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to ille microscope. l. Innumerable globules of a reii color, Whicli onexamination appeared to be miXed up vitii a tranSparent Serum, anil
spherical and was persectly distinet in iiself. 3. So long as the serum remained in a state os fluidity, is the crystal plate on Whicli the particle of blood had bden dropped was turned in one direction Or theother, the globules sollowed With such rapidity, as evidently to fhewthat they were heavier than the serous fluid. 4. In the part uliere theblood had been converted into cloi, and had almost hecome blach, theglobules Were more croWded, and lying one Upon another. In those paris utiere the blood Was more diluted, or less red, the globules Were sev er, and sarther apari from eaeli other ; so that we could not doubtiliat the degrest os reditess in the color of the bl od depended uponthe relative closeness in Whicli the globules u ere held in connectiori by the Serum. In the case of blood extracted from the vetiis, and receivedinto a vesset, We observed that the part whicli occupidit the bottom be- came blach, and that the part at the top and in contact With the external air beeame red and brilliarit; and the queStion arOSe among US, Whether this Was the consequence of a larger abundance of thOSe globules Which, as their specific gravity is greater than that of serum, Subside and accumulate at the bottona, and are helice less diluted by tho serum thau those Whieli occupy the upper pari. For this reason it is,
that is coagulated blood be inverted, the part that has previolasty been
blach Soon changes to a purple color. . . . For a Similar reason arterial
Since the bl od is composed of those elementary principies by Whichwe are nourished, and since ali Our food, Whether solid or liquid, contains among Other partieles Such as are round and globular, fas We have discovered by microscopical observation in ali farinaceous alimenis, fruits, milli, Wines, beer, and Other things of the fame Lind), helice thebl00d vhicli arises out of the fame alimenis, solid or liquid, is ori this account itself sor the most pari compOSed of Very minute globuleS. . . . Ι must not omit to mention a fact Whicli the celebrated Malpighi potnted out to me at Rome, and Malch the learned Gulielminus, ullo himself received it from Malpighi, subsequently confirmed, namely, that is the serum of any Lind of blood bd dried in the stiade upon apiece of clean crystal or tale, it deposits spiculae of Various salis, both Simple and comp0uDd; among the Simple, for instance, spiculae of vitriolio, aluminous, nitrous, and Sea Salis; among the comp0Und, Spiculae
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os salts of tartar, and severat Liniis of volatile salis. Considering thisto be a saet established by experiment, We procedited to examine throughthe microscope disserent sinali drops of particular fluids, as tears, the
The proportion os aqueous and other fluids to the Saline, earthy, and various solid bodies constituting the blood, appears to be, accord- ing to the Hon. Robert Boyle, a litile less than that os 4 to l. Foros 10 ounces and 73 gratias, or 5, 833 gratus, Os recent venous blood, he observed that aster distillation there remained os the thieli dried portion tWO Ouncus and tWo drachms, or I, 296 gratiis; 4, 223 gratiis having been converted into phlegm, and 2l4 gratiis having evaporated sensibiy, and been dissipated : Whence it must be inferred, that thesuid portion amounted to 4, 537 gratus. NoW Since the dry residuum, Or caput mortuum, amOUnted RS We haVe Sald to I, 296 gratus, helice the fluid part is to the solid in the proportion os a litile less than 4 to I, or nearly of to l. It is not impossibie however that by the actionos the sire some even of the solid particles as weli as of the fluid were carried osi from the blood, as We see in the case of soot, Whicli is nothing more than a congeries of Sulphureo-Solid particles, forced away by the sire and carried up With the smoLe. Henee is the solid paris thus carried osy be added to those that remalii in the caput mortuum it solio Ks, that the proportion of the solid to the fluid part of theblood is a litile more than that of l to 3ὲ, Whicli, Without occasioningany materiat error, Me may SuppOSe to be the Same With the proportion of l to 3, adverted to With his accustomed care by Our friend Iulielminus. Here hoWever Ue Wish to remind the reader, that this proportion is not found to be the fame in ali subjecis, nor in the fame subject at disserent times, but must vary according to the temperament, age, climate, and SeaSOn, and more especialty accor ling to the different quantities of 1 od necessary for disserent individuals, and to the di ferent intervals Occurring between the extraction of the blood and the ingestion of the solid or liquid aliment. . . . This Subjeci hOWeVer We have troated os more at large in another place, in Which We havestierin that there can be no certain and determinate proportion either of the paris of the blood one to the other, or Of any pari or pariSto the Whole. It is hoWever manifest, that by the action of the sire
