The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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to be so considerabie, although they were of the fame character. Thered part of the blood, for iustance, assumed a less degree Os blaei nossfrom spirits of vitriol, and a less degree of Whiteness from Spiriis os nitre, and SO 1 Orth. . . . The serous part Of human blood, in iis pure State, . . . On Stight botling aequired a White color, and beeame almostas thich as the albumen of a hard-boiled egg. On the addition os alumit also coagulated, and on the addition os spiriis os nitre Was renderedmilhy, but did not acquire so thich a consistenue, as did the corresponding part in the bl od of the ox. . . . Ι have Observed in regard tothe blood of disserent men and oxen, that vinegar darkens the coloring particles, but in a less degree than spirits of vitriol. In other respecis Vinegar produces no alteration in the blood. Sea sali and nitre do notchange it, excepi that they render the coloring particles When os a darkhue, bright and shining. This takes place ho ever in so stight a de-gree, as to be noticeable in o ly a sew instances . Fixed athaline saltsscarcely alter the blood at all. Blue vitriol stightly coagulates the mass, and gives it a greenish-white tinge. Green vitriol only reniters itflightly turbid, and does not coagulate it; and in fact less change is produced by the addition os artificiat vitriol, commonly called sali offleel, than by the addition os natural vitriol. Spirit os vitriol together

With sea sali or nitre, When added to the more Serous portion of theblood, produces a White coagulum ; but the result is more complete With sea sali than with nitre. Spirit os sali in combination mitti Sea Sali or nitre produces a similar esseci: but spirit os nitru is more efficaciolis than either of the other Spiriis, and produces this essectby iis own virtve alone. Spirits of sali or vitriol together With alum prevent the es et produced by the alum, the mass Which Would have been coagulated by the alum alone, being rendered 0nly slightly turbid. Nay more, the coagulation produced by the alum is removed by the addition os these spirit s. Spirits of nitre and aliam produce almost thusame esseci, Whether they be used SimultaneouSty or Separalely. Fixodali Mine salis provent the essect produced by spirit os nitre ; so that bya previous addition of the former, no coagulum is produced by the lalter. . . . In faet, the coagulum produced by the spirit of nitro is dissolved by salts of the Lind, and the maSS again rendered limpid. . . . On taking a portiori os bl00d and submitting it to a microscope, I haveseen in it partietes of disserent forins. Some appeared to be very longanil in a manner tapering, like litile Stems of hay or StraW; intermixodwith these appeared Others of extremely Smali tength, and amongst them many globular particles. Some appeared to have three, four, Ormore fides, and to be of a very irregular figure. of the globular particles a seW appeared to be persectly Spherical, but the greater number

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In a portion of the Washings of blood, that is to say, in Water that hadbeen Used to extraci the color froni a coagulum of blood, a quantity os Very VariouS particles likeWise appeared. By far the greater portion ofthem Was globular, but the larger and more branching particleS Ob SerV- able in blood itsolf did not here malle their appearance. . . . In thegelatinous part of so me blood received into a basin,-in the part thathad Spontaneousty separated froin the rest, and been further purified by frequent Settiing and decantation, and that was liberaled froin theredder and thicher portion,-we found particles of disserent Linds, butthe globular onus were uot in Such numbers as in the water in Whichblood hau been Washed . . . . I put into a common sua-Mater bath the warm blood of an ox, received from iis body in a cupping glass. Τhesirst liquor that came Over Was not in large drops like water, but pre- Sented a certain appearance of striae. When collected it Was very thinand limpid, almost lasteless, os a SomeWhat unpleaSant smeli, thoughnoi positively fetid, and is live coals Uere thrown into it, they Were nolso rapid ly extinguished as in Water. One table-spoonsul of the liquormixed with a feW gratiis of sali of Saturn, acquired the color and consistence of milh. As sar as I have been able to collect froni the above circumstances, this liquor Was composed os a large proportiori of phlegm, a certain quantity of sulphur, and a litile sali. This salt was of a militiaste, and did not appear to have any of that sharpness that volatile salis alWays have, Whicli are expelled by a Strong heat from any com- pound in Whicli they are contained. The liquor that nexi came Over WaS more WaterV, but noue Was elicited that Was not rendered turbidand whitisti by the addition of salts of Saturn,-an evident Sigii that this liquor Was not phlegm, since the lalter is in no degrest disturbed by the addition os these salts. By this method I could Dot elicit any considerable quantity of humor, and when more ceased to come, Ι transferred the cupping glass to a sand bath, and ruising the heat, obtaineda liquor more impregnated with volatile sali and sulphur, but some halempyreumatic Or burni. The more Watery portion being thus removed, I distilled the remainder in a retori over a reverberating furnaee, and again extracted from it, sirst os ali and bes re the heat became great, a Very Watery portion, and then a subtile penetrating liquor exceedinglypungent in laste and smeli, and Dot a litile efficaci ous in promotingserSpiration, Such in fine as is commonly called the spirit of the bicod. Next followed a volatile sali, then a thicli and fetid oti, and a caput mortuum, Or most earthy pari remained in the retori, and could notbe made to pass, by any degree of heat, into the receiver. The salthoWever Whicli is thus elicited is more volatile and active than the spirit

