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16 rtamquam cs. C. 5 l. 8.17 laudaveris of Agric C. 3 l. 28. I ambiuntur J Zeugma. A different predicate musti supplied to fuit non libidine suci a plures nuptias retunt, ,ho marr more than ne wise noto pleas them selves, but those ho our alliance illi them hecause of their nobili ty. nuptiis may be dative, ut is more probablymoda ablative, cf. His . IV. 5 magni una tantis sociorum auxiliis ambiri the phras here seem modelle aster Verg. Aen. VII. 333 conubiis
et in haec munera a modalis of in illi accus It is regulari s used by at writers illi the word modus, an occaSion alty illi the words,eSP verba, Sententia, leos, exen Ium in ali these cases illi an attribute; with species it is used without an attribute T. here Seem to se it ascis in munera the dea os legos o condiciones ere implied, o that it means,
in considerationis.'25 oc ... a ...hoS haec munera by the regula attraction to the complement; in these the se firmes bond mystic rites, and nuptialiods,'whicli appear tot an obscure a os remarhing that this simple inter-change os gist answere ali the purpos in binding the man and his is elogether of the Solem confarreatio among the Romans. et virtutum cogitationes exclude froni at thoughts of high deeds. et auspiciis A solem preliminaries, expresses the preliminaries of the Germa marriage in ternis of Roman uSage, hocinitiat ediversimportantundertakingi auSpice-taking. 3I sic by this, i. e. in accordance With what is expressed by the present s. p. 41. I quae &c. applies of course ni to thos presenis hicli, ereos a permanent character. An id German semit mus have possesse a considerable armoury. Some tali the word of the spirit an principies of theiride, ut the interpretatio Seem Strained.
CHAPTER XIX. 3 saepta means hedged in ' so guarded,' secure,' impregnabie.' pudicitia A modesty is the qualit of the pudicus, and includes theinward Delingis sudor and the utward expressionis it cf. Cic. Phili . II. 7. 5 adeone sudorem cum pudicitia perdidisti
Uectaculorum . . onPiviorum Contemporar Writer abundanti confirm his statem ent agno the demoralising effectis the shows and of din ner-
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parties o the omen o Roman society of the hows the dramaticseem to have been the mos corrupting. inlecebris ... irritationibus allurements or seductions and excit ing
5 secreta it is no a certaint whether T. means here letter-writingygenerally, the mySter os riting, or clandestine Correspondence,' probabi the lalter The German authorities ali claim a nowledge of writin sor thei ancestor at thi period. 1 vitis nota vices' generalty but immorality a we osten us the wordi the special sense of Sexuat immorality vitiare and vitium aremo un- frequently used with his restrictioni meaning. I saeculum the age in the sense of the way of the age,' the fashion of the time, an eas transitionis meaning but not paralleled in an other writer, though T. 's use oscit here ould lead usu suppos that it was acant ord of the Roman lashionabie ori in his sense. 1 et adhuc CL A D. C. 33 l. o. I transigitur cumJ CL Agric. c. 33 l. et to have finished with airide sit opes an prayer once or ali means that a oman once marrie was married sor iis, no sim pintili heriusbandited. voto uxoris prayer kr Succes in the marrie state, that is and
13 ne is of course final, howing the condition notos a result, ut assomethin purposed a it S Sed Sometime aster ita, . g. Lio XI. I 5. Here siccis ather retrospective than anticipator of ne. ultra. . . longiori ioth meam much the fame, heyond, reachingsurther, namel heyon an reachin farther than therars marri age. 16 matrimonium T. 's meanin is quite beyon the reach of the un- assiste human understanding. Lovin matrimonium ould lead, ne Would Suppose, to a resul directi opposite to that hich e is herelabouring to describe besides hicli even a German ady ould find a difficult in bestowingier assections o an abstraction. I he meant thata marrie woman 's assections ere tot satisfied by the interest created by one arriage, it ould have been et to have sal so. tamquam Sorio Say.'17 ad natis childrenior aster the wil is made, as in Cic. pro Caecina c. 25. The genera and wider Sense of thoSe ho trace relationshipthrough unbrohen Succession of males cloes no appi here. 18 alibi has no doub specia reseretice to Rome.
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et nec ancillis cf. Agric. l. II. et deliciis refinements. 26 adgnoscat an affecte personificatio sor a prose riter, Worthrecognise them acher Wn.' et festinantur the se of the passive os festino is osti poeticat. The meaniniis that maidens aremo hurrie into early marriageS. eadem J c. quae iuvenibuS.
