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goras, the Ionic from Thales, the Eleatic from Xenophanes. Pythagoras Was a Samian, the son os Mnesarchus, as Hippo- botus says: according to Aristoxenus, in his life of 'th goras and Aristarchus and Theopompus, he was a Tuscan; and according to Neanities, a Syrian or a Tyrian. So that Pythagoras Was, according to the most, os barbarian extraction. Thales, too, as Leander and Herodotus relate, Was a Phoenician; as some suppose, a Milesian. Ηe alono seemsto have mei the propheis of the Egyptians. But no one is described as his teacher, nor is any one mentioned as thetoacher of Pherecydes of Syros, Who had Pythagoras as his pupil. But the Italic philosophy, that of Pythagoras, greW oldin Motapontum in Italy. Anaximander os Miletus, tho sonos Praxiades, succreded Thales; and was himseli succreded by Anaximenes os Miletus, the wn os Eurustratus; after Whom came Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, the son os Hegesibulus. Ηo transsorred his school hom Ionia is Athens. He Wassueceedod by Archelaus, Whose pupit Socrates Was.
mys Timon in his Satirieal Poems, on account of his quittingphysics sor ethics. Antisthenes, aster being a pupil of Socrates, introduced the Cynic philosophy; and Plato with-dro. to tho Academy. Aristolle, aiter studying philosophyunder Plato, Withdreu to the Lyceum, and founded tho Peripatetic seci. He Was succeeded by Theophrastus, whowas succeedod is Strato, and ho by Lycon, then Critolaus,
and then Diodorus. Speusippus was the successor of Plato; his successor Was Xenocrates; and the successor of the lalter, Polemo. And tho disciplos of Polemo were Crates and Crantor, in Whom the old Academy founded by Plato cemed. Arcesilaus was tho associate os Crantor; from Whom, downto Hegesilaus, tho Middie Academy flourished. Then Carneades sum ded Hegesilaus, and othors came in succession. The disciplo os Crates Was Zeno of Citium, the founder of the Stoic feci. Ho was succeeded by Cleanthes; and tho
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lalter is Chrysippus, and othera aster him. Xenophanesos Colophon was the founder of the Eleatic school, who, Timaeus sus, lived in tho time os Hiero, lord of Sicily, and Epicharmus the poet; and Apollodorus sus that he was bomin the sortieth Olympiad, and reached in the times os Darius
and Cyrus. Parmenides, accordingly, Was the disciple of Xenophanes, and Zeno of him; then came Leucippus, and thon Democritus. Discipies of Democritus mero Protagoras of Abdera, and Metrodorus of Ubios, Whose pupil Was Diogenesol Smyma; and his again Anaxarchus, and his Pyrrho, and his Nausiphanes. Some say that Epicurus Was a scholar of
Such, in an epitome, is the succession of the philosophersamong the Greelis. The periods of the originators of their philosophy are noW to be specified successively, in order that, is comparison, We may shο that tho Hebrem philosophy Wasolder by many generations. It has boen said of Xenophanes that ho mas tho nunder of the Eleatic philosophy. And Eudemus, in the Astrologieal Histories, says that Thales foretoid tho Eclipse of the sun , whieli took placo at the timo that tho Μedians and the Lydians fought, in the rei= of Cyaxares the fallier of Astyages overtho Medes, and of Alyattus the son os Croesus over the Lydians. Herodotus in his first book agroes with him. Ths dato is a ut tho fiftioth Olympiad. Pythagoras is ascertainedio havo lived in the dvs os Polycrates the vTant, about thasixt second Olympiad. Mnesiphilus is describod is a fol-lower os Solon, and was a contemporary of Themistocles. Solon there oro flourished about the forty-stain Olympiad. For Heraclitus, the wn of Bauso, persuaded Μelancomas thetyrant to abdicato his fovereignty. He de ised the invit tion of hing Darius to visit the Perstans.
