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are mentione by Caesar a formin paris of the arm of Ariovistus. I seems impossibi to determine hether the were Gallicise Germans Ormelli auxiliaries of invadin GermanS. et Ubii J ere originalty on the right an os the Rhine, between theriver, the Suevi, and the Sigambri. The wer atine time a flourishingState Caesar, B. G. IV. 33, ut reduce by the Suevi an diade to pay tribute Subsequently the were forced by the hostilit of thei neigh- bourso see the protectio of the Romans Id ibid. 16). Agrippa actin for Augustus transplante them to the est an os the Rhine, when thei cit Ara Ubiorum ecam theraead-quarters of the Romanarm o the lowe Rhine. Later it Was alse to the dignit os a colon unde the ille of Agrippinensis, name aster Agrippina, daughteros Germanicus, ac Ann. XII. 27, and the eopte giving up thei oldname, calle themselves Agrippinenses. et conditoris sui ma mea Agrippa, ut more probabi it is thegenitive os conditor sui CL Ann. XIV. 9, condiror nostri), and means Agrippina The masc. conditor, a testis, cf. 7, could e sed os asemate.
et erubescunt a Germans ho had os thei independenc might elido, ni that a T. says, the Could rechon themSelve guards, notprisoners of the Roman empire. 3 experimento abi. o CauSe. Superi latos on, a peculiar se of the prep. instea os in illi theabl. to give the notioni a positionis obServation.
lyin along the est an of the river. insulam the stan sorme by the wo branches of the Rhine .
an S., and the ocean . cf. HAI. V. et Batavi, donec trans Rhenum i .e in Germany agebant pars Chattorum, se Dione domestica pulsi extrema Gallicae orae vacua cultoribus simulque insulam inter Pada Sisam occet avere, quam mare Oceanum a fronte Rhenus amnister m ac latera circumluit nec opibus Romanis societare validiorum auris viros tantum armaque imperio ministrant, diu Germanicis bellis exercisi. Fro Hist. V. I it appears that the Batavi sitare thesistandro Io
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with the Canninefates, gens origine lingua virtute far Batavis. Ogulus, that is, a pagus of the nationis the Chatti populus, gens and natio areat used somelimes of a par of a Whole nation. γ ent not impi consecutive, ut parti sinat. . sees a late in the directio chosen by the Batavi. insigne the ut ard sign, explained a nam hows by What solio s. tribtilis the tributa, soli an capitis, ere the subdivision of thest e=rdium, that is, the definite sum irrespective of the amount of producerias oppoSed to decumae, a tithe of the produce paidi a conquered eople. The main par of the stipendium came sto land,
tributum soli. The tributum capitis as an persona tax, ither a taxon trades, or an income tax. ut the tributum capitis as a supplementar tax. When or an reason the stipendium soli a notSuffcient, the tributum capitis came in a an extraordinar mensure to
occasional. . . Arnold Roman Provincia GPerrament, P. 183 fol.
co=atemnuntur suffer the indignit os. T. probabi does no meanthat here a an more indignit in paying the γ ibus of the stipendium, than in payin decumae. But it uite the purposes of his rhetori to Se two verbs here, o he describe the paymen os decumae by hat was mos characteristic scit, the suffering inflicted by the grindin exactions of the sublicani, ather than the indignit of paying
sublicanus the existence of sublicani implied that the conqueredpeopte illi hom the had to do ai no the definite stipendium but the variable rictimae. The illega exactions of these eopte arewellanown Julius Caesar limite the system os decumacto Africa and
Sardinia. oneribus the regula burdens, includin the tributa or decumae and such ther a the ProviSion o cor so the overnor, quartering of troopS, C. collationibus extraordinar contributions nominati Voluntary, reatlysorced, benevolences, Such a the aurum coronaritim, originalty a goldcrown preSented by provincial to a Victorious generat, ut even under
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mod Wiesbaden. The ho spring in thei territor are mentioned by
I dubiae because the hel them precariousi unde the protectionis the Roma legionS. occupavere aorist, alludin to the time of the immigratio of the Gallic Settiers, mox signisying the state of things hich e fili complete in the time farrian. limite here means a regula militar frontie secured by Works,heno the se of acto carried, as e tal o carryin a all. Thistimes ould seemo have been more or less histin tit Hadrian' timewho fixe it in two portions the limes transrhenanus and the times transdanuvianus the lalteranown in later times ac the deviPs ait 'i, extendin Do the mouth of the Latin above an round the attiaci, then outh to the eighbourhood of mod Goppingen then eas to the Danube a litile below Regina Castra Ratisbon).eto romotis 'pushed sorWard to the boundary.