3 exigunt the objec is no nexum, ut ather sororis filios implied incit. Iamquam in the de that it ives them a firme hol on theseelings and a wider holdin the family. Talain sisters sons would affect two families quaily, herea tal in sons might ni affect ne Iti assumed that, here nephewS ere alien there ere On who mighthave been taken.
42. I heredes in regarduo property, Successores in regar to positionan authority. et proximus gradus the nexi ran in seisin areac.' propinquorumi cognatorum, lood relationS. ad nium relation by marriage. pretia the presenis, compliments and adulatio generali hestomedon ricli and childies peopte by legacy-hunters the allusion to this
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18 quantum ad firs used by Ovid, occurs Agric. c. 4 , and HAI. V. IO, butio in the Annals.sti imputant Agric C. 2 l. 32. CHAPTER XXII. et calida prob. a luxur of the ricli, though . oes no SaySo; atteast German editor Sa So, and the muStanOW. et occupat 'fili mos of the ear. Cf. Horace Odes III. 39. 3 cm et et atra nube solum pater occupato ut qui With the indicative occur no-where eis in Tacitus. separatae a opposed to the Roman triclinium. et sua cuique mensa a T. i evidenti contrastin German an Romancustom here, he probabi means ni that ach had his separate placeat table illi his portionis seodie reaim. nec minus saepe and las osten a not, the meanin is that the Germans sperat theia a osten in carousing as inausiness. et diem noctemque m noctem diei, to pendis hol da an night Continuousty potando modat. 3o rixae notour is, ecauSe the quarreis generali develope intorixae proper figliis. 31 transiguntur fare Settied, passive os transtro in the sense of trans ore cum aliquo. f. C. 9 l. 3. se at the fame time' the malae quite a disserent se of their carouSal as et a figlitin a them.
et adsciscendis may mean the adoption os frincipes by those howished tocioin thei comitatus, o the adopting of those ho ere to beraised to the dignity that is deciding on the men hos name Weret be submitte to the concilium sor election. tamquamD o the theor that, cf. A D. C. 6 l. 2.5 adhuc 'as et, the have o learni et the reServe of a more artificiat people. refractatur impersona passive, the reconside thei decisions.'
Io solua Sc est, predicative dative, serves oririnii, cf. c. 6 in both place the dative implies puri, aps ome compassion or hoS Who haveto drin &c an eat sucii Lings. II corruptus instead offa tus o coctus implies that the liquor producedis a bad imitation os Wine.
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risae cs. c. 7 l. 6. II recens Deshl killed. I lac concretum Caesar, B. G. VI. et calis it caseus. sana uJ elaborate cookin prob. i meant ather tha costi ap- potnimentS. blandimentis fauces' or relishes, thing to provolae appetite, Suchas the gustus o gustatio of the Roman consiste OLI adversus talae in connexion illi temperantia Seem to combine themeaning of in dealin with and in opposing,' in thei appetite fordrin the domo sito the Same sorbearance.'indulseris 'en Courage.'I ebrietati drunkenness, in the sense of love os intoxicatin drint . O the use os single nouns in Latin to expres ideas sor,hicli in Englisti tW substantive and a preposition are required, e Potis, Hinis Disarius Larin Prose Composition P. 23.
I unum T. possibi wiShes o contrast the ne ar-dance of the Germans persorme by ree ouilis illi the varie an voluptuous dances of the Romans performe by paid artisis. omni coetu i .e in every asSembly before hicli a Spectacle ook place. 19 nudi Lauthorities differ a to hether his means absolute o partialnudity. quibus either to hom the performance i spori, 'i. e. Whotakepleasure in the performance, in hicli caSe ludicrum is predicate, or,betier, to hom it elong to execute this performance, in hicli caseid is attributerio ludicrum. inter gladios the meanin appears to e that the ouilis ancedholdin sword an spears, with whichahe made passe atine another. et infestas Aleuelled. 'saltu iaciunt implies more abandon than factant. paravit a true perfeci; hil is the resultis practice, grace os iniit. et non in acquire not so the purpose UMC. CL A D. C. 5 l. I. et a quamvis qualifies audacis, howeveriolo and there re dangerous)their playac. 'et quod mirere CL Agris C. I 5 l. 3. sobrii to a Roman in reckles gambling ould e naturallyassociale with festivit and wine. inter seria as a seriou purSuit or a matteris busineSS). Cf. c. 32, t. 33
Iucrandi c. I in more picturesque a os pultin Iurinaei, with
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Such a rechlesgnes in inning ordosing, the winne and the lose areequali rechlesii their play. The genitives are deScriptive.
