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quantit a the ea of the e ins the store-hous an Cister os the blood, in to the ventricle, hich ein filled the heari ai sesitsel stra ightway mal es ali it fibres ense, Contraci the Ventri Cles, an perform a beat by hicli beat it immediately sen d sthe bl ood supplied ioci by the auricle in to the arteries. The right ventricle eradiit charge in to the lungs by the esset hichi calle vena arteriosa, ut hicli, in structure an function, andali ther respecis, is an artery. The est ventricle sen d iis charge in to the orta, and through his by the arteries to thebod a largo.
TheS tW movemenis, ne of the ventricles the ther of the auricles, tali place Consecutively, ut in suci a manne that there is a kindis harmon o rhythm preserve belween them, the two concurring in Such wis that ut ne moVement i ap- Parent, Speciali in the warmer-bloode animais, in hicli themove ment in question re rapid. Nor is his for an otherreason hancit is in a iece of machin ery, in hicli, though onewheel gives movemen to nother, et ali the wheel Seem tomoVe Simultaneousty in that mechanica contrivance hichis adaptet to rearms, here the trigger eing ouched down comes the lint, strii es against the fleel, produces a parti, hi Chiali in among the powder, ignitescit, pon hi Ch the flame X- tendS, enter the arret, ausos the explosion, propel the ball,
and the mari is alta ined ali of hicli incidents by reason os the celerit ruith whicli the happen, seem to tali place in the twin kling of an ye S also in deglutition : by the elevatio of the oot of the longue, and the compressionis the mouili, the Mod oririni is pushed into the fauces, hen the laryn is lOsed by iis muscies and by the epiglottis. The pharyn is then aised an opene by iis muscies in the fame anas a fac that is ob fille is iste up an iis mouit, dilated. po the mouthfulbein received, it is orce downwardiby the transUOrSehu ScieS, and then carrie fur the by the longitudinal ones. et ali thesemove menis, though Xecuted by different an distinc organs, are performe harmoniOuSty, and in Such Order, that the Seemto Constitute ut a single movement an aci, hicli e calldeglutition.
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Even soloes it come to pass illi the move ments and actio osthe heari, hicli constitute a hin o deglutition a transfusion ofth blood rom the ein to the arteries. An i anyone bearing thes things in ind wil care fult watch the move ments of theliear in theiod os a livin animal, he wil perceive notin lyrallthe particular I have mentioned vis. the hear becomin erect, an mali in orae continuous movement illi it auricles ut further, a certain obscure undulatio an latera inclination in the directionis the Xis of the right ventricle, as i twistin iiselfflighil in performin iis ork. An indeed Ueryone R SCO, when a hors drinlis that the water is drawn in and transmittedio the stomach at ach ovement of the throat, hiCh moVement produces a Sound and ield a pulse both to the ea and the tota cli in the fame a it is,ith each movement of the heari, when there is the de liver of a quantityi blood rom the ein sto the arterieS a pulse talies place, an ca be eard within the
The movement of the heari, then, is entiret of this description, and the ne actio of the ear is the transmission of the lood an iis distribution by means of the arteries, to the ery CX- tremities of the ody so that the pulse hicli, seel in the arteries is noth in more than the impulse of the lood derived froin the heart. Whether o no the heari, hesides propelling the blood givingit mox ement locally, and distributin it to theiody add anythin eis to it-heat, spirit, perfection must be inquire into by and by an decide upo Other round s. o much may suffice at this time, hen it is hown that by the actio of theliear the lood is transfuse through the ventricies rom theve in to the arteries, an distributed by them to ali paris of thebody. The above, indeed is admitte by ait, both Do the structure of the hear and the arran gement an actioni iis valves. ut stili thenare like person purbi in oraropin about in the clarii,