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almost the fame principies may be separated from the crassamentum aS si om the Serum; namely, i. Urinous phlegm. 2. Volatile Sali, of
cipie, nainely, a fixed sali approxima ting very nearly to the nature of Sea Sali. The proportion however of these elementary principies in theserum is disserent froni What it is in the crassamentum, since in the Serum the a lueous pari, and the pari consisting of Volatile salis, is more abundant, but the earthy, the fixed saline, and the olly paris, more seanty. On the other hand, in the crassamentum, there is tessos the liquid pari and more of the other paris . of the Oils Whieli, asu e have Sald, are extracted by the action of sire principalty storia thecrassamentum iiself, the yellow is of less specific gravity than theblach, hecause the blaeli contains sulphureous-earthy particles in a much greater quantity than the yello . Hence many perSO S serm no Unren-SOnable conjecture, that the blach is elicited more particularly froin theglobules of blood whieli are most abundant in the crassamentum. Ibid., Ρ0Stulat. xvii.) Although there are sonte even at the present day Who Will deny that any air traveis through the vesseis and is mixen up With the blood,
ceiver, not only has Boyle, but v e ourselves have osten observed ii emit bubbles, and almost effervesce, the moment the internat uir is liberaledfroin the pressure of the atmosphere. Nor does What LeeuwenhookRSSertS, namely, that no stir ean be obtained from si est, venous blood, butonly froni that whicli has for some liours been exposed to the atmosphere, at ali Ahal e me in my opinion, for the circumstanee he states is the consequence Only of an imperfeci adjustinent or construction of the
liso the blood appears to be of a uniform reduess, but When vieWed through the microscope it is sound to consist of red spherules sWim- ming in a thin and almost transparent serum. These Spherules Orglobules derive their color hom being composed of Six Smaller ones; and when divided into their component paris, present the appearance Of
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a pellucid yellowisti serum os various stiades. . . . It is dissiculi toascerta in how sar the division into tesser globuleS proeeedS. . . . I hered bl00d is the grossest of ali the humors that a state of health nurtures and cherishes in the viscera, arteries, and vetris. The neXt of the humors in the oriter of grossuess or sineness in regard to itS particles , is the yelloWisti serum Whicli is coagulable by heat. The nextis the coloriess juice, Whicli is similarly coagulable; then the limpidhumors Whicli do Dot coagula te by heat, With the lacteat, urinous, andali other fluids gradu atly decreasing in the fige of their particles, but
thing has been noticed by LoWer respecting the chyle, by Malpighi
in a ShOrt time assumes the arteriat hue . . . . Nitre, is potared On blood, imparis to it the Same color as uir. . . . We may theressere conclude With
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cohering particles, whicli is denominated red crassamentum, the Other pari turiis into a Watery fluid whicli is called serum. The crassamentumis heavier than the serum, for the former sinks to the bottom, and
of whieli made iis appearance either then Or RsterWRrdS. . . . Thethicher, Whiter and denser the gelatinous crust of the craSSamentum,
regard to the presence of fibre, Malpighi and Bolin are at variance. The sortiter asseris it; but the lalter dentes the faci, because On a veryciose examination os fluid and warm blood he soland in it no appearance
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mentum os blood consisis os reticulated fibres, between Whicli are loculi, porOSities, areolae, or interstices, in Which both the serum ofthe bloon and iis red globules are contained. . . . Is We malle OUr
ssuid state, there is no appearance Os filamentary compOSition. . . . yetas Soon as the blood manifests any tendency to concretion, and the arm particles evaporate, certain fibriis Or stamina begin tu displaytheuiselves, and whicli are at firSt only Smali, but by agglomeration produce larger Ones, that in course of time adhere to each other, audbecoming mutuatly implicated or interWOVen, form n reticular m RSS, . . .
