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THE COMMENTARIES 13 It is applied to any hori composition hicli is intended
book of Institutes It corresponds in part to the Greehe νημερίς and in part to πομνημα Cic. ad Att. ii. I, 4), and maybe rendered by ur shetch, ' bottings,' memoranda iri memoirs.' Caesar then, by the ille hich he has conferre upo his Work, modesti intimates that he oes no regar himsel asu ritin history, ut ni a supplyin materiai sor thersto Orhip. ut a Cicero has sinet sal in the Brutus Da 62) in ishing that thers ho meant to rite histor might have matterint handri tahe rom, he has perhaps conserrex favourupo Mois, ho may try to crim an cur the are beautyos his style; ut he has deterre me os sense Dona riting so there is nothin more delightsul in historica compositionthan a plain and luminoia brevity '.' In ne respect the plan of writing, even in the Commentaries, Thegives ome cope so the display of that Orce hicli Quintilia in hes, .dwelis pon a characteristic o Caesar' orator Inst. r. i. 7,
speeches. The speeches in ancient riter are o SUPPOSed to e genuine. The constitute the dramati element in history. Their merit is noto say hat was actuali Sald, but o a What Was appropriate to the occasion Thacheray, thinh, remarks omewhere that he would have made a mOSty Cic. Brut. I 64 non est oratio, sed quasi capita enim et orationis commentarium paulo Plenius.' Cp. What Hirtius says in his preface- Qui sc Commentarii sunt editi, ne cientia tantarum rerum scriptoribus desit, adeoque probantur omnium iudicio, ut praerepta, non praebita facultas Scriptoribus videatur.'
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14 CAESARS GALLIC AEVAReffective ster-dinne speaher, is ni he could have o outon the spur os the moment the thing that occurre to imaster ard when he wa goin home in his ab This reataduantage is possessed by at the character os antiqui ty down to the mereS Savages, that they are credited with havin saidim promptu hateve could e devi sed for them by the ostbrillian writer in his study. For the speeche were the eidi Whicli the historia displayed his it o the want of it, an in hicli e et it e seen o much he had profited
by thos rhetorica exercises hicli sorine the staple feducation among the Ancients. I there appene to ea basis os recorde speech o go pon the writer might as eliderive a happy sentiment Do that ource a Domanother; hut the directinim in these compositions a no histori truthhut dramati propriety, or ha the writer, is he were a dunman, mistoo for the alter. Dio Cassius ad e re hi moliebries ut vigorous speech Whicli Caesar record himself to have addresse to his ossicersie re the engagement illi Ariovistus B. G. i. oh nevertheles he hinks prope to ut into his mouit an interminabie harangue xxxviii. 36- 6 whicli, withiis review of the wars of Rome and iis imitations of Demosthenes, bear no the Stightest resemblance to the original, except thetouch about the tentii legio a the end. The Speeches in Caesar re almos entiret y in the oblique Oration, a formo composition hicli, hil detractin Domthei vividness, imparis at the fame time an atris veriSimilitude, a though the were reporis os liat ad actuali been aid, a no doub the to ome Xtent ere. The ni important
speech whicli salven in the direct oration is that of Critognatus B. G. Vii. 77ὶ during the lege of Alesia, hicli Caesar could no preten to have eard. Other mali bit os direct orationare introduce so livetiness, S in V. 3o *3 vi. 8 f 3, 4
willi noticed that the ali come in the later boolis, a thoughthe repression hicli Caesar ad originalty imposed pon im-
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THE COMMENTARIES 15sel had been iunxto severe' esides the vigour os thoughtan expression hic Stamps the peeches in CaeSar, e may admire the art illi,hicli e Contrives o conve a avolarable
impression of himself an his actions through the medium of the speahers, a When e mahe Divitiacus ii 14, 4 and the Bellovaci ii. I, reser o his ell-known Clemeney,
when Labienus calis pon the oldier to display the fame valour unde him a the had osten done unde the commanderin-chies, anxio imagine that the alter a looking on sit their
of the howman, ut the illusion is o successsul that theyappea tot speahing illi their Wn. As regard the date os publication os the Commentarie o Date of the Gallic a we have no externat authorit to uide '' ' beyon the ac that the are referre to as et known in Cicero' Brutus, hicli a publi Shed in B. C. 46. I may be inserre that the were publishedos a Whole, an no bookb book. For in i 28 scit is aid that the Aedui asterwards admitte the Boiicio a sui equalit os right with themSelves, Whereas in vii Io, o the Boii are spolien o a tributaries stipendiarii of the Aedui. The passage in therars book must theresore have been inserte aster the ne in the eventi Was
The conclusion jus indicate&would seem to oin to Omemanne ofreviSion of the wor besore publication But o the wholes 'NP βy the Gallic ar has the air os ein writtem pie cemeat and Shorti aster the evenis recorded, hicli are viewed throughthe medium os contemporar Deling. Me an et belleve that the passage in hicli Caesar exulis ver the debeat os the
Trogus Pompeius censured Liv and Sallustrior the employment of the direct oration in speeches, considering that the oblique a Prope to histo See Justin. xxxviii. 3 II.
