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other iningstein equat, he we select constructions to leach,es ut in seri se of frequent occurrence,aecause acquaintance Withthese Wili ake a maximum contribution to ard successivi reading. eshould omit, or give onNAEliot and incidental attention to constructionso infrequent occurrence. It willae a furine es t intelligent selectio is, exhibit in constructions arranged in the orderi thei total
The collinin occurrences ' oves in tota number of occurrences oreac constructio separalely, arrangin them in the orderii numerical Sige. In the columes Totat occurrences V there is a cumulative addingtogether of the successive number iroin the precedin colum, o thatone in se at a glance in tota number of occurrences of the h hestim in hiraestri enly, or an specificinumber of constructions Thecolhun Ρercentage of Constructions V inows What percentage a specific number o constructions is of the tota nimiber examined, and the column Percentage of Occurrences V s Ws the percentage hichthe occurrences of the hiraest ten, hiraestri enly, etc. are of the totalnumber of occurrences es ali in constructions Thus e se at oncestat the hiraestrio per cent of the constructions account fors per centoniat the occurrences the Uinest a per centrior 85 per centii ali the
The fame facts are illustrate in Diagram I and IB. The two diagram are identical excepi that Imuses a lett-to-right scale 6 timesas large a IA, and consequently has the fifteen hiraest irequencies cutis at in right edge of the diagram. Examinationi in table and the diagram mahes it clea that the
variations in frequenc o disserent malactica constructions are notmoderate ut extremel large. The complementar infinitive is ahundred times a frequent a the supine in iam relative clauses Min the indicative two hundred times a frequent a relative clauses of concession the infinitive in indirect discourse a hundred times as requent as
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RELATNE FREQUENCY O CONSTRUCTIONs
occurre mPercentage of -- structio Percentage of Occudirances
x. Nominatio a. Accusative direct objeci. 3. Independent clause, indicatio 4. enses, subjectio regula sequenm. s. articiple, Perfeci 6. Genitive, POSMSSDe 7. enses, indicative regula SequenCe. 8 Ablative means Ablatiis place Io Accusative limit II. Relative clause, indicati- 12. Infinitive, indirect disco se 13. Ablative Separation 14. Accusative subjectis infinitio .... Is . Accusatis Wit prepositions 16. Infinitive, complementary 17 Ablative absolute 18. articiple, PreMnt 10. enses, indicative irregula sequenceao. Dative indirect object
23. Genitive objectio 24. Imperatrue as. Dative Min communci a6. Adverbial clause, time, cum et . Ablative re ect 28 Ablative accomPaniment 20. Dative referen e 3o Genitive, partitive 31. Infinitiverus object 3a Adverbial clause, subordinate in ind.disc 33. Ablative, ause 34. Ablative time 3s AblatiVe, agent 36. Substantive clause, indirect question 37. Infinitive a subject 38. Adverbial clause, auSe quod, etc... 30. Adverbia clauses, miscellaneous imdicativae s. Gerundine 41 Genitive, materiai 42. Accusative adverbial
08a 8167a9603508436 432 360 349 347 333297
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so Adverbial clause, time, postquam, etc. si Adverbial Clause, Pur Se set Adverbial clause, result 53. Dative Wit adjectives 54. Dative, POSMSSOr ss. Dative agent
62. Genitive it adjectives 63. Genitive descriptio 64 Ablative differen e
6s Substantis ClauSe quod 66. Relative clause, Pur Se 6 . Dative direction, etc 68. Substantive clause, reSult 60. Adverbial clause, time, dum 7o Condition contrarnio iaci 7 I. Conditions regular in iud disc
73. ConditionS simPle 74. Independent clause, subjunctive, volitive 3dier 7s. Independent clause, subjunctive deliberative 76. - accusatiVes, mining et Adverbial clause, Concession cum . .
M. Infinitive in apposition 81 Adverbia clause, subjiinctis in attraction
8a Subordinate clauses in iud disc 83. Relative clauSe cause 84. Conditions more viri future 8s. articiple, future 86. Substantive Clause, quin, etc 87. Independent clause, subjunctive, volitive, Ist Per 88 Ablative in comparison 80 Independent laus subj. io imper. in ind. disc. m. Adverbial clause, time, antequam, etC. 01. Adverbial clause, comParimn ψa. Relatis Clause, result 03 Adverbia clause, conceSSion, quam
9696969606.97979797979797979808.
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06. In Pendent clause, ne an impera
97. In pendent clause, subjective optativae
00 Genitive remembering et Ioe, Genitive, miSeret, etc IOI. Independent clause, subjunctive volitive ad Per Ioa Adverbial clause, conCestion, etSi, etc. Io3. TenMS, SequenCe in muli ClauMS... I . Substantiis clause, ear
113. Ablatrue, Price II4. Independent clause, Subjunctive concessive IIs. Relative clause, Concession
116. Conditions simple generat 117. Conditions Ies Virid future 118. Independent clause, subjunctive obligation 110. Substantive clause, optative 1ao Adverbia clause, concession quamvis est
III. Wo accusatiVeS, SUM est 122. Ablative penalty 123. enses, irregula subj sequenc Minqui 124. enses, Sequence in Pur Se Clauses. Ias Genitio accuSing etc 126. Genitive intereSt, etC 12 accusatio Wit comPOundS...128. Infinitive exclamation
Ia0. Genitive, verbs illenty etc I3o Genitive potior 131. enses, Parenthetical pu me 13a Tenses in cum clauses 133. enses in condition contrarnio iact134. Relative clause, condition Ias Infinitive a predicate noun 136. Independent clause, imperative, noli13 . Relative Clauκ -Perative .......