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gebirge. heir countryda norit of the oenus and west os the Visurgis, in the country whichris sal to stili preserve thei name, Hesse. et ceterae a the sentence stand in the ex this nominative is notgrammatical , ut it is ver intelligibie, sedis easti suggestin the inhabitant a the subjectis the sentence iniciam incohatur is a not
Tacitus. The meaning of the mountain' accompanyin and layingdown iis inhabitanis, a bol personification evidenti is that the land of the Chatti end where the mountain height sin into levet ground. duriora harde than most the absolute se of the comparative. stricti lit 'tight-drawm so firmi set,' muscular. 'et maior animi virori inusual menta vigour.'tit inter GermanosJ mi genti inter G. numeratae, sor a member of the German stock' so the restrictive se of ut common in ali authors, cf. Cic. Brut. c. et Pisistratus multum, ut temporibus illis, amitescendo. et rationis reasoning pomer,' judgment. sollertiaeJ sagacity,' insight.' praeponere and the ther infinitives are in loos apposition to multum rationis α, expressing that in hicli thei sagacit showeditself, so that praeponere electos reatly m in electing thos the place in office. 3 nosse ordines evidenti sat in relation to militar matters so that understanding the Se of rank mean recogniSing the value Dorderlyarrangement in fighting. 31 Ferre impetus is a result os intellegere occasiones; unlike most barbarians the wait so the right momentato charge. disponere diem dies is apparently used so the uties of the day, ordering thei days, meaning to arrange or a regula and orderi Persormance of the different duties of the daytime. vallare noctem malae the night Secure by oris, means securing the campingainst nocturna attacks. 47. I Romanae is objecte to by ome a incompatibie illi theprevious statement. But T. could Suret expect his reader to under- stand that he is speaking of what is generali true the omission os quali*ing ord reali emphasiges the exceptiona militar sagacityof the Chatti by raising them ascit were to the leve of the Romans in this
et inane robur State of the Germans generalty c. 6.
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3 ferramentis toois, cogiis provisions. The Roman soldier carried
excursus raidin expeditions. 5 equestrium c. has reference to omne robur in editer it is the merit no doub os cavair troops to in a victor quickl and toretire a qui kly but rapidit in the opinion of the Chatti is no in
iuxta formidinem closely allied to panic'; rapidit heini hard by panic means that onema easilytake the place, as it were, of the other, that is that rapidi movin troops recitable to sudde panic so that iuxta implies eas compatibility, cf. Anu. VI. 3 populi imperium iuxta liberiarem paucorum ominatio retiae libidini rosior est. Livy uses the wor to expres equalit or close similarity IX. 9 apud quos iuxta divinas religiones fides humana colitur. Compare the Se of ἐγγει,
Thucyd. III. 62 εγγυτατυ τυράννου oλίγων ανδρων δυναστεία.
prosiori more consistent With. CΗΑΡΤΕ XXXI. et moreover, another illustratio of the disserende etween the Chatti and ther Germans. This Seem belle than t mgermetiam, qualisying aliis. privat b individual in defianceis fashion.
9 audentia a post-Au Stan ord, i a Synonymis audacia, esp. in thesens os confidence,' assurance,' hardiness. in consensum verri hasbecome the universat practice' the absoluteus os vertit, ound no vnfrequently in Sallust an Livy, is common in TacitUS.
11 virititi seem to qualis both votivum and obli afum; the lalte byhypallage m Mitt- What properi belong to the vower bella appliedio the hin vowed, o Sed by Horace, Ode ΙΙ. . I er obligatam redde Iovi darena; in due performanceis a voWuo Valour.' 1 et habitum in iis mos generat sense means condition or state, butis speciali used os anything that modifies the externa appearance of the perSon, Suchos carriage,' bearing, dress ' so here it is sed even of the hai and beard. superi literat, standing Ver.'