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16 CAESARS GALLIC VARTigurini si ret, was penne While the low of his honeymoon illi Calpurnia a stili resti, an in the rs sustio his alliance illi the ous o Piso. The friendi and complimentar language also in hicli e speah os Pompeius vi I, a 4 vii. I is suci a to indicate that, at thetime os riting there ad been no ope rupture etweenthem. Moreove Some statements are made in the earlier
books hicli do no qui te tally illi hos in the later, aswhen in ii. 28, o e re tol that the Nervii ere reducedalmos to extinction, hereas in v. 38, sn them quite ready to tali up arm again. mali discrepancies of this hindmight asit have been et right had Caesar been anxious toalus his earlier o his later impressions. The Serve atherto increas than diministi ou confiden ce in him asin riter. Although fastidiotas in his choice os ordS, S ecame ne Who a the reat grammatica authorit os his dayy Caesar Wa neVeriheles a quie writer. Hirtius B. G. viii prooem. χὶ says that his own admiratio sor the Commentaries a greater than that os the res of the world so that ther eople onlyhne hoW et an correcti the were ritien, ut that hel ne ho easit an quichly. It is no time to turn Do the book to the man who roiecit.
Cicero is alludin to the De Analogia os Caesar hen e says Brut.
26I Caesar autem rationem adhibens consuetudinem vitiosam et corruptam pura et incorrupta consuetudine emendat. His sage in gramma is
quote Wit respecta Quintilian . 5 D6, and Aulus Gellius iv. 16, gra
calis him gravis auctor linguae Latinae.'
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hom the front, and realis the ominous breadth of the kuli, ouare more lihelyrio exclaim, his is the ea of a murderer It is hoWever, ni the ea os a Roman and that Roman is Julius CaeSar. In personae is reportexto have been tali and of a sat complexion, With shapel limbs, a rather id mouth, and lac and piercing yes. In oratorica deliver his voice a high, and his movement an gestures te Pan not ithout grace. His Wholerui in speahing etokened the mani birili and reeding
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13 CAESARS GALLIC VARhimself,ith Work of ar an objects of eaut generally, and
spare no expense in procuring them.
Laris ess. Os mone Caesar too the right vie as a means to an endBut the manne of his using it ill hardi commen itfel to themoralist. He a lavisti an unconscientious. Ove helmed
mitti debl himself, he had hal his countrymen in debl to him.
He neve Scrupte to buy Support, hether by extraVagant ouila ori directari bery. The wonde is here at the moneycame sto that he quandered. His Cisalpine province, henhe a there, a a Ver caVe of Adullam, here ver Socialovicas an bankrupi deblor a sure to findis etcome and assistance. While e sed his countrymen to conque the Gauis, he was a the fame time Sing the spolis of the auis,as Plutarch epigrammaticali putiit, to conque his Count men.
Suet. J. C. 45 tempore extremo repente animo linqui, atque etiam Persomnum exterreri solebat.'
