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23. Obsidibus cooptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, a Vesinvenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captiVorum magnum num serum linbobus, et nonnullae tempeState deperierunt naveS, duobus commentibus exercitum reportaro instituit. Ac sic necidit, uti cinnio navium numero tot navigationibus, neque hoc neque Superiore anno ulla omnino navis, uno milites portare desideraretur at ex iis, qua in uno ex continenti ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus Xpositis militibus, o quas postea Labienus facienda cur RVerat numero SeXaginta, perpaucae locum caperent reliquae fere omne ro jicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne tinnitempore a naVigatione excluderetur, quod nequinoctium suberat, neceSSario angustius milites collocavit ac, summa tranquilli tuto consecuta, Secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omneSque incolumes nave perduXit.
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ΙDyo compare a page of Caesar illi a page of an Englis History, yoti,ill readit se that the sentenue in Caesar are much longe and consequently eWer than in Englisti. In Englisti the narrativo consista larget os independent talemenis, and the sentences contain De Ormore principat verbiwith vor te participia or Subordinate constructions. In Latin therideas aro nos xpr0ss0d in this dotauhed stylo, butine mainridearis chos011 and the subordinate ideas are grouped around itin participia and subordinate constructions. The Englisti Style is callod the Delache Stylti cilio Latin Stylo is callo tho Poriodic. Inorde to get a good idiomati translation o a Latin sontence, it is ottentiecessar to rea it u luto severa defache sentences an render Latin participies and subordinato verbs by principat verbs in Englisti.
His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore naCtu Secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, Circiter millia passuum Septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto a plano litore naves constituit. - ρεαν IV, 23.
α Thero are sive participies andine principat Verb. b Tho disserent movoments are state in the ordor of their
c The one principat subjectri maintained throughout.
Quibus rebus cognitis principes Britanniae, qui post proelium tactum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda Convenerant, inter Se colloquuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romani deesse
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intellegerent et paucitatem militum eκ castrorum niguitate cognoscerent,-quae ho erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat,-optimum saCtu esse clutaerunt, rebellione acta, frumento Commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod iis Superatis aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inserendi causa in Britanniam transiturunt confidebant. Caesar IV, 30.
Observe ia The positionis quibus rebus cognitis a the introductory Words. b Tho positioni principes Britanniae a the subjeci, followed by the qui claus connected with it also colloquuti describin tho modo of
c The cum clauses, giving the reason to the action, lacedaeioreth principat Verb. d duκerunt, the sole principat Verb.
α Caesar, etsi nondum Consilia eorum Cognoverat, tamen legiones in acie pro 'Atri Constituit. Although Caesar a nos et ware of thei plans, neverthelesshe posted his logioris in lino, batile beiore the camp. b Barbari, consilio Romanorum Cognito, nostro navibus egredi prohibebant. When tho plan of tho Romans ecam known to the barbarians theytried to prevent ou men rom laniling.
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60 CoΝsISΤENC O LATIN STYLE O Qua re impetrata, arma tradere jussi, faciunt. This request,a granted an on eincordere to an ove thoirarma thendo so. d Hunc illi e nau egressum, cum ad eos imperatoris mandata perserret, in vincula Conjecerant. Whon he had lan led rom tho hi and was dolivorinito them thoorder of his commander, the had thrown rim into chains.
These sentences illustrate the compactness, brevit and consistenc O Latin Atyle a compare With tho Englisti. Latin asciar a possibi throughout the periodis sentence
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exigua parte reliquaci abl. abs., qui Valent to a concessivo clauso introduced by etsi co-Ordinat with the nox clauso though but litile of the summe remained, and in his district the winter se in early. VNoto that etsi occur in Caesar illi the res. impi. and lupi. indic. never With the subj. ad septentriones vergit Caesar means that tho rivor o Gaul out-side the rovincia, i. e. in tho par occupied by the Aquitani, Celtae an Belgae, have a nOrtheri eourAe. septentriones properi the seven star Whicli for the constellationo tho Groat ear, rom septem, even, and trio, Strio, tar; p. stella, sterula German Stern Englisti tar.
Eritanniam probabi tro the Celtic bri or brith, αinted, romtho customis the inhabitant staining their bodies With woad B V, 14 . Tho nam Albion givon to it by Aristotio De undo, 3 is perhapsironi Celtic ais, ath high or,hites; p. Alpin, Albany an old nam ior Scottand), Latin albus, Alpes. quod intellegebat: p. D. III, 9, here e mentions the fac that
the Nannetes and tho Veneti sons for id to Britaturio carrnon their War against the Romana. Dion Cassius says that Caesar' motive in crossinito Britain Was impinthis to e theirst Roman who visited the fland Suotonius attributes the expedition to avarice, mentioning tho richlearliusheries a the inducement.