and are disposeu longitudinalty into Stamina. Ibid., n. 50.) Theserum of the blood is either limpid, almost like Water, or it is turbid,
the spiculae of different Salis, Some Simple, OtherS compOund. . . . More
both vitriolic, aluminous, tartareouS, nitrouS, and SalSO-muriatic Spiculae, and this, With the microScope alone, apari from ali chemicat preparation. . . . The Serum Os the blOOd Wheu submitted to the actionos fire, leaves, after almost complete evaporation, a gelatinous Substance, Which by continuing the heat is condensed as it Were into OSSeouS, pellucid, horny lamellae. This part has been called by medicat Writers the serum concrescibile, and is the sume with that whichforins the white crassamentum. Ibid., n. 52.) Is the Steam os serum escaping tuto the atmosphere during the bus Orementioned process of evaporation, be received into an alembic, a liquor is collected whichboth in sineti and taste resembles urine ; Day, Whicli is DO other than urine itself, according to the experiments of Boyle, So far as they go. Thus, firstly, we find that both serum and urine extrael DOm copper ablue tincture that sortiis no bad remedy in cases of lacrymation and ophthalmia, and other similar diseases of the eyes. Secoridly, in the congelation Os both these liquors we observe litile glaciat laminae of a pectinated figure. Thirdly, both serum and urine Serve to 1 Orm an invisibie inli, the characters of whicli are brought out by heat When e adit to these proosse, that there is an agreemens belWeen the two in
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poliat os inste and smeli, it Would appear as is We had a right to assert, that the urine is nothing but the serum of the bl ood Deed Dorn iis redglobules and fibrous portion. Ibid., n. 53.) Ιt is well known froni the experiment made by Bellini, that urine contains Water, an insipidearthy matteri or tartar, and salts of Severat Linds, both fixen and volatile, and in addition to theSe, Some portion Os Sulphur. . . . BOyle has shewn that by distillation, . . . litile gratiis os salts both fixed and volatile may be extracted from the serum of the blood, as HSO an active Volatile spirit, . . . besides Which not a few litile drops of a most solidoli come over, Whieli correspond to the Sulphur discoverable in urine ;aud finalty a caput mortuum, although in extremely smali quantity, istest belliud. Ibid., n. 54.) The crassamentum yields on distillation an abundance of insipid phlegm and salts of both Linds, whereos thevolatile, combined With a sinali portion of Water, constitute a Spirit; but the fixod, mingled with the caput mortuum, are brought Out atlast by continued calcination and botling. TNo Liniis os olis moreoverare obtained; One, intensely red, Verging to blackneSS; the other, SomeWhat os a pale amber color; one stoats On the top Of the Other, and is they are mixed together, they Soon Separate and return to their formur relative Siluation. . . . There is this One disserende belween the Serum and the crassamentum, in regard to their chemicat principies, that the serum has by sar the greater quantity of Water, the greater number of salis, and these in a free Or volatile State, a smali portionos fixed sulphur, but scarcely a trace of Volatile sulphur, and ulmost Do earth. But the red craSSamentum, as it has a greater quantity os oti, so has it also a very large Share of a more fixed sulphur, a lessproportion os phlegm, more of earthy matter, and yet not much. Sali is ab ut equalty abundant in both, and in the crassamentum it is usualty fiXed, . . . although both volatile Sali and spirit can be extracted
arid coloriess. Ibid. , n. 62.) Ιf the poWder os dried crassamentumbe thrown into the stante os a cauille, it instantly catches fire like resin, and explodes With a uolse and crackling, whicli is the effect of salis;
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33. AIALPIGHI. Is you destre a beautis ut spectacle, examine through a microscope the fibrous contexture os a portion of clotted blood that has been wolt Washed, and you Will see a network of as it Mere nervolis fibres, the litile cell-like interstices and cavities of Whichare occupied by a red ichor, that when Wiped aWay leaves the reticular Structure Whitisti, SO as to present to the naked eye the appearance Ofa mucous membrane. A diligent examination of the sanguineous cruStWill probably shew that this reticular portion of the blood is formed of the Same materiai, and is of the fame nature, as the crust that flostisup0n the bl0od . For is Wo take coagulated blood, With a large and thich White crust, that is not distended Mith concretil,le serum, butforins a Lind of coat, sost and pliant, and cui it into longitudinal stices, and then repentedly Wash it, We Shali Observe on iis upper pari a cruStos pellicle composed of Whitisti channeis and almost pervious With vesicles, whicli are silled With a transparent j uice of a less speciscgravity than itself; and is We trace the production of this substancestili farther, just Where the coagulatest mass of blood begius to redden, we shali find it elongated downWards, and divided into a fringe-Work of litile fibres, creating by their beautis ut implications littie Winding channeis and Sinuses, whicli are distended and tinted by the red atonis theyenelOSe; and we Shali moreover observe a yellowisti serum confinediti Some of the larger spaces, or cons unded with the red ichor There is ono thing of Whicli I Would remiud the reader, namely, that the concretil,le serum detained in the interstices of the crust, as Ueli asthroughout the whole mass of the fibrous texture of the blood, becomes inspissated in certain disorders, and that this gives rise to a pale and cinereOUS color, and to the Same mucous character, and the Same Lindos SubStance as are Observabie in concreted serum and albumen. Thereare HSO not unfrequently certain elongated appendices developed throughthe entire mass of the blood, to Whicli on every fide hang mesties ostesser ossseis Whicli are somelimes visibie Without the micrOSCOpe . . . .
