesar to over Macedonia aster his praetorshi δ' and nowassemble a considerable orce there, consistini i os old soldier os
Pompe recalle to arms' et os me test bellin by Dolabella yy, 3 of the troops o C. Antonius an P. Vatinius y of a legion
commandedi an ossicery os M. Antonius, 3 os two legion raised in Macedonia δ' in ali eight legions Achaia seem to have been annexedio Macedonia.
8. Asia C. Trebonius ad been appotnte to overnosia by Caesar δ' and et it during ome monilis in B. c. Aster his murder' no specialiovernor seem to have been appotnted sor Asia. s. Bithynia L. Tillius Cimber overne Bithynia by Caesar' ap- Potniment m 44-43 B. c., ut marche with a mali force ocioin Cassius in Syria λ'.
Io Syria Caesar had testine legion there unde Sex. Iulius Caesar, Who ailed however, to command the respectis his men, an perishedi a mutin Whicli perhaps a caused by the intrigues of Q. Caecilius Bassus, ho the too the command of his orces, an probabi in-Creased them Caesar, howeVer, en against Bassus three legions unde the command of L. Statius Murcus, ho as Supporte by an equa force unde Q. Marcus Crispus, overnor os Bithynia. O thearrivalis Cassius in Syria both the opposin armies place themselves unde his orders, an A. Allienus, ho a Dolabella' command aised Mur legion in gypt an te them into Syria, as alarmed by the superiorit os Cassius sorces, an submitte to im'. Cassius Subse
quently besiege Dolabella a Laodicea' and Dolabella ille himself
when Cassius soldier entered the place. II. M. Antonius Seem to have hadiso regula soro at his disposaltili aster the execution o Amatius, the senate empowere hi to aiSesoldier sor his protection M. Asterwards, early in June, apparentiy, e Seem to have procure a decree of the senate assigning to imself
Macedonia, and o Dolabella Syria, illi the command against the Parthians. Si legions ad been assembled by Caesar in Macedonia for the war, hicli,ould naturali have been commande by Dolabella
hut rumOur of threatening movemenis among the Getae enabled Anton to persuade the senate to delain them ali in Macedonia exceptone', hicli probabi sollowed Dolabella Finalty in July, apparently,
Anton obtaine Cisalpine Gaul Da vote of the centuries in exchangesor Macedonia, Octavia supportin his laimi'. Subsequently Antonybrought ove Mur o sive legioni sto Macedonia into Italy but two of them, the Martia an Murth, presenti deserte to Octavian ' iththe thers, supporte by one os veterans recalle to arms, an apparenti by tW os recruits Anton began the lege of Mutina δ' Aster
his deseat elare that place, he wascioine by P. Ventidius illi three legions the th, 8th, and th δ' and aster he had rosse the Alps sirst
24 and 25. y Ib. 3. 3o. 'mur accounts are o Consistent.
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Lepidus illi seuen' legions then Pollio it three' and subsequently
Plancus illi Mur or ve , oine him Mur also os the legion os D. Brutus ent vero hi in Gaul or Italy ' Anton an Lepidus, when the marche to Italy, est si legion in Gaul unde L. Varius
Cotytaq; and we are told that at the meetin os the triumvir near Bononia a the lose of 43 B. C. Anton had Sixteen legions Octavian Seventeen, and Lepidus en TheSe hoWever, may have include so mene Italia levies. I 2. Octavian, to ard the lose of 44 B. c., ad at his disposat two vetera legions of the arm os Macedonia, the th an Martia, tw of Veterans recallexto arms, hicli,ere brought up to thei suli complement by recruits' one os recruits and a praetoria cohort, compoSed probablyos veterans. illi his sorce he marche to the neighbourhood of Mutina, and intere there Hirtius joine hi a the eginning of the extyear', an Pansa rought u Mur legion os recruit in Apri , hilelie testine δ' to guard Rome These orces suffere heau losses in thebatiles os Forum Gallorum and Mutina V. When Octavia preserre his claim to the consulfhip he had accordin to Appian δ', eight legions, whicli ere Oine by three δ' encampe for the protectio os Rome, and by ix hicli abandone D. Brutus Thus the eventeen δε are accounte sor hich he had when e me Antony and Lepidus as above
In attemptindito determine this question it ill e convenient to distinguisti the period besore an aster the enaciment of the lex Iulia de
numbere the eventhris umber hich was also orne by one of thos of Ventidius. p. Philipp. 4. Io, 27, With Ad Fam. o. 33, 4. his seem to impi that there might already be more legion than ne bearing the fame number, as a certainly the case in the eignis fAugustus Cp. milh' Dici of Antiq. sub voc. Exercitus, p. 492. ' Dion Cassius
A. In the period hicli elapsed etween the complete conquest os Ital by the Romans and the enaciment of the Tex Iulia. Italia cities muSt, illi ver se exceptions have belonge to ne of the ollowing
