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To the Μost Serene and Invincibi e
O Grea Britain, France, and Ireian M
The ear of animal is the basis of theirliis, the principi of the whole, the Sun of their Microcosm, that pon hicli ali movement depends,from hicli ali strengili proceeds Themin in like manne is the basis of his ingdom, the Sun of
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The Excellent and Accomplis hedΡresident of the oya College
of hysicians, an to ther Learne Physicians, hi mo St
learned friends, illi, ne View of the movementand function of the heari, in m anatomica lectures but avin no for nine ear and more confirme theseviews by multiplied demonstrations in Our presence, illuStrate them by arguments and Dee them froni the objections of the mos learned and shilsu Anatomisis ci a tengthyield to the equests, I might Sa entreaties, O many, and here present them for genera consideration in his realise. Wer no the wor indeed presente through ou myleariae friends, I hould carcet hope that it could comeout catheles an completeri or o have been in generalthe faithmi,itnesse of almost ali the instances rom hich have either collecte the truth or confute error. ou have Seen m dissections an a m demonstrations os alltha I maintain tot objects of sense, o have been accUS- tomed o standi and confirm me illi ou testimony. And
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a this book alone declares the lood o course and revolveb a ne route, Very different frona the ancient an beaten pathway trodden or o many ages, an illustraled by such a
before the public at home, o sera it eyond eas for impression Viales Phad firSt proposed iis subjectoo ou, ad confirmed iis conclusion by ocula demonstrations in Our presence, ad replied O ou doubis and objections and secured the assent and supporti ou distinguishediresident.
For I as mos intimatet persuaded that i I could malae good ni proposition e re o and ur College, illustrious by iis numerous od of earn ed individuals I ad es to a froni thers. I even venture to ope that I hould have the coniforti findin ali that ou had granted me in
further information rom homSOeVer and rom hereSOCVerit a come nor are the so narro -minded a io imagine any of the aris o Sciences transmitted o us by the ancients, in such a state os forWardnes o completeness, that nothingis est for the ingenuity an industr of thers On the Contrary, Ver many maintain that ali e no is stillinfinitet les than ali that stili remain unknown .nor dophilosophers in thei faith to thers precept in such Wiselliat the lose thei liberty, and eas to give crederace to the conclusion of thei prope senses. Neither do the s earsuch fealty to thei mistres Antiquity that the openly, and in sight os ali den and desert thei friend Truth. Buteven a the se that the credulous and ain are disposed at
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the irs hin t accepi an to belleve verything that is pro- posed to them, o do the observe that the duli and unintelia lectual are indisposed to Se What lie be re their yes, and even den the light of the noonda sun They teachis nou course of philosophyn Sedulousi avoid the abies of the poets and the ancies of the Vulgar, a the false conclusions of the sceptics. An then the Studious, and good, and true, neve sume their ind to e Warped by the passion ofhatred an enuy, hicli uiasit men dul to eigh the arguments that re ad vance in bellat o truth, o to appreciate the proposition that is even atri demonstrated. Neither dothey thin it unWorth of them to change thei opinion struth and undoubted demonstration require them to do O. The do not esteem it discreditable to desert error, thoughsanctione by the ighest antiquity for the know fuit,ellthat to err to e deceived is human that many things are discovered by accident, and that many ma be earne indifferenti frona any quarter, by an id man Domin ovili, by a person finderstandin Domine os inferior capacity. My dea colleagues Phadiso purpos to sweli his realiseinto a large volume by quotin the ames and writings of Anatomisis, oro malae a parade of the strength of mymemory the extenti m reading, and the amount of mypain ; ecause I professioth to earn and o teach anatomy, no Dom books ut rom dissections no froni the positionso philosophers ut frona the fabri o natureri and thenbecause Udo no thin it right o prope to trive to alae
frona the ancient an honour that is thei due, nor et Odispute illi the moderns, and enter into controvers Withthose ho have excelle in anatom an been myrieacherS.
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sinceret anxious for truth nor lay it to anyone' door asa crime that he had fallen into error. I avo myself the partisan o Truth and I an indeed say that I have sed alim endeavours, esto ed ait m patia on an attemptrio pro duce omething that houldie agreeable O the good, profit- able to the earned, and usem to letters.
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MOVE MENT OF THE HEARTAND LOΟD IN ANIMAL S.