Polypi gr0W and enlarge generalty in the right more east ly than in thelest ventricle of the heari, and readily also in the disserent venous channeis of the Iungs and the head, Where they are produced not
InfreqUently. . . . There is reason to belleve that nature, in her soli
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and mingling With it a certain fine and highly-active principie, by the motion and figure of Whicli the mixture of the paris of the blood is facilitatod, as Woli as their disposition to reSOlVe and Circulate . . . . This sali os life is oliminaled by the lungs by means os fermentation, either from the liquids brought by the blood, and particularly from thelympii; or as I incline to think, froin the external air, Since the lungsthemSelveS are analogous to glaniis in structure. For it is probablethat they sist into the bl00d while passing through them, certain corpuscles that the ancients considered tu be portions Os brute fouis, and henee give rise in the plexuses of the pulmonary vesseis to the redportion of the blood, by facilitating the attenuation, agitation, and mixture of the juices conveyed to them. FOr in cruor, Where this polypous crust abounds, only a stight degrest os reditess is observabie; and, again, here this reduess ab uniis the polypous cruSt does not. This vlew is countenanced by the frequent occurretice of pleuritis during RimOSpheric changes. . . . I linoW that authorities of the greatest weight have thought that at such times a largor quantity os nitre is collected and mixod with the blood, by whicli it is fixed and coagulated: but I doubi the fact; sor fix ounces of nitre in solution introduced into the jugular vein os a dog of middling sige and strength, produced noSenSible change, eXcepi an abundant secretion os urine; in other respecis the animal continued in perfeci health. It is, theres ore, probable that no coagulation of the blood had ensued, sueti as We findaster the injection Of certain kinds Os aqua regia. . . . Oil of Sulphurpoured upon the blood malles those paris sweli that it is in immediate contact with and on Whicli it flonis, converting them ultimately into abalied and blacti substance, formi g a solid crust. The fame result is produced by oil os vitriol. ΡοWdered aliam sprinkled on the upper and stili fluid part of a quantity of blood, turris it blach, and gives the cruor itself a burni appearance. When poWdered nitre, Or nitre dissolveil in Water per deliquium, is placed upon blood, it produces up0n
redder color, . . . but also rematris fluid sor a considerable period.
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tion os a greater degree of heat, and acquires a darii color, like bollud
liver, even though it be continuatly stirred. . . . The more SerOUS PortionWhicli, is sussered to rem ain at rest, separates in the basin froni thecraSSamentum, likeWise thichens iapon the application of heat, and acquires the consistence and almost the color of the White of an egg moderately boiled; a litile serum impregna ted With sali Separating frOm it. . . . Blood coagulates on the addition of acid, even in the living body, as IliaVe ascertained by injection, and acquires various colors according to the particular acids injected. Spirits of nitru cause it to assume an obscure White. Spirits of vitriol turn it blach, as does also Vinega but less intensely. Spirits of sali turn it to a color intermediate betWeenthe two produced by spirits of vitriol and spirits of nitre; namely, to ad ark a Shy color, having an unpleasant appearance. Salis Of Saturnalso thi heu the blood and turn it pale, though not to such a degree but that the red color is stili predominant. Vitriol gives the bloon anaShy, ObScure, dirty color, but artificiat vitriol, commonly called sali ofSteel, changes it in a much less degree. Sea sali and nitre give theblood a dushier and redder color, and in some mensure hinder iis coagulation. Allialine Salis produce the Same result, but more essec
To blood that was blackening in consequence of the application os spiriis os vitriol, I added liquor of fixed nitre, but Without producing any particular effeci. The intense blachness beeame indoed someWhat diminished, but a color Succeedod more of an a Shy than a red caSt. . . . Is spiriis os nitre, Or alum ei ther in a crude or burni state, be mixed Withthe serum of the blood, they turn it into an extremely White coagulum ;whicli object is indeed accomptished more readily by the addition ofatum, Which also forins a thicher and more tenacious coagulum. But is the serum Were much colored, it Would be proportionably less White Whenthe above Substances Were ad ded to it. A like result tines place on the application os salts of Saturn, but in a sar more imperfeci manner, be- cause the whiteneSS produced is much more obscure, the ma88 doeS notbecome So thicli, and a precipitation is rapid ly essected. Spirits of saltdo not coagulate the serum, but render ii more limpid. . . . SpiritSof vitriol turn the coloring particles blacher, but in Other respectS leave the mass but litile changed. These experiments I made upon the bloodos the ox. But I afterWards tried theni upon bl0od taken Dom a manin a state of good health. In this case I did uot observe the changes