Jahn's Biblical archaeology

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D75 THE PALM. 83 balsam, tW are hrubs, themther is a tree. The feld thei fas in June, July, and August, hieli is received into an earthen esset. The fruit also, hen pierce by ome instrument, emit a juice of the fame ind, and in more abundance, ut es rich. The S , extracte fro the od of the re o fhrub, is calle the opoba amum; the uice of the balsam fruit is denominate carpobalsamum and the liquid, extracted from the branches hen cut ostri the xyloba Samum.

The palm-tre is ver common in the countries of the ast and in Africa It is no very frequently ound in Palestine at the present day the reason is, a Want of cultivators It require men, who re hilsu an experieneed, O mahe a palm grOVe ourish- in and productive. At a Ver early period hoWeVer, the werequite numerous even in Palestine This e ma learn rom Lev. 23 40. Deut 34 3. Judg 1 16 3 13 4 6, and fro many pr sane riters and ais from the ancient coins of the Jews and 0- mans, hicli exhibit the palm a sileas of heat, an a cluster of grapes, a the symbol of the emisti nation. The palm ourishesmos in a arm climate, an in case there is a Suffcienc O Water, in Jayey, andy, and nitrous Oils It is, heres re commonly und mos fourishin in valleys an plains, Exod 15 27. I ascend very traight, and ery losty bein destitute of limbs, exceptvery nea the Op, here it is Surmounte With a croWn o sollage, that is alWaysareen. The figure of the nim-tre Was carve in O namental mois, 1 ings 6 32 and it is Sed figuratively, a a Symboli a beautis ut person, Cant 7 8 and ais os a religious, pright man Ps. 1 3 92 12. The dates gro on mali stems, hicli germinate at the an es forme by the stoe of the re and thebranehes. Palm rees exhibit hat a be termedis exuat distinetion and in orde to an fruits ein produced the see fromine flowers of the masculine piam must e borne, at the properseason, O theore O an opposite character. Is his is no done, o i ii appen to early or o late, the emale palm like themate, Mars no fruit. The productions of the palmare large elus- ters of dates, hiel beeome ripe in August, September, an October Some of the dates are eaten in thei crude state; the reSt

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and then pressed The HebreWs, at the east O tabernacles, bore palm branches in thei hands the also strewed them in theway bessere the ings, a the entere o publie occasion intothei cities, Lev. 23 40. 1 Mac. 13 51. Mati. 21 8. The Greelis gave a branch of the palmo thoseolio conquere in the ames,comp. Rev. 7 9. his re is regarde by the orientals os allother a the mos excellent an noble Hene the Ving romthe branch i. e. the palm branch to the res O reed eXpressions whicli are interclian Habie illi the ea an tali z: ' ΣΝ , and mea the fame thing, a the phrase Trom theaighest to the lowesu Isa. 9 14 19 15. 76. TEREBINTHS AND ISTACIAS. Terebinths are calle in Heb. 5S, 'A, 'HN, etc. WhichWord are Sometimes consolande an intercliange with and 'phre, hieli mean the oah. The terebinths are a large ree, areloaded witharanches and ollage, an are green through the holeyear. The live a thousand years, and When the die, leave in their place a scion, hieli in time prend a like luxurianee o sollage, and lives to a like number of earS; O that, here the One appea the may be suid tot perpetuated. I Wus O this re On Vig the comparative perpetui ty, hichisa attache to them, that places eredonominated rom them, as rum cities, Gen. 13 18. Judg. 6 11.1 Sam. 10 3. Isa 6 13. Egeh. 6 13. The are sed figurativelyn symbols of the good, lio in Isa 61 3, ure calle terebinths f

theres oro, Ost alia sed by the Orient nis Walaula, lare, are common

there ut nil The word ,, whicli sonae suppos to mea the haetelniat, is the nam os the almond.