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revelant i. e. by cutting way the hoc os liai that has hitherio
I squalor is Speciali appropriate to the appearance produceda longand unkemptiair. I insuper ove and above the hair-vow. What . appear to mean Sthat the wearin os the ignominious ring probabi on the arm was practicali a distinctio of the eenest arriors, ecaus it was a tokenthat the set themselves continuali unde an obligation to kil anenemy. In the case of the ring the o couldi renewed acti time anenem was illed. The hair-vo obviousty ould not admit of such repetition. 17 iamque canent the wea the badge even ill thei hair grows gray. 19 haecJ mii, the regula attraction of the Pronou to agree illi thecomplement. et visu noPa novus has a Strong meanin here as in c. 3 nullo hostium &c., and Ann. XIV. 3o Druidae nobitate aspectus perculere mentes,
stariling. nam α thes vrord seem o mea that even in eace the culti- vate the fame fierce spirit, hich expresses itfel in thei genera appear-ance henc the we-inspiring effectis thei appearance in batile. his explain the connexiona nam.
et nulli c. it is the privilege of these fortissimi to live, and livelavishly on ther member of the community. 23 Sanguis Poetical, cf. Lucan Pharaal. I. 3 3.
CHAPTER XXXII. et fraxim Papparenti immediately est, etween the Chatti and the
Rhine, the Usipi norit of the Tencteri Caesar, B. G. IV. , teli USthat these eoples ere riven ut of thei homes by the Suevi to the Rhine, here the displaced the Menapii, ut he oes no tellis hereth home was rom hicli the were driven. cerrum iam either, physicalty the ourse ein belle defined tessbrohen, CL Pomponius ela III. et Rhenus nox aster the two akes Venetus an Acronius diu solidus entire or compact' et certo alveo lassus or, PerhaPS, Politicalty in an active sense, formin withiis edis fixe barrier. The forme is probabi right though the addition os qui terminus c. by the losely connectin que a Seemto savour the lalter.
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et sufer solitaran decus i. e. ove and above the militar renown enjoyed by the Germans generalty the peculia distinctio of the Tencteri ascompared with the other Germans a the excellence of thei Cavalry. 3I i. .. haecJ hoc, i. e. rei equestris studium, thi furnishes the sporis os thei childhood, this is the ambitio of thei mantiood, hici, theyclindito even in id age.'sera erant Sc. in hoc. 3a inter along ith, as in c. et inter Seria, expreSSe equalit Orequivalence. iura successionum abstraci in or has a concrete meaning rights of Successions or inheritance clatrias, reali meaning things hiclipeopte Claim acheirs. v. 48. a. prout Sc sis, according Mone may be, practicallyra which-eve may be' is the eides son receives the orses, it is notis eidest son, ut a beS Warrior. ferox bello et melior bello qualifies both adjectives, ferox signifies the natura qualit os bravery naetior add the sense of superior hilla a soldier notini brave but the mos usesul soldier. With melior, ceteris mustae underStOOd.
invidere Sc nobis, sectaculo is ablative in accordance illi thepoSt- Ciceronian Construction. Accordin to Quintilian . . I Ciceroused the ace of the thin and dat of perSOn. Io armis telisque probabi ablatives, though ome talae them to edatives, o account of the dative oblectationi. II oblectationi oculisque to delight our ind and eas ou eyes, notnecessarii hendiadys, as oblectationi implies more than pleaSin the
I3 surythe reflexive so the reciprocat. ur uentibus c. Liv V. et Mand 36 6 are compared, ut the se os me here is reali absolute, herea in the two PasSage quoted an object is ither expresse or asit supplied hat T. Seem to
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mean is that the destin os the Empire a pressing that is, ecominga increasin burden the dissiculi os supporting the moles imperii against disintegratin force was an increasing one He an hardlymean to imply a sonae hink an actuat ea that the Empire asdoomed o fallies ore the Germani Peoples.