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The gran cause of doubi an error in hi subjeci appear tome o have been the intimate connection etween the hear and the lungs. When men a both the pulmonar artery and the Pulmonar vein los in them selves in the lungs, of course tbecam a puggle to them to no ho o by ha means theright ventricle hould distribute the loo to the ody or thel est dra it rom the ventiae cautiae his fac is borne tines t bysialen, hos Word s. he writ in against Erasistratus in re Ardio the origin an disse of the ein and the coctio of the lood, are the ollowin ou ill reply, he says, that the effect isso that the bl ood is prepare in the liver, an is the nce tranS- ferre to the ear to receive iis prope forna an las persection a Staternent whichioes no appea devoidis reason; Ormo great an perfeci ori is ver accomptishe at a Single effori, orreceives it final polisti froni ne instrument. ut is his beactualty O then Sho iis nother esset hicli draws the absolutet persect lood rom the eari, an distributes it a the
that opinion hicli e no espouse, and whichsalen himselfacknowledges in ther respecis consonant illi reason, t have Potnte to the orta a the esset hicli distributes the bl ood from the ear to the res of the ody Pwonder hat ould have been the ans Ner of that mos ingenious and earne man Hadae sal that the arter transmit spirit an no blood hewould inde e sufficienti have ans ere EraSistratuS, hoimagine that the arteries containe nothing ut spirit butthen he would have contradicte himself, and gi ven a Mul deni alto that for hich he had cent contende in his ritin gSagainSt this ver Erasistratus, o it that lood in substanc ei Containe in the arteries, an no spirit a laci hicli e
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demonstratest tot ni by many owersul arguments, ut by
But f the divine selen illisere alio , a in ther places hedoes, that ali the arteries of theiod ariS DOm the great artery, and that this tal es iis origin Dor the ear that at these
UeSSel naturali Contain and Carr blood that the three semi- lunar alves siluate at the orifice of the orta revent the returno the lood into the eari, and that natur neve connected them illi his, the mos nobi viscus of the ody unles sorsOme mos important en d ' f, I say, his ather of Physic concedes at thes things andes quot his Own ordS- domo Seelio he canten that the great arter is the very UeSSel o Carrythe lood, hen it has attaine iis ighest term o perfection, froni the ear sor distribution to ali paris of the ody. Orwould he perchanc stili hesitate, like ali ho have come asterhim, Ven to the present hour, ecause e di no perceive therout by hicli the blood was transferre fro the ein to the ArterieS, in Consequence, a Pliave at ready aid, of the intimate Connection etween the ear and the lungi And that this dissiculi puggle Anatomist no a litile, hen in thei disseC-tions the found the pulmonar artery and est ventrici sui ofthicli, lach, an cloite biood, plaint appears, hen the sellitiem selves compelle to amrna that the loo made it wayseo the right to the est ventriclei percolatin through the septum of the heart. ut his sanc I have atready resuted Ane pathway so the lood must there re e repare and thrown Pen, and ein Once Nposed, o further dissicult will, I belleve, e experien ced by anyone in admittin whates haveat ready proposed in regar to the pulse of the hear an arteries, vis. the passage of the lood rom the ein to the arteries, an iis distribution to the whole of the od by means of these
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nnamao isto the Arteries, o from the Right into the est Ventricle of the Heart.
INCE the intimate connectio of the heari,ith the lungs, whicli is apparent in the human subjeci, has been the
probabie cause of the error that have been committedon his poliat, the plaini do amis who, Pretendin tospea of the paris of animal generat ly, as Anatomist for themos partio, Confine thei researche t the human Ody alone, and that hen it is ead They obviousi domo ac other isethan he who, hau in studied the form os a single Common wealth, should se a boui the composition o a genera System o polit ;or lio, haVin talion Ogni gance of the natur os a single eld, should imagine that he had mastere the science of agriculture or lio, Pon the round of ne particular proposition, hould procee to dra genera Con CluSion S. I ad Anatomist only been a conversant illi the dissectiono the lower animal a the are illi that of the human Ody, the matters that have hi therio ept them in a perpleXit ofdo ubi ould in m opinion, have et them Dee fro in very
