Jahn's Biblical archaeology

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ro of iron, it emitte the ound destred. The instrument used by the women, Which oecur unde the word 'Sci 1 Sam. 18 6, probabi differed fro the more common sistrum es byaeing of atriangular Orm. NΟΤΕ. The names of musica instruments hich are ver litue

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o a man, and accordingi leave it to the omen. It is praelised in Such an indecorou manne among the modern orientals that theywould e stili eare the truth, i the should pronounc it an artunworth to e indulge in by ither sex. It was different anciently Among the Greelis it M a sortis pantomime, a mimicrepresentatio of the common actions O lisse, and in Some instances, o deed of war. It was accordingi admitte among the gymnastic sporta The dancer dance to the notes of the imbret the e

hibite many inflections of the od an many gesticulations iththe hands the danced, beatin the oor in a circle, Allowin theone the had chosen or a leader, illi regula an artificiat pulsations of the eet, Exod 15 20. Judg 11 34. 1 Sam. 18 6, 7.

wo a par in these dances in this case the inger Went sorWard, those ho played on instruments sollowed, and the dancing omen girde them n both sides, Ps. 68 26. The dand was calle in Hebre , rae it a practised on the nationa festivais, and madepartis the sacred Worship. The nobies and the princes of the peωple engage in his eremony, but di no mingle in it it thocommon multitude This a the round of the reproach, hichMicha thre out against David, ho ance bes ore the r in compari With the est of theseopte 2 Sam. 6:16-23. In the laterperiod of the Jewisti history the Lings an great me appea toliave been ather the spectators than the partie in dances se Matti6 21-25. NOTE. he ari os orator neve fourished in the East. Paul, accordingly, hen e appeare among the Greelis, ho estimated eloquene ver highly although it Was a that time degenerate and declining was no listene to illi that interest, illi,hichae mightot horwis have been Paul, however, displays in his speeches recorde in the Acts of the postles, a good arrangement andio litileskill in the artis persuaSion.

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98. THE ORIGIN F THE SCIENCES.WΠΕ the aris had been reducedi long praetice and meditationis fixe an definite ules the were succeede by the sciences; te in actore nothin more than the reduction, into a more regula an philosophie s m, O thos rules and theories, hichliave been ascertaine an approved by inquir and practice. IV are able to dis ove the eonnings, the indistinet vestiges

of the sciences in very remote periods and in Ome nation more

sutringi than in thers. The Egyptians and Babylonians excelled in scientificanowledge ad others. The Arabians also are favorablymentione in his respecto Mngs 4 30 also the domites Jer. 49 7. The Hebrewsieram renowned sor thei intellectua culture in the time o David, and speciali os Solomon, horis aid o have surpasse ait ther in isdom; a circumstanee, hic mas theground of theman visits, hie were at lo ima distinguished reigners 1 Mngs 5 9-14. His example, hic Was trul an illustrious One, a beyon question imitate by other ings Theliteratur of the Hebre limite clites to ethius, religion the histor of thei nation, an natura history on hic last subjeci,

made ut litue progress in science an literature aster the timeo Solomon. During thei captivi , it is true, the acquire manys eign notions With whiel the hadio been previolast acquainted; and the subsequently borrowe much, both of truth and of false-h d, rom the philosoph of the Greelis. The author of the book of Wisdom, With somemther of the Jewigh Writers has made pretiygoodisse of the rese philosophy. It is clear, notwithstanding this, that theraeW after the captivit fel beto thei meestor in respecto histo the published annals of that perio are notis Endre character Wit those of the primitive age of their Ou

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That the artis historica writin Was ancienti muta cultivaledin the East the Bible iiset is an ample testimony sor it no orij relate the prominent eventa, seo the creation down to the fifth centur bes ore Christ, ut speah O many historica books, hieli