18 ferinde cf. C. 5. memoratae L wel known, lit. talked os.' I9 a fronte o the weSt. et vocabulum used by Tacitus an contemporar Writer Simply Sequivalent to nomen. ex modo CP. C. I 2 l. I pro modo poena proportionate punishment; ex modo virium might also e expresse by pro viribus, in proportionto thei Strength, i.e the ames expresse the disserent proportions os
utraeque the plura here probabi indicates that ea hiatio formeda ather ooSel compacte aggregate os communities calle by the fame ame. It is true howeve that ha seem tot an incorrectinge of the plural for the singular cloes occur in ther authorS, .g. SalluSt, t. XXX. 4 Verg. Aen. I. 685. The Frisian were bounde S. by the Rhine, . anum by the orthraea Ν. E. by the Chauci. et praetexuntur are fringe by the Rhine. Rheno is ablative, s. Verg. Aen. VI. litora curvae fraetexunt fu es, Plin N. I. 25.
29 monte ea gentes fractexunt.
et lacus besides levo par of the od. uider Zee, T. probablyhas here in his indistanding ater caused by the verno of the Rhine and Vsset, and the influx of theraea.
et even.' assibus, unde DruSu B. C. et TiberiUS A. D. 4, and Germanicu A. D. 5.
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et inquiri the infin aster obsto on the analog of pro ibeo is no Mund
lessnes of character entilles imo inviolability, or Sho in more regaressor divine prohibition or sanctionS.'CHAPTER XXXV. n. 49. et ac enus in addition to iis geographica sense, serve a a partici os transitio homone division os his subject to another. Sola Germany toward the west,eanow is an instance of T. A tiresome affectation o brevity, combining two proposition in ne talement. What he means apparenti is, here ends . Germany bout hichwe haVe accurate nowledge, novimus implying the fuller nowledgeos the Romans bout . Germany a compared illi thei knowledge of the . and E. paris of it. sexu in the Cimbri Chersonese, but . seem to have thought that this en bega further est hancit reali does, an continue furthertha the peninSula. primo statim cs. Agric. c. 3, 1. I7 the natio of the Chauci eganimmediatet where the nation os . Germany ended. It land was bounded by the Amisia, the Albis, the Ocean, and the easternmos tribesos, Germany. ac and irs of ali, the nationis the Chauci, although it staris Domiti Frisii, and occupies par of the se coast, hiris the frontieris ali thea re-mentione tribes, unti it reaches illi a bendiown to the territoryo the Chatti. T. echon the Chauci asin eople of N. Germany Atthe fame timeae potnis ut that, Win to the immense extent of their territory the adjoin the eople os, Germany running a sar ouilias the Chatti There thei territor malae a ben to the ast havingabove the Chatti extended surthe westwards. The description is purgling, however, forcit is impossibi to se how the Chauci could have horderecthoth o the Chatti and the intervening tribes, no doe T. Vouchsas usthe assistanc he might have give usi saying,hich sides of the various tribes the Chauci skirted. The natural inferenc is that he meant theeast fides of al of them Accordinuto Ptolemy the Chauci were divide linto the Litti Chauci on the w of the eger, and the reati thei. of the fame river, to the Elbe.
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sed et cf. c. 6 l. 6.8 nobilissimus seems tot explainedi quique. . . tueri the Subjunctive malit is generic giving a characteristic os the Chauci, that is, Speahingis
i marcentem by hypallage applied to pacem reali describes the effectos theseacein theseople ho nursed it To nurse eace is to indulge the destre forci undul an let it grow upon one. The account here give of the Cherusci is no confirme hom an other ource, and Snot orne ut by the histor of the eopte at a later period. The incidenta notices of this peopte by Tacitus, Ann. XI. I 6 and XII. 28, heretherare represented a troubled with interna dissension an at constant striis illi the Chatti reser of courge to an earlier perio an are notinconsistent With his statemen here. iucundius quam tutius cs. Agric C. 4 l. 22.19 inpotentes cf. C. 35 l. 9.falso inactio is a delusion, o perhaps, means eisdeception, 'sor falso Seem no Simplyrio mea mistakenly, ut to impi that hepeople ho preser inactio delude themselves in thei reasoning about itaecause the preser t. et tiba Dater eos, infer quoS. modesti sorbearance, frobitas goodnessy the orme is thequalit of the modestus, the habituali self-controlle man, probitas SuggeSt the oppoSite os improbus, hicli implies departure rom theright standard, speciali in the way os exceSS. nomina os course implies mere names, conventiona epitheis. et superiors seem preserable o superioris, tilles Or, .e at thedisposa os, assumed by the Stronger.'