De bello Gallico, books 1-7; according to the text of Emanuel Hoffmann, Vienna, 1890. Edited with introd. and notes by St. George Stock

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CONTENTS

PAGE

His credibili ty II Q

Ideas of the Ancients agrio I the siet os Britain .... I 23 a The hapeis Britain I 26 3 The siluationi Britain I 26 Theclides II 8

Agriculture ........... I39

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CONTEN

CHAPTER NI

GERMANY

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Arran gement of the maniples 183 The velites 183 Velites mixed with cavalry I 8 Surviva os oldis ames in Caesar' time I 85The Roma cavair in the time o Polybius 185

Essectis the enseanchisement of the Italian ..... I 89 Secon period herum in Caesar' time I9O

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xx CONTENTS

PAGE

The maniple . . . . . . . . . . . OICaesar cavat Π OI

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CONTENTS xxi

ioni the static of the Subject have been conSidere .... 22

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LIST OF SO ME ABBREVIATION S

Liv. Epit. - The Epitomes of Livy. Philo . . . L. Philo' treati se Quod omnis probus liber.'Plin. . H. - Pliny' Natura Histo Ed Deil essen, to the sections in

Val. Max m Valerius Maximus Ed. emps Varro L. L. - Varro de Lingua Latina Militer. V. P. - Velleius Paterculus. auchnitz.

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CAESAR

DE BELLO GALLICO

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INTRODUCTION

THE COMMENTARIES IV do not tway bear in in that Caesar stand first Importance in the ries, ut rilliant, ol of extant Roman historians 'ς W0yr

Andis hecis the earlies in time, o also oes e Surpas therest in potnt of authenticity. Nowhere eis have me historyso directi a firsi and Do the an ho made it Forindeed the subsequent course of the western orl la in a manne latent an potentia in Caesar. It was he ho gavea cosmopolitan turn to the hi therio narro an parochialpatriolis of the Romans An though Caesar imself fell, an his ambitions seeme to e i ped ut in lood, et his ideas an his ore live after im. Romanised aul, a World-wide franchise, an Imperia Rome, ali testi sed to the triumphi CaesariSm. The last centur of the Roma Republic a prolisi in Caesar and

great men; ut among many amous names there are two that Vis ζIO standiu stom the est thos o Caesar and of Cicero, the oneth greates manis action, the ther, the greates manis letters that Rome, o perhaps the orid, has ver Seen. achirenche o the ther' domain. For Cicero a no a merema os letters but a statesman Oo, ho Strove alway to keep

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CAESARS GALLIC MAR

Os his orator Quintilian says that, is he had ad ei fureto devote ims ris solet to the sorum no ther ame ould have been mentione against Cicero's ut his 'There is such a sorce bout im, that author oes on to Say Such penetration and suci energy that it is plain that he spohe withthe fame spirit illi hich e age war; hil a the fame time it is ali et is illi a marvellous elegance os diction,

encomtum Do the reates of ali prosessors of rhetori is pronounce UpOn the speeches of Caesar, hi Ch have notcome down oras. The Commentaries domo aim at eloquence, unies ita eloquence, as in a senserit is, o State One' meaning in the cleares an simplest anne that human langvage admits of but that ther merit of elegance' is apparentenough even in a Wor SO Unpretending. The value hicli once attache to the Commentaries as the breviar of very arrior tend to vanish unde theahere condition os modern arfare Montaigne ii 3 )inform us that Caesar a the favolarit author o Marshal Stroggi, jus as Homer a of Alexander Xenophon os Scipio Africanus, Polybius o Marcus Brutus, and Philippe de Comineso Chartes V. The ast-mentione Soverei gn, Owever, Mundtime to esto upon Caesar as eli, sor he est bellindlii a copy of the Commentaries annotate Uith his ownhand. Indeed Caesar has always ad a peculia fascinationsor princes Not ni di Chartes V stud him, ut thalmonarch' contemporary the Sullan Suleiman II, ad imtranslate into Turhisti in his own ait reading, aster firstordering a collation to e made rom severat coples Three Lings of Frances have mused their royal eisure illi partial