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THE G ΕΚ PHILOSOPHY m GREM PART DERIVED FROMTHE BARBARIANS.---ΜΗΕSF' aro times of the oldest miso men and philosophera among the Greelis. And that thomost of them mere barbarians is extraction, and mere trained among barbarians, What need is there to say ' Pythagoras is aliown in ha- been either a Tuscan or a Tyrian. And Antisthenes mas a Phrygian. And orpheus was an Odrysian or a Thracian. The mos too, λοπ Homer is have been an Egyptian. Thales Was a
Phoenician by birili, and was said to havo consorted with thopropheis of the Egyptians ; as also Pythagoras did milli thosame persons, is Whom he Was circumcised, that he mi tenter the adytum and leam iram tho Egyptians the mystic philosophy. IIo held converse With tho chios of the Chaldoans and the Ilagi; and he gave a hint of the Aureli, noW so called, in the common hali A Whicli ho maintainta. And Plato does not deny that he procurod ait that ismost excellent in philosophy hom the barbarians; and hon imita that he came into Egypt. Whenee, Writing in the Phado that the philosopher can receive aid from ali fides,lio sald : Great indeia is Greece, o Cebes, in Which ever
Whera there are good men, and many are the races of thobarbarians. Thus Plato thinis that some of the barbarians,
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t , are philosophers. But Epicurus, on the oster hand, sumposes that only Greelis can philosophise. And in tho Symposium, Plato, lauding the barbarians as practising philosophywith conspicuous excellence,' truly says : And in many other instances both among Greelis and barbarians, whose temples reared for sucti sons are atready numerous.' And it is cloarthat tho barbarians signalty honoured their lawgivers andieachers, designating them gods. For, according to Plato. they thinh that good fouis, on quitiing the supe celestialregion, submit to come to this Tartarus, and assuming abody, share in ali the ills whicli aro involved in birth, froni their solicitudo for tho race of menand theso mahe la sand publisli philosophy, than which no greater boon evercame iram the gods to the race of men, or Will come.' And as appears to me, it Was in consequence of perceiving the great benefit Whicli is conferred through Wiso men, that the meri themselves mero honoured and philosophy cultivaled
publicly by ali the Brahmins, and the Odrysi, and tho Getae. And such woro strictly deified by the race of the Egyptians, by tho Chaldeans and tho Arabians, called the Happy, and thoso that inhabited Palestine, by not the least portion of the
Persian race, and by innumerable other races besides these. And it is well known that Plato is found perpetuatly cel brating the barbarians, remembering that both himself and Pythagoras learned the most and tho nobtest of their dogmasamong tho barbarians. Where sore he also called the races of tho barbarians, races os barbarian philosophors, recognising, in the Phaedrus, the Egyptian hing, and shows him tous wiser than Theut, Whom he kne to bo Hermes. But intho Charmides, it is manifest that he taeW certain Thracians who wero said in maho the foui immortal. And Pythagoras
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THE MISCELLANIES 397 is reported to have been a disciplo os Sonchos the Εgyptianvrch-prophel; and Plato, of Sechnuptiis os Heliopolis; and
Eudoxus, of Cnidius of Κonuptiis, Who was also an Egyptian. And in his book, On the Soui,' Plato again manifestly recognises prophecy, When he introduces a prophet announcing the word os Lachesis, ultering predictions to the fouis Whose destiny is Ming fixed. And in tho Timinus ho introduces Solon, the very Wise, learning froin the barbarian. Thosubstance of tho declaration is to tho fosso ing es,et: μοSolon, Solon, Fou Greelis are alWays children. Anil noGreeli is an old mala. For you have no learning that is boary With age.'' δDemocritus appropriated the Babylonian ethic discourses, for lio is sald to have combined with his oWn compositions