An first, in isties, in hicli the hear consist os ut a single ventricte, be in devoid of lungs, the thin is sufficiently manifest. Here the fac, hicli is siluate at the base of the eari, an is the par analogous to the auricle in man, laint forces thebl ood in to the eari, and the eari, in iis turn, ConSPiCUOUSlytransmittit by a pipe or artery, O vesSel analogOUSt an artery theserare facts hicli are confirme by simple Cular inspection, as et asi a division of the esset, hera the blood is seen tobe projected by each pulsation of the heart. The fame hin is also not difficulti demonstratio in those animal that have, ascit ere, no more than a single ventricte to
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ili heari, Such as Oads Dogs, Serpents and ligards, hich have iungit a certain ense, a the have a voice. haUe many obServations by me o the admirabie structure of the lungs of these animais, and atters appertaining whicli, howeVer, I cannot introduce in his place Their anatomy laint Slio Sus that the blood is transferre in them rom the ein to the arteries in the Same manne a in igher animais, vis. by the actio of the heari the way, in faci, i patent, Open, manifeSt there is no difficulty no oom for doub about it for in themthe matter Stand precisely ascit Ouid in man were the Septumo his hear perforate or removed, or ne ventricte made ut Of
But a there a re actuali more animais hich have no lungstha there are furnishe with them, an in like manne a greater number hich have only one ventricle than there are illi No,it is opera o S to conclude, jud ging rom the mas o multitudeo livin Creatures that for the major pari, an generalty thereis an ope way by hicli the lood is transmitte seo thevein through the sinuses o cavities of the ear in to the
in to the eari vis. the Vena Cava the Pulmonar artery the pulmonary Vein, and the great arter or orta, re ali Connectedotherwis than in the adult a fac sum cienti known to very Anatomist. The irs contac an union of the vena cava Niththe pulmonar Uoins, whicli occursie fore the caU open properly in to the right ventricle of the eari, o gives of the Oronaryvein, a litile bove iis escape sto the liver, is by a laterat anastomosis this is an ample foramen o an ova form Communicat in belween the Cava and the pulmonary Vein, o that thebl ood is re t fio in the greates abundance by that foramenseo the vena cava in to the pulmonar Vein, and est auricle, and
froin thence into the est ventricle Further, in his foramen
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ovale sto that part whicli regard the pulmonar vein there is a thin ough membra ne large than the pening, Xtende like an perculum Or OVer; hi membrane in the adultiloching up the foramen, an ad hering on ali fides, inalty loses it up and almos obliterates ver trace of it. In the foetus, however, this membrane is o contrived that falling oosely upo itself, it permit a ready acces to the tangs an heari yield in a paSSage to the lood hicli is stream in from the cava, and indering the id a the a me time frona flowin baci into that et n. Allthings, in Shori, permit us to belleve that in the embryo theblood must constanti pas by this foramen Do the vena caUaint the pulmonar vein, an seo thenc in to the est auricle of the heari an having on Ce entere there, it an neVer Ogurgitate. An other union is that by the pulmonary artery, and is effected when that esse divides into two branches aster iis escape romthe right ventricle of the eart. It is a is to the wo trunksal ready mentione a third were superadded a in os arterialcanal, carrie obliquet frona the pulmonar artery to perforate an terminate in the great arter orinoria. So that in the dissectio of the embryo a it were two ortas, o two oot of the great arter appear pringin Do the heart. his canal stiriniis gradu ali aster birili, an after a time ecomes ithered, and finalty almos removed like the umbilica vesseis. The arteria cana contain no membrane or alve o direct orim pede the flow of lood in his o in that directio : sor at theroo of the pulmonar artery, of hicli the arteria canat is the continuation in the foetu S, there are three Semit una ValUOS, whicli ope Do within ut ards, an oppos no obstacte tothe loo flowin in his direction o Do the right ventricle in to the pulmonar artery and ortari ut the prevent ali re- gurgitation rom the orta o pulmoni vesset bach pon theright ventricle clos in Vith persect accuraCy the OPPOS an effectua obstacterio verythingis theatra in the embryo Sothat there is also reason to belleve that hen theliear contractS, the blood is regularly propelle by the canali passage indicated frona the right ventricle in to the orta.