Subministrata se esse ha been secretly supplied. V Noto the forceos sub in composition. si deficeret: et en though the time of the year houldie insusscient forcαrryinion, regulα campalyu V subj in a subordinato clause in ratio
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NOTES O CAESAR B. G. magno sibi usui sore Hlaturum esse): it ouldie of yreα advαntageto himici usui dat oliui pose, H. L. 228, 431. The clauses Si adisset-perspenisset Cognovisset are subjects of fore the plupi. subj represent the tui. i. in die in Oratio Recta magno mihi usui erit, Si adiero- persperiero-Cognovero, H. L. 269 R., 408 αὶ.loca, portus, aditus note the Asyndeton. quae-incognita: his statem en is nos correct Caesar imsolssays B. ΙΙΙ, in naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare Consuerunt. neque enim-quisquam neque enim implies an ollipsis, and weean reαdit imayine his for obod goes there ithou good eason. ''-temere, at random, α8hly, oppOSed to consulto. mercatores may be either Greelis rom assilia no Marseillesinor Romana rom Provincia no Provence in Southern Gaul, hofollowod in tho mulae of the arm to purchas boot and Aeli provisiona. Gallias th division o Gaul Belgica, Celtica, Aquitania. neque : oin With reperire poterat. esset-inColerent- haberent uterentur-essent subj in Itidirect Question aiter reperire Η. L. 200, R. C. 408 bj. Noto that poterat implies repeated actioi potuit Would havo meant that ho called the tradercon a single OccaSion.
ad haec cognoscendaricioin mitti praemittit. priusquam periculum saceret: Ube fore running the rish,' Ub foremastino the attemptV Note that the subj mood expresse intention onthe par o Caesar H. L. 260, 6 R. C., 387, 2 b). Observe themeaninios periculum, ariαIV p. enperior, πειρύομαι πειρα. C. Volusenum his sui name a Caius Volusenus Quadratus Hehol the me of tribunus militum and was employed by Caesar usevera occasiona. II aide in pulting own Commius, in of tho Atrobatos, an a tribunus plebis inis B. C. supported Maro Antony. In B. III, 5 Caesar spealis of him in the ighos term in connectionwith the batilo of the Nervii vir et magni consilii et virtutis: Commius is also mentioned B. IV, 27; V, 22 VI, 6 VII, 76, 79. navi longar hips of War-naves longae-Were long and narro fitted for4wiit festing; his of burden- naves onerariae-were bullinwith round bottoms, fitted for carryinias large a caminas possibie.
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mandat: Phe charyes V mando implios confidenco in the person intrustod With a commission. Morinos Tho Morini inhabitost the so coast o Gallia Belgica. Their nam is rom the Celtio mor, Ma V cp. Armorica Theyoccupio tho districiesrom tho Scaldis no Scheldi on tho ast to tho Samara noW Somme on tho,est. Their hie town Wa Gesoriacum, after ariis Bononia, Whenco the modern Boulogne. Tho brevissimus trajectus Was, of course tho Stratis os ovor, Whichisae milos in width betwoen Calais and Dovor se noto B. IV, 23. Veneticum bellum thi War a carrie on in 56 B. C., in consequendo of the ovolt of tho Venoti and the states of orth-western
quibus auditis: I abi abs. or 2 possibi dative alter pollicitus;
mahinthind promises to them affer hemisere heard. ''ut- permaneret: to adhere to that resolution '' Substantivo Clauseos Purpose, II. L. 240 2 R. G, 424 αὶ.Atrebatis superatis: tho Atrebates, a people o Gallia Belgica, occupied hat was orico callod Artois probabi a corruption of thoname, ut no called Pas-de-Calais ther say that Arras Flemisti Autrecht is a corrupi formit the word. Tho wero osseato by Caesar at the rivor abis no Sambre in 57 B. C. B. II, 23ὶ portionis them, after his deleat, crossedive to Britain and sotilod in the valle of the hames, probabi in Berkshire. Tho iaci that Commius was king of tho Atrebates on the continent may have influenced Caesar in senil in him to reat with his countrymon in Britain. magni-habebatur was considered fireat alve V, was hiyhlyu lueu magni, gen o Value, II. L. 290 4.