a translation of the column of Acicarus.' And you may findilio distinction notified by him when he writes, Thus sus Democritus.' About himself, too, Where, pluming himself on his crudition, he says, I havo roamed over the most ground of any man of my time, investigating the most remote paris. I have seen the most shies and lands, and I have heard oflearned men in very great numbers. And in composition noono has surpassed me; in demonstration, not even thoseamong the Egyptians Who are called Arpenodaptae, With allos whom I liuod in exilo up to eighty years.' For he mentio Babylon, and Persis, and Enpi, to learn irom the Magi and the priesis. Zoroaster the Magus, Pythagoras stlowed to bo a Persian. of the secret books of this man, thoso who follo the here os Prodicus boast to bo in possession. Alexander, in his bookon the Pythagorean Symbola, relates that Pythagoras Was a
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havs it stat, in addition to these, Pythagoras mas a liearer of the Galatae and tho Brahians. Clearchus the Peripateticsays that ho knon a Jow Who associatod With Aristolle. Heraclitus sus that, not humanin but raster is God's aid, tho Sibyl spolie. They say, accordin y, that at Delphi a stone M shom beside the oracle, on which, it is inid, sat the fidit Sibyl, Who came Dom Helicon, and had Men reared by the Muses. But inme say that she came hom Milea, Ming thedan ter of Lamia os Sidon.' And Serapion, in his epicverses, says that the Sibyl, even When dead, ceased not homilivination. And he Writes that, What proce ed iram hertato the air after her death, Was What gave oracular ulterances
in Volces and omens; and on her dy being changed intoearth, and the grass as natural mowing out os it, Whateverbe is happening in bo in that placo sed on it exhibitin tomen an accurate knowledge of futuri thela enuatis. Hethinis also, stat tho face seen in the moon is her soul. Somuch for tho Sibyl. Numa the hing of the Romam mas a Pythagorean, and aided by the precepis of Moses, prohibited from mahing animam os God in human form, and of the sham os a livingcreatum. Accordingin during tho fini hundred and seventyyears, though bullding temples, they made no cast or graVenimage. For Numa secretiy showed them that the Best of ings could not be apprehended excepi by the mind Hone.
Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utili , flourished in antiqui among ths barbarians, shedding ita light over thonations. And astematas it came to Greoco. Firet in iis Tanks Were the propheta of the Egyptians; and tho Chaidemsamong the Aasyrians; and the Druids among the Gaula; and the Samanseans among tho Bactrians; and the philosophersos tho Celta; and tho Magi of tho Perstans, who foretoid tho Savioues birili, and camo into the land of Judaea guided by a star. The Indian gymnosophisis are also in the number, and the oster barbarian philosophers. And of these thero
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nro tWo classes, some of them called Sarmanae,' and othors Brahmins. And those of the Sarmanae who are callud
Hylobii' neither inhabit cities, nor havo rooti over them, butare elothed in the bark of trees, Red on nula, and Minhwater in their hanti. Liue those callia Encratites in tho present dari thv knoW not marriam nox begettiug of ehildren. me, to of the Indians obey the precopis of Buddha; Whom, on account of his extraordinary sancti , they haveressed in divine hono s. acharsis mas a Scythian, and is recorded is havo excelled many philosophera among the Greeta. And the Hyperboreans, Hellanicus relates, dweli beyond the Riphaean mountains, and inculcated justice, not eating flesh, but using nula. Those Who are sis years old they tahe without thogates, and do a V With. There are alio among the Ge mans those called holy Women, Who, by inspecting ths Whirl-pools of rivers and the eddies, and observing the noties of Streams, presage and predici suture evenis. These did notallow the men to fight against Caesar illi the neW moon alione.