I. Coloniae Civium Romanorum. The mos ancient os these consiste os a mali number os Roman citigens sent to ac a garrison S, usuali in toWns o the se coast. The colonisis retaine thei fuit Roman citigenship and combined with it, probably the right os managingthei locat business. p. Madv. Opusc. Acad. I. 243-245 Marquardi, RomiSche Staatsverwaltvng I. 36. The origina population probablybecame cives sine suffragio. Praesecis ere sent rom Rome toadminister justice in many os Such colonies cp. FeSt. 233, Mullerin, perhaps originali in ali aut hether to the Roman setilers, o to theorigina population, o to both does no appear. t is probabi that in ali cases the colonia an origina populationiad amalgamaled, and that the alter ad received the sui franchise, e re the enacimen os the Lex Iulia. Cp. Marquardi I. 37. Colonies os Roman citigens ere also established heyon the limit os Ital proper the earlies a Parma and Mutina, in Cisalpine aut in I 83B. c. These ere Stablished principali for militar reasons, an Seemto have undergonem change os status besore the time os Cicero. p. Liv 39, 55 MadV. OpuSC. Acad. I. 3o2. Others were eStablishexor proposed, early ali in Italy by C. Gracchusandi M. Livius Drusus the elder, as a means os relieving the distres of
the oor a Rome Cp. Plut C. Gracch. 8 9 Liv Epit. o App.
A. Gellius N. A. I 6 13 says that the coloniae civium Romanorum 'haddes independenc than the municipia.
C. G. Zumpi cp. the lis of authorities at the end of this appendix 'hinks that thelarge colonies of Roman citigens ere neve praesecturae,' ut that allisther early communities of Roman citigens uiside Rome were o. p. acto Minturnae, Velleius a. 9 , who spealis os duoviri there also Plutarch Marius 39 praesectus Mutinensis is mentioned in the lex Rubria' cp. Corp. Inscr. Lat. I. II 6 ao5 hic Was nacte in B.C. but quattuorviri iuri dicundo' are also mentionexa existing there These appearto have been locali electe magistrates, and mustis courseae distinguished rom the functionaries of the fame nam appotiate a Romerio ac in Campania, o Whom se belOW. Cp. Ad Att. 5. 2, 3 A., Zumpi, Comment. pigr. I. 54. At Puteoli, nother Colonyo Roman citi gens, mentione by Festus among the praesecturae, 'duoviri are mentione as existin in Io B.C. Corp. Insc. Lat. I. I 63 foll. 577 3; p. te de Leg. Agrar 2 3I, 86 also a Cumae in 49 B.C., cp. Ad Att. Io. 3 I. Nosthe Xistensi offuch unctionaries seem inconsistent,it that of a praefeci sent sto Rome to administer justice. Festus p. 233 says that the praefecturae hadiso magistrates. r. D. B. Monroagrees,ith the opinion expresse by Mommsen in his lingwesen p. 336, note 3O, Berlin, I 86o , and thinks that the colonies of Roman citigens ere originali praefecturae, ut change thei constitution during the secon centur B.C.
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II. Municipia. The te municipium is supposed by Marquardi I. 8hto have originali denoted the status os cives sine suffragio landio have been transferre to the various communitie the member os
Whichael that status. Such communities appea to have been dividedint two classes; ne of them retaining more os loca self-governmentthan the ther. Paulus Diaconus Fest. I 27 Mulier gives Tusculum,
Lanuvium, and Formiae, as example os the firSti more savoured class;
Aricia, Caere, and Anagnia, of the ther. Livy ho ever, couples Aricia with Lanuvium 8. I ), and Cicero' language in ne passage tend to
To ome os these municipia praesecis ere sent Dominome to administer justice. At rst uel ossicers ere appotnted by the praetor urbanus, ut accordin to Liv 9. o), aster the ear I B. C. Mur quattuorviri iuri dicundo' Were electet to ac a Capua an other places Others ere stili appotnted by the praetor urbanus Thus there ere two classes of praefecturae. o toWn to hicli such ossicerswere Sent scp. Festus 33, Mulle', and a considerable number of townsmight sor ome time e called illi qua propriet municipia or praesecturae. The Mur praesecis appointexto ac in Campania ererechone among the viginti sex viri-on hom p. mitti, Dici os
It is to e notice that o ames os old Latinoown nor os old colonies of Roman citigens occur in the lis os praesecturae ive by Festus Perhaps the inhabitant os suci places lia to bring thei cases hesore the praetor urbanus for trial It is true that a praesec is mentione in an inscription, of the time of the emperor Claudius probably, as existin a Lavinium cp. . . umpi, De LaVinio, etc., P. 2;I , 5), ut perhap no argument an e rawn rom the institutions of the rs centur os the empire, an Mommsen thinks that he represente the municipat, no the Roman praetor. SiaatSrech a. 569 57O, note 8.)At these municipia an praesecturae probably, illi the exceptionis Capua an a se places in iis eighbourhood, ad received the suli Roman ranchise besore the enaciment of the lex Iulia, an mos of the praefecturae may have obtaine the right os electing their Unmagistrates on receiving Such sul citigenShip. p. Marquardi I. 34; a 43.