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huic ra Commio. imperat-civitatem construe imperat ut adeat civitates quas possit, in orders hima Misit ali the stαtes he an adeat, Substantive Clause of Purpose, H. L. 240 2 R. , 24 possit, subj in Oratio obliqua in L , 265, 2 G, 408 b). Primar Sequenoe, II. L. I98, 4, 387. The ut is sonisti mos omittod with the verba of command ': B. III, 3 huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat. eo thither V m in Britanniam. ut fidem sequantur: Ut be loyα to,' litorally to accepi the protectio of Seque construe imperatque huic ut nuntiet se Caesarem celeriter
perspectis regionibus: after ascertaining the character of the counita V also cognoscere regiones, L. III, 7. quantum potuit: as far, his opportunit allowed him V litorally, a much of opportunit α could e morde him. V sacultatis, Partitive gen. H. L. 287 R. C., 174. qui auderet Uinasmuch as heiid notiare V Causal rei and subj., H. L. 252, 4. navi egredi Caesar use both navi egredi and e navi egredi. perspenisset subj in Indirect uestion alter Historio resent. quae, nec neu t. l. i quiS, quae quid.
dum moratur dum, meaning While, always ahes the indicativo in Caesar, excepi in B. VII, 82.
9ise and to promise V qui Final, H. L. 232, 2 R., 388. temporii Descriptive Gen. II. L. 288, 5. his reserario the ovonis mentioned in B. III, 28. iter the res of orthorti Gaul had submittodio Caesar, the enapii and Morini Auddent attached the Romans. homines barbari: as uncivilized eopse V Ubeiny a the were j
nostrae consuetudinis a refers to the mercnshown by the Romanato thos who submittexto thei sWay. populo dat. the construction o bellum facere populo Romano is formodin the analog o bellum inferre populo Romano, H. L. 229.
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secissent Virtual ratio Obliqua H. L. 253, 6 R. a 408. Seque conStrue pollicerentur se acturos ea quae imperasset: pollicerentur is co-Ordinate illi qui excusarent imperasset: lupi. subj. in . O representing the fui. f. indie in . R., ,hat ou Ahallhave ordered, W shali do, 'in L. 269 8. hoc arbitratus Caesar hin kin that his reus a tolerably good strea of luckJ Noto that the si part oi a deponent ver is usuallytranslated into Englisti by a pres pari. H. L. 163, 2 bin x R. a 3I2. quod volebat-habebat udicabat indic a givin Caesar' own reaSonS, II. L. 252, 2. has- anteponendas. Uthat occupation,ith sucharisino matterishould ta e precedence ver his eaepedition to Britαin. V-anteponendas esse), II. L. 189, Gerundival Infinitive. -Sibi dat o Agent, H. L. 188, 4 R. C , 354. Britanniaeri dat alter a compound verb, II. L. 229, 5, Note. Britanniae α bello Britannico This condenso mode os comparison is Sometimes ound in poeirn Shahespeare, Coriolanus, ActII, Sc. 2, 21 mis ascent is notis eas as thos who α isiscent is not oecianas that of tho8 who, dic. iis numerum imperavit impero in the sense of commαnd V taliosa dative Oi person commαnded V meaning leis, demand rom, V ittakes dative o person and acc. Pthing.
quibusci refers to the hostage ; eos, to the orini. in fidem recepit: he received unde his protection V aee B. IV, 21. coactis contractisque the irs participio implies that thothipa mero collecte unde compulsion the Aecond that the merely assembled: Ahavin been presse into servιce an brought to ne place V Theyprobabinassembled a Boulogne, Which was also the rendegvous of the FronchiDde Napoleon I he he intende to attach England in 1802A. D.
duas legionei thesili and the 10th. quicquid navium longarum m omnes naves for Partitive gen ., Aee H. L. 287, 4. O this se i quicquid, p. Livy III, 9; per quicquid deorum est per Omnes deOS. ab millibus octo at a distance of eight miles V The transporta wero at Ambieteus eight miles northii Boulogne. quominus, ut eo minus; δo that . . . not Q H. L. 248 8 9. ducendum dedit for the geruudive With do, Soem L. I 87, 9.
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Sabino et Cottae both ighi estoomod legati os assar. Theyboth soli in tho ambusoad plannod by Ambiorix, in io the Eburones, L. V, 37. Menapii a peoplo o Gallia Belgica who inhabito dioth sidos of tho Rhino. Thoi chio town was Castellum enapiorum no Ke88el .
solvit: he se sau V finii solvere o solvere naves, to se suilV: for tho fornicessos also L. IV, 28 for tho latior B. IV, 36 V, 8. ulteriorem portum Murthorioi th than Boulogneci p. IV, 28, Where it is callud portus superior Tho cavairnwere delained wind-bound at Ambietet se, eight miles northis Boulosne. naves conscendere 'o also find in naves conscendere, to embαrk. VTho cavair didio stari fili three day aiter Wariis, i. e. August 30th. quibus administratum as his orderiisere carried ut somewhatalawly by them. V1pse notio that this pronoun henisse alone generali resera to
Dig. 50, 6, 96), litus est quousque maκimus fluctus a mari pervenit. Distinguisti litus, tho pars of the shore Washed by the watera ripo, thehan Dos a rivos ora the landii the Ahore. ad egrediendum: sc e navibus, for disembarking Aee note L. IV, 21.