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iiseis. Henoe in the process of rectification it is the first to come over, although in tho sirst distillation it is With dissiculty expelled, on account of being much implicate I With other particles, and does not begin tomahe iis appearance tili aster the phlegm and a large portion of the Spiritu0uS liquor. . . . I do not think Ι am very wide of the mark is ΙSay, that in Seven Ounces Os human blood . . . there are sive Ounces

and fix drachms of Water or phlegm, three drachms, Or a litile more, os a subtile oti or Oily spirit, about eight scruples of a thicli oti, about two drachms of sali, salmost ali volatile, or at least eastly volatiliged, whence I considor it volatile,) and a litile more than tWo drachms of earthy SubStance. Coi F. Hum. Anai., Sive Supplement. Anat. , lib. ii., tr. i., cap. iX., p. 29-37. BruXell, Ι7l0.) Further remarks on this subject may be seen in the author himself. 35. The reaster Uould consider it tedicus Wore I to bring forWardali the experiments and observations made upon the blood by eve author. I may, hoWever, adduce the folloWing. Athalies impari a redcolor to milli, and this reduess is heightened by the application os salammoniae, nitre, boraX, rocli Sali, Sea Sali, regeneraled tartar. Vitriolicacid diluted in Water retards the coagulation Of the blood, but never-theless afterWards coagulates it anil imparis to it a blacti color. Moselle, the Rhenish Wines, and wine vinegar heighten the red color of theblood, and impede iis coagulation. The serum of the bl od is notcoagulated by the juice of limes. Arterial blood coagulates sooner audis more florid than venous blood ; venous blood escaping through asinali orifice into a large vesset is like arterial blood. Certain infecisand marine animais have White instead of red blood. Blood talion froni the arteries is almost of a uniform color froni the top to the bottona, but talien froni the vetus it appears blach lowards the botiom. Blood Weli Ahalien iis, sorvis fibres, and these fibres, membranes. The Sanguineous clois in a frog that has been frogen, are not resolved by heat, but by the motion of the lidari. The blood whicli is soliud in the right fide of the heart of a hungry animal has not an athaline or an acidiaSte, but Savors rather Os ammoniacal or sea sali. Blood treatod Mithaolds and aikalies, does not manifestly effervesce, but changes iis colorand degree of fluidity. Bl00d spiriing froni the cut apex of the hearidoes not bubble or effervesce ; nor is the blood perceived to be any Warmer in the heari than elseWhere, according at least to the indications of the thermometer. The chyle in the thoracic duci lastes of sea sali, and when salts are applied to it no ebullition ensues. Bahed and pulveriged blood, When placed in Warm Water, Separates into a red matte an insolubie and a solubie glutinous substance. One cubic incli ofblood is expanded by distillation into a vapor occupying the Space of

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33 cubic inches. One cubie inch of sat is by distillation converted into

a coagulum like that of g0ais' milli; by and by iis red pari contractingequably to ard the centre of the vesset, gradually conglutinates into a sibi ous but yielding netWork, in the areolae of Whicli are contained alimpid ichor and red globules. In a stiori time it expresses on est SideSa liquid or serum, Whicli concretes by the addition os acids, spirits of Wine, and especialty by being submitted to heret; is, moreover, it besus red to digest aWhile over a flow fire, it becomes almost as hard RScartilage or bone. In the mean time euch of these paris, or that whicli SpontaneouSty concretes, and that Whicli renastius fluid, in proportionas it grOWs Warm, emiis a halitus or vapor, Whicli is pungent both to the nostriis and longue, but is Os no particularly Strong odor or taSte. Is this vapor be received in a closed glass Vesset, it generalty condenSeSinto a cloud and dew, of the urino-volatile nature of Whicli there can