I implies here that the thro is no meret the last, ut the last possibie, final and desperate. 'et corpore I GL Ann. IV. 72. et voluntariam is adverbial. The laver is no optionat, ut they accepi it IareSistingly, a a matter DCOurSe. 29 per commercia tradun J Such laves are Sol away, probabi to reigners the expresSion fer commercia i generali used in connexionwith soreig trade, Cf. C. Ι7 l. 8.Κemble, Saxons in En lanae . I9ra note et calis the alter memberos his sentence a iece of imaginative morality on .' pari, whichwe hali acquit the Germans of altogether. But hen e says the Ver Wor ceteris in the nexi sentence hows clearly that, i the di sellSome laves condicionis huius, the keptisther sor mental iunctions, heunnecesSarii accuses T. of Self-contradiction ceteris may uret mean,
the laves the di notinet id of the laves the didis in fact. In
the flave-stari l. e. accordin to a definite classification o duties. In the Roman househol the flaves ere regulari classi fied there a the familia rustica divide into soluti and vincti, and the familia urbana divide into ordinarii an vut ares, ach again divide into numerouS subdivision name accordinito thei various cluties. 32 serim 'abode, 'penates home.' p. 44. 1 rexitD regulates,' controis, Mi masteris.' ut colono the essentiat oint of T. 's comparison seem to e that both the German ser and the Roman colonus hande ove a portion Osthe produce of the land the occupie to the wner of the and At a
later perio the term colonus certaini meant a labourer assigne to amaster and bound to cultivate his land not a flave, but a serf, adscristus glebae the wner could set the estate illi the coloni, ut neithe without the other. ut his seem to have been the final state of a gradual proceSS. When, in con Sequence of the increas of large states and the enormous importations os flaves, mali proprietor diSappeared, such Amal proprietor becam labourers orkin sor ages as Osella in HoraCe, Sat. II. 2. II 5), O metayerS, and were calle coloni. Some
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very likel sor protectio attache themselves o large wners as a Sortos villeins. The clas Would seemo have been larget increased stomtimeri timet transportation os conquere peopleS, ho eremo Soldas flaves, but fetile a coloni an in course of time thei condition asSers attache to the estate the workedin and holdin a very similarposition to the German laves describe here, as fixe an define indetalli law. Whether the final stage in the processia been ea hedin the time o Tacitus, and whether colonus ad ne uniform signification in his time, is uncertain. See . . Arnold Roman Provinciat Adminis ration, P. I 6 I. hactenus CL A D. C. Io l. a. Al that T. an mean is that theirduties ere confine to the cultivatio of the land and that the practicali enjoyed considerable personat independence. cera the natura meaning of this seem tote ali the duties exceptcultivatin the land ali the liouse-Work in laci, s. c. 5 l. 5. his isnoi necessarii a Variance With What T. say at the beginning os C. o. Hi potnt there is simply the qualit of the two et os childre uinto
opere labour imposedo a punishment, hard abour in laci. vinctilis and opere are closely Connected a the copulative ShoW. nisi quod the ni ditiarenceaeing that, cf. Agris C. , l. 19.6 Iiberti manumitte flaves. e have no information a to Suchmanumissio at this time. ut e must assume that it id tali place, and that the condition of the emancipate flave resembled that of the libertus, as in fac seem to have been the case at a later period.
raro here and there, an influence in a family.' dumtaxat is concessive and corrective, L Cic. e Amic. 43, Livy
9 impares the inserior positionis the Deedman class. 1 libertini is sed hecause hecis speahing of the liberti as a clas in thestate no a individualS, S above. CHAPTER XXVI. I et affare to orti interest,' seems to mean o mali a bugines os money-lending, to livea it in usuras extendere seem to have faenus also sor iis object in the sense of exactio of interest,' so that it means to charge interest on unpaid interest, lit. to extend the paymentis interest on to so a to affect interest.'