AS, are bout o discus the movement action, and USeo the hear an arteries, it is incumbentipon us firsito state hat has been thought of these things byothers in their ritings, and what has been held by the vulgar and i tradition in orde that wliat is true ma be confirmed, and what is false et right y dissection, multiplied
Almost ali anatomisis, physicans, and philosophers up to the present time, have Supposed, illi Valen that the object of the pulse a the fame a that of respiration, and on indissere in oneparticular, his ein Conceived to depend on the animal therespiration o the vita facultW the wo in ali ther respectS, whether illi referen e to purpOSe oro motion, OmPOrtingiliemselves alike. Whenc it is affirmed a b Hieron mus Fabricitis of Aquapendente, in his book on Respiration,' hicli has latet appeared that a the pulsatio of the ear and arteries cloes no sumce so the ventilatio an refrigeration ofth blood, there re ere the lungs fashione to surround thelieart. From his it appears that haleve has itherio beensai upon the systole an diastole or o the movement of theliear an arteries, has been aid illi specia reference to the
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iliose of the lungs, and the movements of the arteries Do those of the chest, s it seems likel that ther en d an ossices illthen Cerari se, and that the pulsations and se of the eari, like-wi se of the arteries, wil differ in many respectisrom the heavingsandisses of the ches an lungs. Forti the arteria pulse and the respiration serve the fame en d di the arteries in their diastole tali ai in to their avities, a commoni Stated an in their systole emit fuliginous apo urs by the Same ore of the flesti an si in an further, di they, in the time intermediatebet eo the diastole and the Systole, contain ir, an at aliti meSCither air, O spiritS, o fuliginous vapo urs, hal hould then besai toria n, ho rote a book o purpos to ho that bynatur the arterie containe bl ood, and nothing ut lood, and Con Sequently ei ther spirit nor ir, as may be readii gatheredfroin the X periment an reasoning containe in the Same
book No is the arteries are ille in the diastole withii thentaken in to them a large quantity fisi penetratin when the pulse is large an full), it must comerio pasS that f ou iunge into alathis ater oris ot when the pulse is stron an fuit, it ought forthwith to e come either malle o much lower, since the circum ambient ath ill rende it Elther dissiculi orimpossibi for the atro penetrate. In like manner a ali the arteries, hos that are deep-seate as et a thos that resuperficiat, are dilate at the fame instant, and with the fame rapidity ho is it possibi that ai Ahould penetrate to the deeperparis a Deel an qui chly through the si in flesti, and ther StructureS, A through the mere cutici, An ho fhould the arteries of the foetus dra at in to thei cavities through the abdomen of the mollier and the bod of the wom, An howshould seais, hales, dolphin and ther Cetaceans, and isties of every description livin in the depilis of the ea tali in andem itini by the diastole an systole of thei arteries through the infinite mas of water. For o say that the absorb the at thalis present in the water, an emit thei sumes into his medium, were t ulter Omething very like a figment. An i the arteries in their systole Xpe fuliginous vapour seo their avities through the ores of the flesti and shin, hy no the SpiritS,
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whicli are sal tot containe in these esseis, at the a me time, Since Spirit are much more Subile than fuliginous vapOur ors moliel An is the arteries tali in and cast ut i in the systole an diastole, like the lungs in the proces O respiration, wh do the no do the fame hin when a ound is madein ne of them, as in the operation o arteriotona 8 hen thewind piperis divided, it is sufficienti obvio us that the air entersan return through the wound by two opposite movemenis; ut when an arter is divided, it is quali manifes that loodesCape in ne Continuous Stream, and thati ai et ther entersor
issues. I the pulsations of the arteries an an refrigerat thesevera paris of the body a the lungs do the heari ho comescit, ascis Common ly said that the arteries carry the vita blood into the different paris, abundanti charged illi vital spiriis, hi chcheristi the eat of these paris, Sustain them hen SteOP, and recruit them hen exhaustes How hould it appen that, fyo ti the arteries, immediately the paris no only becometorpid, an frigid, and loo pale, ut at length cease even to enourishecli his accordi nitosalen, iste ause the are deprivedo the heat whicli florue through alliaris fro the heari, aliis Source; liene it ould appea that the arteries ather Carrywarnath to the paris than Serve for an sania in or refrigeration. Besides, o cari thei diastole dra spirit Dona the ear towarm theiod an iis paris, an means os cool in them Domwithout 8 Stili further, although so me affirm that the lungs, arteries, an hear have ali the sanae offices, they et maintain that the ear is the worksho of the spiriis, and that thearteries contain and transmit them enying, howOUer in OPPO-sition to the opinion o Columbus, that the lungs an ither mali or Contain spiritS. The then assert, illi alen, against Erasistratus that it is biood, no spiriis, hicli is contained in the
These opinion are Seen to e so incongruous an mutuat lysubversive that very one of them is justi brought under suspicion. That Dis biood an bloo alone hicli is containedin the arteries is made manifes by the X periment of sialeu, byarteriotomy, and by ound for Domin single divide artery, as
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sialen himself assirm in more than ne place the whole of thebl ood a be illidrawn in the Course of hal an our, o leSS. The experiment ossalen allude to is his 'Is ou include a portion o an arter belween two ligatures, and stit it pentengthways, ou illin noth in butilood ' and thus h proves that the arteries containito od only And we oo may be permitte to proceed by a like train f eason indi i we in thesam blood in the arteries as in the eins, after havi nitie themin the fame way, a Phave mySel repeatedi ascertained both in the de ad od an in livin animais, e may fairly Conclude that the arteries contain the Same blood a the vel iis, and nothingbut the fame lood Some, hiis the attempto tesse thedifficulty affirm that the lood is spiritu ous an arterious, and virtuali concede that the office of the arteries is to carr blood froni the hear in to the whole of the ody, and that the arethere fore illed withilood; sor spirituous lood is no the essblood o that account An no ne dentes that the lood assuch, Uen the portio of it,hici florus in the eins, is imbued with spiriis. ivt f that portion hicli is containe in the arteries be richer in spiriis, it is stili to e belleved that these spirit arein separabie ro the blood like hos in the ein that the blood an spirit constitute ne ody like hey an bulter in milli orheat in holmater), with whicli the arteries are Charged, and forthe distributionis hicli frona the ear the are provided, and that this bod is nothin eis than blood But is his lood besai tot drawn rom the hear into the arteries by the diastole of these esseis it is then assume that the arteries by thei distensio are ille withilood, and not with the surround in air, aSheretos ore Gor is the be sal also toiecome illed with air Domthe ambient atmosphere ho and when, ask, a they receiVeblood rom the heart I it berans ruerex during the systole, Isa it seem tote impossibi ; the arteries ould then have tofill,hile the contracted, o fill, and et not eco me distended. Put i it e sales during the diastole, the would then, an sori AE OPPOSit purpOSOS, b receivin both blood an air, an heatan coici, hicli is improbable Further, hen it is assirmed that the diastole of the ear an arteries is simultaneous, and the