49, 3449,14849,16249,17640, 188
9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
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DIAGRAM IB.-I4 Constructions. Relative requencyo occurrence in igh choia Latin Male Marge bycutting of the gram lines of theirst fifteen constructions.
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clauses bet en ou andive hundred times a frequent a the potentialsubjunctive in independent clauses, and the ablative of means Wo hundred times a frequent a the ablative o price. It is evident that theunconscious assimiptio that at the constructions liste in a grammarare bout equali deseruingi study the assumption on hic muchoi ou teachinitas actually been based has no support Whateve in thereat facts of the siluation.
Statistic es frequenc o usage hould ordinarit be in basis idecision to devote timerio one constructio in preferenceri Some ther construction or in other Words, the basis of selection. nother questionis, How a s ut the stud o syntax be carried Ho man constructions inould e included The statistic os frequenc Wil also assist anyone Who attempis a rationat ans e to this question. atur- atly the largest profit attaches to the stud of the mos frequently used constructions an a me go down the scale e find the constructions successivel becominiles and les profitablerus addition to ur equi ment me meet Min diminishingueturns. V his is evident rom the figures of Table II, and Diagram II represenis the fame facts graphicassy. In the diagram the dot represent separate constructions arranged in theorderii able II that is in orderii reates irequency. For an dotine abscissa, or distance rom the leti e emi the diagram, represent thenumberii constructions of whic this is the last inhen. The ordinate, o distance rom thecio eris e represent the percentage hic theoccurre es of these many constructions constitute of the whol numberos occurrencesti ali constructions Thus as e tollo the dot around the curve rom the origin the firs do indicates that the firs constructio accounts foro per centii ali in occurrences the second that thefirst two account for et per cent, the thir that therars three accountior 34 per cent; similarintheirs sive account o M per cent, theirsiten or 61 per cent, theirst twent i Io per cent, an So n. r interm oi percentageS:
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Actuat number os constructions
to Percentage of total number of constructions DIAGRAMAEI.-Ρercentage of the total numberii occurrences elongin to achfractionaliartii in total number of constructions.
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AM N O MATERIAL 33 Thera mach of the curved sine to a horizontal, a Weli ascit close proximit to therio per cent sine represented by the umeris emi thediagram, indicates the smali an diminishing incrementis profit to beattache to the adding of the les frequent constructions. I at theconstructions ere equali frequent in curve out be a diagonalstrato sine rom thelowerclest to the per right comer. The marisdconvexit of the curve is another index to the inequality in frequency es occurrences. At just What polat the addingi neW constructions inaliceaseris a question or individualis collective judgmen to decide thestatistica exhibit manserve a par of the scientificiasis for suc a
There is som advantage in the iurine examination es a specimen selection. Professor Lo e in his Vocabidam os io Schoo Latin submits as his selectionis mord maint thos found to occurru many Ssive times in the hi=-schoia reading. These are a per centinali the Word and the account for 93i, per centii ali in occurrences. Similari in the subsequent portions of this book we are distinguishing as a
SPecimen selectio the constructions used a mannasive times by any one auctor, together With inose found ten times in the three authors butles than sive times in annone. The total number o ali constructions examinetis I I, and these are found employed in 49,361 instances Butas sequencem indicative tenses an mixe conditions ere give onlyio Purposesii comparison and are no usuali taught a grammaticalcategories, his reali reduces to 3 constructions employed 46,425 times. The specimen selectio based on sive occurrences in one author, o te in ali three, includes Io o these constructions and thei occurrence numbe 46,339 ut of the 46, 25. That is, ' per centis the constructions are employed in 99 di per centii the instances. Considered in referoce to the niin1berii occurrences this selectio is evidently very large, accountinii fac ior almos allis them, or, o be precise,ior more than 'eis per cent. I shouldie prepareda hea that omeLati depariment Would advocate the covering o no over Dor oper cent of the ground instead of the 99eis per cent represented by this
Ver conserotive selection. The Io constructions are enumerate in the nexi Section.
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Besides contributingeto an intelligent selectionis materiai and determinationis the amolint of materia toae sed, sae statistic o uingeare also a scientificiasis io the arrangement of the selected material in the curriculum It is obvious that the constructions used by Caesar arei the main the ones that shouldae studie in the Caesar ear, those used by Cicero the ones that shouldi studie in the Cicero ear, and thos used by Vergit the prope ones io the Vergit year. Dcourse theyoverlap and many continue tote sed throughout the course. ut as matteris pedagogical principi constructions common in Cicero, butno common in Caesar, hould not e studie unti Cicero is reachedand thenare actuali needed constructions common in Vergil, but notcommon in Caesar o Cicero, hould not e studie unti Vergit is reached For theirst year of the usual laur-year courserit may be bestis use thos constructions of the greates frequenc in Caesar. It we assigito theirst year hos constructions found o times in Caesar, and arrangetur specimen electio Oicio constructions in the manne suggested the distributio in Diour-year course Wouldie:
so times in Caesar times in Caesar times in Cicero
Table III p. 35 exhibit these constructions arrange in his
An arrangement by hali-years ould e more arbitra . In the per years perhaps there is no enouo ne material to miserit morinwhileno divide it by hali-years. All the ne Cicero constructions miratbe leamed in theirs hali of the ea an reviewed in the second, andia in ne Vergi constructions similarly In the first two ears thenemmateriai sis copious that a subdivision is probabi destrabie. In the first year, ii, tine in the firs semester hos constructions sed so times in Caesar and in the secon semester inose sed so times, the apportionment Willae 6 andri respectively. In Caesar a groupingit