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36. ΤΠERE is a certain fluid of the highest degree os purity, called by some the animal spirit, Which enters into the redblood as iis principat substance, and Whicli constitutes iis vitalessenee. There likeWise apportain to the red blood in disserent proportions numerous Salis, Which enter into the composition ofiis paris. Whence the blood exists as a compOunden liquor, and is the ultimate fluid which discliarges the functions of the soles in the animal hingdOm. The rod blood is surrounded With serum, to Which We are tonscribe ali the components of Whicli the blood is constitutudund sormed. With a vieW to the composition of the blood, there are conveyed to the serum through the medium of thochyle, and in Water as a vehicle, SpiritS, Oils, and salis Osevery kind; also, through the medium of the stir, and by helpof the lungs, the nitrous and volatile substances that are fluent in the atmosphere; and suntly, through the medium os theether Or purer air, Substances stili more volatile: With each of whicli utiless the blood were replenished, it could not be prepared and reneWed for the various uses of the animal economy.Τho blood thorosore is the storehouse and Seminary, theparent and nourisher, of est the paris of the body, both solid, Sost, and fluid; for nothing exisis in the body Which had not aprior existence in the blood. Where re uson the nature,

constitution, determination, continuity, and quantity of the

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blood, depend the fortunos and condition os the animal lise. In the blood thorosoro Wo ars to look sor the cause and themode' of that natural liso whicli is led and continuod in theb0dy and in the ultimate WOrid.

But inasmuch as the blood exisis and subsista DOm So many Si Stances and elements out os this mundane System, thequalities of Whicli are hitherio unknown, there is no hope Ospersecting a science of the blood Without exploring in genus, in Species, and in their severat parts, the nature of the mundane nuras, the aqueous elemenis, the Oils, spiriis, the salts WhethersiXed, volatile, or essentiat, and the sulphurs. TO this Wo mustadd a linowledge of the causus of heat, sire, flame, cold, and colors, together With ait the other subjects of experimentalchemistry and physios. Nor is this sufficient, since the science

of the blood oriends also into the sields of physiology and of

pneumatology, Or the function Os the animal spiriis. From an attentive consideration of these things it may in Some mensure be evident, that the spirituous fluid constitutes

the essence of the life and activity proper to the blood, DomWhicli spiritu us fluid thoro exists, through the medium of a copious volatile substanco derived froin the ether, a pollucid Ormiddie blood. Lasib, through tho medium os fixed and uri-ΠOus Salis emplOyed in tempering, copulatin g, determining, and finalty, persecting the composition, there emerges the redand heavy blood. Into theso original principies this latior Lindos blood suffers itself to be dividod according to degrees duringiis progress through corresponding vesseis, Or those sirst os althe ordor With itsols, then through the capillary iubes, and Iastly through the fibres. Henco it follows that in the composition os the blood We have to tine into consideration three degrees, Whicli indeed areperceivable distinetly one Dom the other, inasmuch as the

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blood is compounded of each distinctiv, and into each is distinctly divided. Blood in the last of these three degrees oughtto consist, for the most pari, of Six plano-OVal Spherules, Whicli fit themselves into so many hollow fides of a single particle os fixed sali. Whence arises the spherical figure of the Whole. But although tho spirituous substance of every animalenters into ali the genuine blood of the animal as iis principaland Only vital substance, neverthel ess in every species of animaltho blood is different, and varies in the individual subjecis ofeVery species, according to temperamenis, States, and ageS. More ver there is both legitimate and spurious blood accordingto tho health of the body. With respect to the firsi substance of the blood, or thespirituous fluid, and with respect to iis other substance, or thepurer blood, it is to be observed, that euch in iis oWn degree ismost hight y elastic, most highly susceptibie of consociation,plication, as Weli as Os reduction into every form. But into Whatever form it is reduced, it naturalty aspires to iis most perfeci form, and is in the es ori to return to it; it is moreoverendoWed With suci, perfeci fluidisy, and is so capable of actingaccording to every mode Os an essicient cause, that in theserespectS nothing can surpass it. In the last or ultimate composition, Whicli is the bl ood properly SO called, exist the fame qualities, but more imperfectly in accordatice With the degree Os composition. Each of the clauses of this generat induction, Whicli fur-nishes the argument of the present chapter, We noW proceed to

Estque ita ad omnem fluiditatis naturam, et causae essicientis modum qualificatus, ut in ea re nihil utrumque Superet.