syrian8, the Perstans, an Tyrians, ad their Histori ad Anna s. Among the gyptians there a a Separate Order, Vig the misit' one par of hos diit it Was, o rite the histor of thei eount . In the primitive ages the tas of composin annuis fel in mos nation upO the riesis, ut at a later perio the in had his Wn Secretaries, hoSe Species usines it was to recor theroya sayings and achievementa The propheta among the Hebrews recorde the event of their Wn times, and in the earliestperious the genealogist interWove many historica evenis iththei accounts of the succession o families. Indeed, it hould notbe orgoiten, that ancient histor generali partakes more os genealogical, than O a chronologica character Henc the Hebrewphras for genealogies, τε ni ito, is sed also sor history, Gen. 6 9. 10 1 and ence no epoch, more ancient tha that os bonassar, is nyWhere found In the Bible, however, this desec

in regar to a regula chronologica SyStem, i in a manne compensated by the insertio in Various places of definite period of time, and by chronologica genealogies. In ivin a concise account of the genealog os a perSon the Hebrew8, as et a the Arabs, too the liberi to Omit, accOrdin to their Wn pleasure,one or more generations Ruth 4 18 22. Egra 7 1-5. Mati. 1 8. It was considere so uel Os an Onor, O have a nam an a

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100. ARITHMETIC, MATHEMATIUS, ETC. 107made a hundred ears. In the time o Abraham, hoWeVer, henmen live to a reater age a hundred ear made a generation. This is olea fro Gen. 15 13, 16, and si Oin the circumstance, that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob dwelt two hundred an fifteen ear intho land of Canaan, and yet there ere Only tW generationS. 100 ARITHMETIC MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, AN ASTROLOGY.I. Arithmetic. The more simple method of arithmetical calculation are spolien os in the Pentateuch, as f the were ellanown. The meretiant of that early perio must for their Wn convenience, have been possesse of Some method o operatin by numbers. And that the were able o do it to Some considerable X-tent, may be argue frum the aut that he had separate ords, vig. ix πα- , O so large a number as 10,000 Gen. 24 60. Lev.

II. Mathematios By this e underStand geomet , mensuration, navigation, etc. Asriar asinanowledge of them Was absolutet required by the conditio an employment of the eople, e maywel suppos thalanowledgeo have actuali existed although noexpres mention is made of them. III. Astronomy. The interest o agriculture an navigation required some knowledge of astronomy. An evidenee, that an attemptWas maderat a Ver early period, O regulate the ea by the annuat

revolutio of the sun may be ound in the faet, that the J0wishmonilis ere divide into hirt days eaeli, se Gen. 7 11 8 4. In astronomy the Egyptians Babylonians, and Phenicians exhibited

great superiority. e re informe there ere magicians Or e

chanter in gypt Exod. 7 11. Lev. 20 27 19 31 Deut 18 10, denominate in Hebre di trini, ecause the compute eclipses of the sun and oon, and pretende to the eopte that the produce them by the emeae of theiriwn enchaniments. Some of the constellations are mentione by name, Job 9 9 38 31, 32. Isa. 13:10. mos 5 8. 2 ings 23 5. IV. Astrology. It is ymo means a matter of Wonder, that the Hebrem di no devote reater attention to astronomy, Since thestud os astrolon, hic Was intimatet connected illi that os astronomy, and a Ver highi estimate among the eighboringnations Isa. 47 9. Jer. 27 9. 50 35. Dan. 2 13, 48, was interdict-

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I08 D101. DIVISION O TRE DA AND NIGHΤ.e to the Hebrews, Deut 18 10 Lev. 20 27. Daniel, indeed, studiei the ari os astrolog a Babylon, but he id not praetis ii, Dan. 1 20. 2 2. The astrologers, and those is me mentionedin Mali 2 1 et seq. appeuroo have been such, divide the heavens into aparimentam habitatioris to ach one of Whicli apariments theyassigne a uteri president This fac develops the origi of the