In the comitia tributa. p. A. Gell. 3. 5, 4ri Lange Rom. Alt. I. 75o 756. But a the ames of such quattuorviri are omitte in theast of magistrates recited in theearlier laws, Mommsen hinks that Liv was mistaken in supposing that the were elected by the Roman people belare theraevent centur of the ci . p. Mo sen Hist os Rome,
The status os the praefecturae ould thus bera transitional one: ut
The positionis Capua etween the rs estabiistimentis iis connec-tion illi Rome an iis revolt in the secon Punic War 343 216 B.αὶ present some dissiculty It is sal by iv 8. 4 to have received the civitas sine suffragio in 338 .c., p. Velleius I. 4; ut it is stili spolien os as a civitas foederata' by iv a later periods 9 6; 23. 5 , and it appears that a magistrate, the eddi tuticus, a stillelecte there u to the ear II B. c. p. iv 23, 35 MOmmSen, OSkische Studien II a Perhaps the gradua disappearance of the oldmunicipat relation e to a confusion oscit illi that os the civitates foederatae Cp. Marquardi I. I. The inhabitant of the municipa towns os the olde hin serve in legion os their Wn, ut unde tribunes, thus holdin an intermediate positio belween that of the sul Roman citigens and that os the allies. They are ometimes calle Roman citigens Fest. I a), Sometime not Paul. Diaci, Fest. Iar). In the lalter caseoli titie is probabi dented them a not eing nrolle in the tribes. p. Marquardi I. 32,
III. Nomen Latinum. his consiste o I. id Latinoowns, os hicli Tibur, Praeneste, an perhap Laurentum' alone so sarras eano K retained thei old privileges to considerable extent aster the revolt an subjugationis Latium in 3384. c. Cp. Liv 8. II; 4. a. Coloniae Latinae. The population os such os theseos erefounde aster the subjugation o Latium probabi consiSted parti os Latins parti os indigent Roman who Sacrifice Someo thei privileges a ciligens to obtain a grant os lan in such colonies. p. Madv. Opusc. Acad. I. 263. The compoSitionos the population os the earlier Latin colonies-a leas of those unded besore 38 B.α-is more doubisul. All the Latin communities appea to have e oyed the right os Romancitigens illi regar to the tenure an acquisition os propert ius commercii). p. Cic. Pro Caec. 35 Ioa. Whether they, or an O them,
A., Zumpi De Lavinio et Laurentibus Io belleves that Lavinium a thepolitica centre of theseopte called Laurentes. si is right os course the nam os Lavi nium musti substitute so that o Laurentum in the text.
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Any citigenis such owns could acquire the Roma sui citigenslii in
I. B haviniheldissice in his own i Cp. Supr. p. 23 and resf. a. y leavin a son to represen him there I iv I. 8. The cities of the Latins hel a place though the mos savoured place, among the civitates foederatae.' p. Cic. Pro Balb. 24 54 Philipp. 3. , 5. IV. Other allied communities. The conditionis these Was determined
by Specia treaties, an in ome cases it a sociavourable that the wereunWillinxto changerit so that os sul Roman citigens Cic. Pro Balb. 8.
B. I. The Tex Iulia de civitate sociorum, enacte in o B.α, conferre the sul Roman ranchise on ali the communities in Ital properwhich had remained salthsul to Rome in the Marsic a up to that time, provide that the severa communities ere illingo accepi t. is provision applied to at the Latin colonies the existin in Ital and in Cisalpine Gaul, an subsequent legislation extended the privileges os Roman citigenslii stili more idely It is probable that at the time fCicero' greates activit as an advocate and politicia ali communities in Ital prope had received the fuli Roman ranchise, and had, illi the exception os recent colonies of Roman citigens, becomes municipia II. Thus a ne clas os municipia a formed the thir of those mentione by Paulus Diaconus Fest. Iar). It compri sed the old Latinan other allied toWns the Latin colonies, and probabi a large majorityo the old municipia an praesecturae. The rights of the ne municipia were setiled by leges municipales,' os,hicli the Lex Rubria, passe in 49 .c. ep. p. 489), and the ex Iulia municipalis, passe in B.C. ep. p. 49 ain, ere among the mos important. Al the ne municipialia some right o loca selDgovernment. p. Marquardi I. 62-67; et soli. The prope definition os municipes in the later sense is Roman citigens ot elongin by extraction to the cit os Rome.'
arquardi I. 55 belleves that this privilege, With some thers, a Withdrawn stomcolouies founde in an subsequently t 26 B.C.