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Another vie is that the two phrase mea practicatly the Same, to practis tendin at interest, an to increas capital by usury. Thisagrees perhapibetter illi ignotum but it require usu Supply pecuniasas objectato extendere, an Seem out o Leeping illi the contrast be- tween German an Roma practice implied in quam si velisum esset. 13 servatur the subjeci Seem to e the negation non faenus agitare implied is faenus agitare ignotuna. his seem simple an intelligibie,
agri c. it,ouldie impossibi here o give ali the disserent interpretations of this dissiculi passage. The mos probable vie is that T.
refers to initia occupation, hen possession a talieni sussicient lanula the number of Settier o conquerors, hicli and wa PreSently
divide amon individual in Shares differing accordin to the an os
the sentence means, and the can afford io, orythere is plent os land. 'I nec enim negatiVe of etenim, introduces a statemen confirminuandexplaining the previous ne A the rais nothinibu cor crops, theyhave enough and tolerable to or ita alternate romand fallow.18 co=rtendunt contendin or struggling illi the richnes and wide extent of the soli, mean forciniit by artificia means o produce more an more varie CrOPS. tit Without a precedinista expresses here the condition or mode of the action, by planting. 'grata separentJ enclosing gras mendoWS.'I Seges grain crops, heat an barley. ivaseratu=J cs. Verg. Georio. 99 Cic. de Seneci. gQ I. et totidem Sc quot noS. species 'seasons ' species is the subdivision os a genus, o here sed of the division or eason of the year. et ati unaniJ theraeason os fruit-gathering.
CHAPTER XXVII. et anabiri, ostentation, display,' parade. The simplicit is the German unerat is obvioust mentione by way o contrast illi theelaborate Roman riteS.
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et certis fixed, probabi by religious Sage. crementur there seem reason to belleve that interment a praC-tised among the Germans a wel a cremation. et vestibus alludin to the vestis stragula placet o the lectus funebris.
Io Iulius B. G. VI et . Caesar' suppositio that Gaul migrated seo Gaul into Germany appears to e nienable the fac apparentlybein that the elis ere pressed ut o Germany by the TeutonS, leaVing Ome remnant of thei nation catteret here and there in theland beyon the Rhine. etiam GallosJ with resereno to the word quaeque nationes C in the
13 adhuc cs. Agris C. 37 l. . re torum sotentia Apowerfulaingdoms, cf. C. I l. 5.1 divisas that is, separate hy boundaries a belongin to particular States, appropriateu,' Secured.' Her niam silvam described by Caesar B. G. VI. 25. The nam in iis idest se include ali the mountat country of W. Germany Thepar of the ange meant here is that known a the German Jura. Helvetii the statemen here, as tenuere howS, refer i a PreUiouSpositio of the Helvetii besore the were fetile in the country here Caesar ound them. The object of tenuere in the firs par of the Sentence S inter. . . amnes, hicli in Gree wouldie τα ἐντι &c. 15 Boii se C. 2.
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16 Boihaenari nom. Boihaemum Βουίαιμον Strabo) acc. to Tacitus herein and Strabo the nam os a placeri a C. to Velleius Paterc. of a districi.
I loci veterem memoriam the ancient memories of the place is a curious PhraSe loci Seem to e subjective an personi fied, ,hat theplace remember o recoros' it ma possibi be descriptive, iidmemor connected With, .e the forme histor of the place.'
19 Ara5isci on the right bank of the Danube, the si on the lest, ereboth Pannonian eoples, the si avin been allowe to retain theposition in hicli the had setiled e re the invasion os the Germans, an having ecome, territoriali only, a German eople, ut etaining
ntritisque ripaeJ of the Danube the meaning of the sentenceris that, since the advantages an diSadvantages of both positions in forme times were the fame, it is imposSibi to conjecture hichiseopte migrated fro iis origina quarterS. Trmeri ac Nervii on the Germans os . Gaul se note o C. 2. That tribes migrate stom thera into aut is more than probabie, butthis ni proves that here a amelli population in . as ei as in S. Germany besore the Germans occupiexit it cloes no prove that themigratin tribes elonge to the German stoch. T. himself evidently does no belleve in the claim of the ervi an Treviri. et circa this se of circa in the sense of περὶ illi the gen belong to
et Iamquam 'in the mistinen idea that the disprove connexion illithe aut in similarit o helplessness, that is, prove themselves a
et Vangiones occupie the country bout ornis, the Triboci that about Strasbourg the Nemetes that bout Spire. Plin also calis them true Germans, ut themantes of the last two are Keltic Al three