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liat is commoni sal in regar to these two great Communications to it that the exist for the nutritio of the lungs, is both improbabie an inconsistent; seein that in the adult theyare close up abolished, and consolidaled although the lungs, by reason of thei heat an movenient, must then e presumedio require a large Suppi of Ourishment. The Same a besai in regar to the assertion that he hear in the embryo does no pulsate, that it either Ct nor moves, O that natur Wasforce to malae these communications so the nutrition of theliings. his is laint false sor simple inspectio of the incubate egg, an os embryos jus talien ut of the ferus, hoWs that the ear moves in them recisely as in adulis, and that natur feeis no suci necessity. I have myset repentedi seenthes motions an Arsi olle is like inise lines of thei reali ty. The pulse, he observes, inheres in the very constitution of thelieari, an appears sto the beginning as is earne both Domthe dissection o livin animal and the formatio of the hic hin the egg.' But, further ObServe that the passageti question re nolint pervio us p to the period o birili in man, aswel as in ther animais, as Anatomisis in generat have described them, ut for severa monilis subsequently in sonae in dee forSOUerat ears, noto say the whole Course of life as, foreXample, in the gooSe, ni pe, an Variou bird S, an many of thes malle animal s. An this circumstanc it was perhapS, that
impose upo Botalus, ho thought he had discovere a ne passage for the bl ood rom the vena cava in to the est ventri cleo the heari an own that lienes et with the fame arrangement in ne of the large member of the mous fami ly, in theaduit state, I was myset a firsi e to omethingi a like conclusion.
From his it illo understood that in the human embryO, an in the embryos os animais in hicli the communication areno Closed the Same hin happens, nam ely that the ear byiis movement propel the bl Ood by obviou an ope passages from the vena cava in to the orta through the cavities of both the
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ventricles the right ne receiving the lood rom the auricle, an propellincit by the pulmonar artery, and it continuation, name the ductus arteriosus, into the orta; the est, in like manner, Charge by the Contractio oscit auricle, hici has received iis suppi through the foramen Vale Do the Vena cava, Contracting, and projecting the lood through the oot of theaorta in to the trunk of that esset. In embryOS, Consequently whils the lungs are et in a state os in action, persormin no function, subjectri no OVemen any more than f the had o been present, Nature se the two ventricies of the hear asci the forme butine for the transmission of the blood. The conditio of the embryos of those animais hich have lungs, whils thes organs areo et in abeyan Ceandis Ot employed is the fame a that of thos animais hichliave no UngS. Socit learly appears in the case of the foetus that the earib iis actio transfer the lood rom the vena cava into theaorta, and that by a rout as obvious and open, asci in the adultthe two ventricles ere made to Communicate by the remOvalo thei septum. e there re in that in the greater numberos animais, in ali in deed, at a certain periodis thei existenCe, the channeis for the transmission of the bl ood through the heartare Conspicuous But e have stillo inquire hy in ome CreatureS-thOSe, nam ely that have arm blood, and that have attaine to the adult age, an among the number-wO hould no conclude that the fame hin is accomplisti e through the Substance of the lungs, hicli in the embryo an at a time,lienthe functio of thes organs is in abeyance, nature effecis by the direct passages described, and whicli, incleed, he eem Com
An no the discussion is rought to this potnt, that they
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who inquire in to the way by hicli the loo reaches the est
ventricle of the hear an pulmonary Veins Dona the Vena CRUR, Will ursu the wis est course i the seel by dissection to dis- COVer the causes h in the large an more perfeci animal of mature age, Nature has rather chosen to malle the bl ood percolate the parenchyma of the lungs, than as in ther instances Chosena direct an obvious course sor Passume that no the pathir mode os transit an e entertain ed. It must be ecause thelarge an more per Ct animal are armer, and when adult
so methingilse of the fort. Butrio determine these atters andeXplain them satisfactori ly, were to enter on a speculation in
regar to the office of the lungs and the en d for hicli theyCXi St. Upon suci, a subjeci, as eli as pon hat Pertain toreSpiration to the necessit an use of the air, Q, RS also tolli variet an diversit os organs that exist in the odies of animal S in Connection illi these matters althoughes have made VaS number of observations I shalliso spea tilles an more Convenienti set them sortii in a reati se apari testes hould behel a wandering too id os my present purpose, hicli S the USO an movement of the heari, andi charge with speat in osthings beside the question, an rather complicatin an quit tingthan illustratiniit Andiow, returninito Limmediate Subjeci, g on ith what et re mains for demonstration vis. that in the more perfeci and warme adult animais, an man, the blood passes rom the right ventricle of the ear by the pulmonaryartery, in to the lungs, and thenc by the pulmonary Vein into the les auricle, an froni there into the lest ventricle of the heart. And, irst, I hali ho that this may be o, and the I hali prove that it is socii fact.