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37. There is a cemlain suid of the Mohest Myree of purity,

culled by some the animal spirit, which enlers into the red bloodus iis principat substance, and which constitutes iis vital essen e. At illis the very ouiset of Our inquiry respecting the blood and the economy of the animal hingilom, We find presented to Our notice a certain fluid os a most perfeci and refined nature, Whicli runs through the most diminutive and attenuate VeSSelS, Stamina, and fibrules, and Whicli traversos and supplies Withmoi Sture every living potui and cortior of the body. Whetherthis bu What is culled the animal spiriis, it is nos the place hereto consider. The subject may bu found discussed in Paris III. V. und VI., on tho Cortical and Medullary Substances Ofthe Brain, and the various paris Os iis chemicat laboratory. 38. As I cannot here enter in to the particulars contained in those Ρaris, it is os importance that I should lay before thoreader the principat potnis they contain. First, it is Shewn, that suci, a spirituous fluid as Wo have just mentioned, is interiorly conceived in the cortical and cineritious substance of the brain, the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis; that itis nexi emitted into ali the medullary fibres or origins of thenerves, and is thenoe ultimately derived in to the blood ; that itis potared, for instance, by the brain through the pipes Whichbelong to iis laboratory, such as those of the ventricles, insundibulum, and Other organs, into the sinuses, thetice into the jugular vetus, and thenoe into the subulavian, just abovo the place Where the cliyliferous Or thoracio duci is inserted. It is AheWD, that the spiritu ous fluid is carried hither, in ordor thalbeing immediately associaled With the chyle or lymph Whicli is conveyed through the thoracic duci, it may 1low in to tho right fide of the heari, and that in this great conicia mili, Whicli is

ever at Work in receiving and commingling the Sanguineous current, it man With the other elements Whicli are imported by the vetus Dom the inferior extremities, concur in creating blOOd. Second*, that the fame fluid also is carried doWuWarns Domthe cerebrum, cerebellum, and their medullary appendices, along the fibres of the nervos, into ali the provinces and litile districis of tho body, and that it torminates iis progress only in the blood-vesseis, Whicli are iis ultimate boundaries. For in

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more universia than fibre and vesset, as the one en solds theother, and both are in suci, intimate consociation, that tho Vesset lives continuatly Dom tho spirit Whicli bolongs to thesibre, and whicli in iis stato os union with the vesset the fibro exhales into tho blood. Thiriay, henco it follows, that there is a certain circulation of the fluids of the body more universalthan the circulation of the blood through the arteries undVeius; and which so sar as I know has never been fully investigated and developed by any One; namely, a circulationsrom the sibres into the vesseis, and Dom the vesseis into the

39. Τhis subjeci hoWevor, Whicli is of the ulmost importanee Rud deServes a Voluminous explanation, ought not to be lightly dispalched; but as me cannot here enter more ut large into iis conSideration, the reader must be content for the present

generat idea as that I have given, he Would uot be justised in presuming that such a fluid enters the blood and constitutos iis vital essetice. Stili it is my Wish that the positions above enumeraled, should be placed, belare they are confirmed by actuat laci, On the ground of simple hypothesis, or they maybe expressed by the sigii of the unknoWn quantity as in the algebraic analysis, untii it be clearly ascertained Whether ornot tho additionat data mill elicit iis value. 40. From the facts Whicli Ue have premised ut the commence-ment of the present chapter, the ouly inferetice We at presentConsider Ourselves at liberty to mine is the following. Thatthe rod blood is divisibie into a purer transparent bl OOd; and nexi into a most attenuated fluid, Whicli On account of iis subtilty is uot perceiis te to the eye. According to Leeu-Wenhoeli, One globule of bloOd is compounded os fix smallerones. He relates that he had subjected the larger globules toviolent motion, When they bursi in pieces, and displayed thesmaller globules. Also that in a tadpole, a hundred thousandmyriad of the blood particles could not equat in bulli a large grain os sand n. 29). Aud Gulielminus quotes Dum tho

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sion by induction Dom thoso data Whicli simply describo themore occult qualities of the blood, as sor instance, those of iis fluidity, flexibility, volatilily, and vitality; sor Whatever theblood possesses, it contains inWardly in iiself, and does not

ing . . . remoVed, I distilled the remainder in a retori over a

Om Whicli . . . axe sormed the auricles of the heari, and in