. III. ne clas os coloniae civium Romanorum Was hortlyaster ard formed consistin of the Settiemenis os veterans made indisserent paris os Ital by Sulla-an example asterward imitate by the dictator Caesar and by Augustus These did not, it is me, sor in alicases ne politica communities; ut Praeneste is spolien si Ciceroa a colon In Cat. I. 3 8), an Socis Capua Pro Sest 4 Philipp. a.
o), here a considerable number os veterans and of indigent Romancitigens a Settie unde Caesar' agraria la os 59 .c. cp. Supr.
pp. 16 ID 73); Casilinum ais is calle a colon Philipp. l. c. p.
Supr. P. 554)IV. A ne classis Tatini came into existence in the year 89 .c., when a law of the consul, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, aiSed severa towns os the Transpadani to that position. The fame privilege a extende to
lishe or augmente a colon no consistin os Latin by birili or Romans Such communities could of courseint be called Latin colonies
a 76 277 Suet. Iul. 8 AScon in PiSOnian. I 2o I 2I. V. Cicero Pro Sest. I 4, 32 speah os coloniae, municipia, and praefecturae a formin three classes of town in Ital in his time. In speahing on coloniae, he must reser o colonies of Roman citigens, but perhaps also, es properly to Latin colonies' hen it is his objecto Spea accuratet he hews a clear appreciatio of the distinctio belween Latin colonies an municipia-or rather of the change
effected in the conditionis Latin colonies by the enaciment of the lex Iulia' cp. Philipp. 3. 8, 8). VI. O the owns hicli ad originalty been 'praesecturae, Cicero speah o Reate and Atina a stili earing that name In Cat. 3. 2, 5;
Pro Planc. 8, 93. Arpinum, hicli ad been praesectura, he calis municipium ' Supr. p. 452- 53); Puteoli an Cumae ad undergone changes in thei constitution, an perhaps er no longe callex praefecturae' cp. Cic. de Leg. Agrar 2 3I, 86; d Att. IO. I 3, I). Caesar Beli. iv. I. 5 Speah of eing et received by the praesecturae o Picenum in B.α; hich seem to hew that suci cities held an important place in that region.
I no doubt whether an os the olde Latin colonies that is, of thos Mundedae rethe enaciment of the Tex Iulia, inere stili called colonies, even in popular language, after the enaciment of that law. The language of Cicero acto Brundisium is hardi decisive Ad Att. 4. I, Asconius, it is true In Pisonian. 3. Iao , Nonder a Cicero' callingila centia a municipium, hic ha been a Latii colony.
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VII. To recapitulate. 1 The term colonia, municipium praefectura' ere not, perhaps, mutuatly XcluSive. a A majority-perhaps all-os the municipia an coloniae civium Romanorum' of the earlier period i. e. of that whichende in the ear o B.C. Were alS praefecturae, and some of them retaine the alter ille in Cicero' time.
The term municipium, and n ouer, applied in Cicero' timeto such old Latin and ther allie communities in Ital ashad received the sul Roman ranchise in .c. o, or later an perhaps hen Cicero Speah os' coloniae, municipia, an praesecturae, he se the term municipium in his
The term colonia applied in Cicero' time, hen se of towns ouili of the Rubicon or of the o, a To the more recent coloniae civium Romanorum; ' b Perhaps coloniae Latinae, les properly in Onsideration os their origina constitution. See in addition to authorities atre ad quoted Festus sub voc. municeps, I a Mulier δ; Paul. Diac. Festus 3I, Militer); Niebutir Rom. Hist. a. 5 3r edition), O the Right o Isopolit an Municipium; Smilli' Dici of Antiq. sub voco. Colonia, 3I5-319; Latinitas. 669 6ro C. G. Zumpi Uebe de Unterschied de Benennungen Municipium, Colonia, Praefectura in the realises of the Berlin Academ sor 183 9: Marquardi, Romi Sche Staatfver aliung, ol. I r. Long' Decline of the Roma Republic a. 74-I78 Cavedoni, Dichiaragione degli antichimarmi Modenesi, Modena 828, p. a soli. Mommsen, Romisches MunZWeSen Berlin. 86o), p. 336, note 3 o. In compiling this Appendix I have derive great assistanc sto a Selectio os passages fro ancient author illustratin Roma antiquities, printe sor private circulatio by r. D. B. Monro, Fello of Oriel College.
ἄπαξ θανεῖν, 99. ἀπάντησις, 334, 337, 339-
γεροντικον, γεροντικωτερον, a I. γλυκυπικρον, 248.