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Caesar as a victim to tW pasSions love an ambition; ut Ambition. in him ambition vermastere love He laime descent DomVenus, an he orshippe at the lirine of AIinerva; ut sorali that, i he had been Paris, the apple ould have fallen to Juno. It is no neceSSar for here to enter into the scandalous latile os Suetonius o the Subjectis Caesar' amours. In ther respecis than his hecis admitte evena his enem iesto have been temperate. He didiot arm his valour illi minelthe Alexander, an he was indifferent to the leasiares of the table Cato bitteri faid of him that me alone came ober toth overthrow of the commonwealth Quint. viii. Suet. J. C. 53ὶ Caesar a in lac the mos deliberatet ambitious man that ver lived From the rst he was determine to beseconesto none. It was this great vice that wampe his many virtues. He had ver in his mouth the Enes of Euripides, hicli Cicero has thus rendered-
Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia Violandum est: aliis rebus pietatem colas ' '
Isbou ould ni te Caesar be a despot he would e asbenevolent a despot as ou could find, ut a despotae mustae. This a the aim an object os his se, and the good that hedid was incidental. For his he was ready to scheme ro hisyouth up and to gain his en he ultimatet deluge the woridWith lood. The storie tot by lutarchisbout the Alpine village an Caesar' tear ove Alexander Plut Caes. II; CP.Suet. . . Dare typicat, is not me. The sufficienti indicate the impression testa Caesar po the age that ollowed im. So oes the vas scheme o conquest hicli hecis credited withhavin entertained e re his death Plut Caes. 58), hen theworidi Rome a atready at his seel. It was by playing pontiis ambitio that Decimus Brutus lured him totis doom Plut. Caes. 64). Is e ere reatin os the Civit War, e liould have much
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Barbarians magnanimit Which nable him to orgive the mos exasperat-
in injuries an insulis. In the matter of the Gallic sar,
however, it muS be consesse that, is e were o tot os Caesar' clemency, e liould have dissiculi in discoveriniit for urseives Barbarians perhaps, mere Gavis an Germans, were hardi to b countexas illiin the paleis humani ty The6,oo Helvetii ho attempte to escape aster thei Surrenderae had rought bach and to se his own cur phrase, 'in hostium numero habuit. Nothin more is aid sor aster that there asnothin more t say of them. The restis the Helvetii he hepherded bach to theiriwn country, a Diodorus put it preserring thei occupancyis it to that of the Germans, Whomere preti Sureto te into thei place The Veneti surrendered olim unconditionalty He ut ali thei senate o death and sol the est into lavery his as a lesson to them, he telis us, o observo
Veneti ad not ei ge ambassadors, a Caesar himself did su, sequently Thei offence a to have retainexsome of Caesar SOTcer Who ere sent to et corn in the ope of therebyrecovering theiriwn hostages iii. 7, 4). Io Germa cavatrylia dispersed 3 oo o Caesar's hil negotiations ere Oingon hen the eader of the Usipetes and Tencteri came in a bod lo apologige sor hic regrettabi incident, Caesar ei Zed them, surpri sed their encampinent, an Sent his cavair to ut down the omen and children iv I , Ἀ) It as his severi tyto Acco that was among the main causes os bringin about thegreat revolt o Gaul in B. c. 2 cp. vi. 44,4 2, and vii. I, ). A the capture os Avaricum his soldier Spared ei ther age nor
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discern a trace os generosit in his reaiment of his great nemyVercingetori X, ho On his voluntar SelDSurrender, a reSerVedi the victor' triumph and put o death aster it Plut Caes. 2 7; D. C. l. I, Q). Such ere the manners of the times, and the an ho bellaved thus admittedi excelle his countrymen in clemenCy.' In the private and persona relations os se nomne could have Amiability been more amiable than Caesar He ould flee in the oldio Save a Sic Dien hom doin so, and would eat ad oti atdinner ather than hur the laesing of his host Plut Caes. 17; Suet. . C. 53, 2). Unlike the Virros of Juvenal, he punished the aher lio et ther rea besore his guest than hat asserve to imself Suet. . C. 48). When Labienus est im, preserrin his count his commander, he sent his luggageaster im doubiles with his compliments for there a no Ones urbane a Caesar Plut Caes. 34). ut there a more than mere urbanit about im. He ad a rea in o generosityan sorbearance. Nomne of hi countrymen eve injured imso deepi but that he was ready to hol out his anxio hi mintherars signis a destre sor reconciliation. Cato as aik-longenemy, ut the ni thing that Caesar could not orgive imWas his refusal toae orgiven. Calvus and Catullus Carm. 29)libelle hi in utrageously, ut Caesar rote a Lin lette to the
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aa CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARone an invite the ther o inner. It is his id of his
character, o eloquently celebrate by Sallust, even more hantiis magnificent abilities, that has thrown Such a char and glamour Ver the person o Caesar Caesar could e wis and terribi in retribution, a When he hept his ord to the pirates an hange them very one butae refusexto heristi rancour himself, and di sarme rancour in thers. Even the men illi Whose Wives he was intriguin neve seemo have orne immatice Cicero distruste an love him he exulte in his
death, and in the fame reati pronounce his panegyric Andili honourabie men ho, hen his ambitionae came intolerable,sorme a otiat-Stoc company to assassinate im, Solemnly
Use os The religious idem Caesar' character is no that hicli isy 'ς '' uppermos in ur in d as e thin os im. ut be tremembered that this man was the head os the Roman religion. In his hildhood he had been a pri est, ain os boy-bishop; and his first great succes inclise a his ein chosen Pontifex Maximus, the ope of the period, o far a there could ea ope in the ear B. c. I is generali supposed that this Sovereign Ponti Was a sollower of the Epicurea philosophyan a disbelieve in Divine Providence He certaini dwelis much in his Wn ork o the power os ortune in arcisee iv. 26, 4 n), and ascribes the ourse of the worid to that agencyin the speech Whicli is ut into his mouili by Sallust Cat. 51, 25). ut at the fame, he refers in quite an disyin Way to the finge of heaven a displayed in the hastisement of his