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This instrument Wasi noras during the night nor indeed duringincloud day. In conSequence of this deseci, the clepsydra a in-Vented, hic Was sed in Persia, as late a the 17th century, in iis simplest Orm. The clepsydra Was a mali circular esset, constructe of thinlybeaten opper or braSs, and havin a mali persoration through thebottom. It was place in another esse filio with ater Thediameter of the ole, in the bottom of the clepsydra, as Such, thati filio mitti mater in three hours, and Sunk It was neceSSary that there hould e a servant to ten it Who hould ah it up When itha sunk, our ut the Mater, an place it again empty, O the u face of the ater in the VaSe. The our os principat note in the ourse of the day, ere thethird, the fixit, and the ninth. These ours, it ould Seem, ere consecrated by Daniel O prayer Dan 6 10, omp. Acts 2 15 3 1.10 9. The da was divide into welve ours, hiel, O eourse varied in tength bein Ahorter in the inter an longe in the summer, Joh 11 9. In the inter, heres re the HepvisaS, ere OV-ere internalty ith ax that the water might subside rom them more rapidiy. The hours ere numbered froni the rising of the suri, so that ut the season of the equinoX the hir corresponde to theninth of ur echoning the siXtho ou twelfth, and the ninth to 3 'eloe in the sternoon. At ther easons os the ear it is

neceSSar to ObserVe the time, hen the sun rises, an reduce theliourso Our time accordi gly. Ne observe, heres ore, that thesu in Palestine, at the summe solatice, rises ut sive O Our time, an set about even. A the winter solstice, it rises bout evenand set aboutive.

Besore the captivity the nightoas divide into three watelles. The FIRST, Whic continuex ill midnight was denominate ejr

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a very ancient division o time, speciali a the Variola nation8,

liave received toror the fons of Noah. The enumeration Osthe days of the wee commende a Sunilay. Saturda Wa thelast or eventh, and was the Hebre Sabbath da O rest. The gyptians ave to the V of the wee the Same ameSthat the assignei to the laneis. Fro the circumstance, that the sabbath , thae principat da of the meeli, the 'hole le-

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a sabbath orraeason fiest.

III. The week of senem sabbatica years It was a periodi sortynine e S, and was succeede by the ear of ubilee, Lev. 25 122 26 34. 103. OF ΗΕ ΜΟΝΤΗ AND THE EAR. The luna changes Without doubi mere firs employed in the me

geste by these hanges, Since our Weelis mine Only tWenty-eight days, hile the luna perio is menty-nine an a alf. Nor is trationes to Suppose, stat the changes of the oon sirst suggeste themethod os computation by years. ears ere regulate at rs by the retur os Summe or autumn But hen in the progress of time it,as discovere that the ripe fruits by hicli the ear adbeen previousi limited statedi returne aster bout twelve lunarmonilis, o three hundred and fifty-s urinys the ear a regulated by thos monilis, an restricte to that number of Vs. In the

Helice, ascis evident from me histor of the deluge, an attempt Wasmade to regulate themonoes by the motion O the sun and to assignt eaeli of them thiri days; ut it Was, nevertheless, Observed, afterten o tWent years that there a stili a desectis sive days. Moses id not ahe an ne arrangement in regar to the luna monili O the Hebrems, nor the ear, hieli a Sola aut inorde to secure a prope reductio of the lunar O the Olar ea he obligate the riesis to presentis the altar on the econdictyo the passover, O the siXteenth da after the 1 st ne moon in April a ripe sileas. For is the samon in last morith of the ear, that the grain Would not e ripe, as expected the were compelledio mali an intercalation, hieli commoni happene o the third

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Hebrews departe fro Egypt o che fifteenth da of that month, Exod. 12 2. The propheis se his rechoning The civit ear, which was the more ancient, as sed ni in civi an agriculturalconcerns. The Jewish Rabbin say that Marcii an September, instead os Apri and October, ere the initia monilis of these twoyears That the were S at a late perio is admitted, ut thechange a probably Win to the Xample of the Romans, hobegan their ear illi the morith o March. The Jews, eingpleased illi their Xample in his respect, or verruled by their authority, adopte the Same praetice. That this soli mos prob- te statement, is evident also rom the faet, that the positio of the Rabbin is opposed ut ni by Josephus, but by the sage of the Syriae and Arabic languages; rom the fac also that the prescribed observances of the three grea festiva days illiso agree illi themonitis o Marcii an September, as has been howna Michaelis, se Commentat de Mensibus Hebraeorum in Soc Reg. oeti 1763-1768, p. 10 et Seq.

separate ames, illi the exceptio of the rst, hicli a called Abib, i. e. the monili of the oun ear o corn,' Exod 13 4. 23 15. 34 18 Deut 16 1. During the captivity the Hebrews adopte the Babylonian ames for thei monilis. The were M