Os ali these, is far the oldest is the Je isti race; and thattheir philosophy committed in Writing has the precedence of philosophy among the Greelis, tho Pythagorean Philo si inowsat large; and, besides him, Aristobulus the Peripatetic, and
severat othera, not to Waste time, in going over them byname. Very clearly tho author Megasilienes, the contemporary of Seleucus Nicanor, writes as sollows in tho third of his books, On Indian vis ira: All that was sald about nature by the ancients is sald also by those Who philosophisobeyond Graece: some things by the Brahmins among tho Indians, and othera by thoso called Jews in Syria.' Somo moro sabulousty say that certain os those called the Idaean
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Dactyli Were the fidit Wiso men ; to whom are attributed the invention of What ara called tho μ Ephesian letters, and of numbers in music. For Which reason dactyis in music received their name. And tho Idaean Dactyli Were Phrygians and barbarians. Herodotus relates that Hercules, havinggrom a Sage and a student of physim, received iram thobarbarian Atlas, the Phrygian, the columns os the universe;
tho sabis meming that he received by instruction the knowledge of the heavonly bossies. Αnd Hermippus os Berytus calis Charon tho Centaur Wise; about Whom, he that wrote The mitis of the Titans says, that he fidit ted the race of mortias to righteo ness, by teaching them the solemnity os theoath, and propitiatory sacrifices and the figures of Olympus.' ' him Achilles, who fought at Troy, Was tau t. AndHippo, tho daughter of the Centaur, Who dWeit With AEolus, taught him hor sather's science, the knoWledge of physics. Euripides also testifies os Hippo as follows:
-- Who fimi, by oracles, Presaged, d by the rising stare, eventa divine.
Moses, and with the high antiquity of the philosophy promulgated by him.
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THAT TM IN MORS OF OTHER ARIS REM HOSTLYM ARIANS. barbarians mere inventora not only of philosophy, but almost os every art. The Egyptians mero sto firet to introduce astrology among men. Similarly also tho Chaldeans. Tho Egyptiansfirat inowed hoW to bum lamps, and divided the year into tWelve months, prohibitia interco se mith Women in the temples, and enacted that no Ono should enter sto temples hom a Woman without baining. Agala, they vere the i ventors of geometry. There are some Who say that the Carians inventod prognostication by the stare. The Phrygians mere the fidit Who attended to tho flight os bitas. Andtho Tuscans, net boum os Italy, Were adepta at tho art of the Haruspex. The Isaurians and the Arabians invented augurrias tho Telmestans divination is Meams. The Etruscans inventia the trumpet, and the Phrygians tho fluto. Forolympus and Marsyas mero Phrygians. d Cadmus, the inventor os letters among tho Greeri, as Euphorus says, Wasa Phoenician; Whenco also Herodotus Writes that they mere
called Phoenician letters. And they say that tho Phoenicians and the Syrians fidit invented letters; and that Mis, an aboriginal inhabitant of Egypt, inventia the healing ari besorora came into Egypti But astematas they say that Asclepius improved tho art. Atlas the Libyan was tho fimi Who bullia stip and navigatin the sea. Κelmis and Damnaneus, Idaean Dactyli, fidit discovered iron in Cyprus. Anoster Idaean dis vered the tempering os bram; according to Hesiod, a Scythian. The Thracians firet invented What is called a
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mines on the Pangaean mountain. Further, another nation,
the Cappadocians, first invented the instrument called thonabla,' and the Assyrians in tho fame Way the dichord. Tho Carthaginians mere the first that constructed a trireme ; andit Was bulli is Bosporus, an aboriginal. Μedea, the daughteros aetas, a Colchian, fidit invented the dyeing of hair. Besides, the Noropes they are a Paeonian race, and are no called the Norici) Worked copper, and were the fidit that purified iron. Amycus tho hing of tho Bebryci was the fidit inventor os boxing-gloves.' In music, Olympus the Mysian practised the Lydian harmony; and the peopte called Trogl
dytos invented the sambuca, a musical instrument. It is inid
that the crooked pipe Was invented by Satyrus the Phrygian; lihewiso alao diatonic harmony by Hyagnis, a Phrygian ino; and notes by Olympus, a Phrygian; as also the Phrygian harmony, and tho half-Phrygian and tho halLLydian,
tioned above. And the Doric was invented by Thamyris tho Thracian. Ws have heard that the Persians Woro the finiwho s hioned tho chariol, and bed, and Douisol; and the Sidonians tho first to construct a trireme. The Sicilians, close in Italy, were ths firat inventora os the phorminx, whita is not much insorior in tho lyre. d they invented castaneis. In the time of Semiramis queen of the Assyrians