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Palestine has been osten calle the an flowing illi missi and honey. his is a proverbia expression an is applied to an fruit-sul land se instance, Egypt in Num. 16 13. Stili it must e consessed that bees ere ver numerous in Palestine, nolint in thehives, hie were bulli sor themi cla mixe With brohen stra , but frequently in the oods, in the ollow trees, and the fissures of chs, Deut 32 13. s. 81 17. The posses a Leen animosi , anda very essicient ting, and when the have a disposition attae togood pur se individual and even large odies of men They are consequently used by a figure of speech to represent violent and fero-ctous enemies, Deut 1 44. s. 118 11 12. They couldae allured, by anything that made a tinkling ound t an particula place Isa. 7 18. The HebreW too great care of these litile animais ascis evident Do the abundane of hone Whicli the posseSSed, and were te to exeliange in thei tramc ith the Tyrians, Egeh. 27 17. Hene hone is osten mentione in the Bible, both the comb, t , μελισσιον θριον, and the liquid honey, qtia, elam. Itshouldae remarhed that the or Enni, hicli means liquid honey, may also mea the sirupi dates an mu8t, Gen. 43:11. Mild honem μελι αγριον, 'r' i likeWis Spoken os 1 Sam. 14 25 27. Mati. 3 4. his a no the hone o bees ound in ssures ofrocks for this occurs unde the phra8e, GUT I Deut 32 13. s. 81 17. Nor ascit the liquid manna calle terengabin although his manna as Ormeri comprehende unde the common or sorhoney. It is hat has been calle the honemdew, i. e. the excremenis, hic certain litile insecis calle by inneus Aphides, omit ery copiouSlympo the leaves of rees, o much that i sows 0wnupo thea und 1 Sam. 14 15 27. The ancients sed hone instea of sugar, and love it much; it is hende sed tropidati as an image of pleasure an happine88, Ps. 119 103. Prov. 24 13 14. Cant. 4 11. When Ae in great quantities it causes vomiting, an is consequently used by a guret expreS fastidiousness, O an nauseatin sensation Prov. 25 16, 17.

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Were, ere est to the oor the traveller, and the wild eas Lev. 25 1-7. Deut 15 1-10. The object of this regulationseems t have been to secure the preservation Os il beasta, tolet the round recove iis strength, an to tenet the Hebrews ob provident of thei income, an to ook ut so the future. Itis triae, that extraordinar fruitsulnes Wa promise on the ixthyea aut in uel a Way a noto exclude care an soresight Lov. 25 20-24. e re noto Suppose, hoWever, that the Hebre sspent the evenili ea in absolute illeness. They could sh, hunt, alio a re of thei bee an socks, repat thei bulldings and sumiture manus uetur cloth of Ool, lineia, and of the air fgoat and eam is, and arr On commerce Finalty the were oblige to remalia longe in the tabernacle or temple his ear, during hiel the whole Mosaic la was read in orde tot instruct-

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ed in religious and mora duties and the histor of thei nation, and the wonde ut Works andalessing o God Deut 31 10 13. This eventhoear' rest, a Mose predicted Lev. 26 34, 35, 9ssor a long time neglected 2 Chron. 36 21 after the captivit it Was

soon secure t them a renter extent an feWer impersections.

Aecordingly, in the solarili generation after the creation O man, me findiention ad os artifieer in bras an iron, an also Amusica instruments Gen. 4 21-23. Those communities, hich, fro loca or ther causes, could Ot Ouris by means o agriculture, of course directe thei attention to and neourage theariS. The aris. OnSequently adVanee With great rapidity, and were arrie to aligh pitchlas sariae a the time of Noah as ema learn Do the ver large esset, hie was uili unde his

with him in the construetion of the rh, must, as above intimated, have been et aequainted a least illi certain of the mechanicaris. The had also, ithout doubi seen the operatioris of artificer in the way besides that o bullding, and after the deluge imitate their orks as et a the could Henee o long after

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this period, viz. the deluge, e fila mentio of many things, uehas edifices, utensiis, and Ornamenis, hieli impi a nowledge of the artis, Gen. 9 21. I 1-9 14 1-16 12 7 8. 15 10. 17 10.

18 4 5, 6 19 32. 21 14 22 10. 23 13 16 24 22 26 12, 15, 18 27 3, 4, 14. 31 19, 27, 34. Trades an intimations of hich

Egypt in the early age of the ori excelle ait ther nations in 'nowledge of the aris. The HebreWs, in conSequenc os re- maining 1 ur hundred ear With the gyptians, mus have beeome initialed, to a considerable degree, into that nowledge hich

were sufficienti skilsu an informe to frame, reet, an Ornament the tabernacle. Moses, it is true, di no enae an speciallaws in favor of the aris, nor id e interdici the or essenthem in the estimatio of the eopte O the contra a Spesis in the rais of artificors, Exod 35 30-35. 36 1 et seq. 38 22, 23, etc. The gran Objeet o Moses, I mea in a tempora potnt of vlew, as in promote agriculture an he thought it est, a Wasdone in other nations to leave the aris to the ingenuit and indust of the people. 83. ARTA MONG HE HEBREWS IN PALESTINE.Soon astor tho death of Joshua, a place Was Xpressi allotted by Joab of the tribo fraudatio artiseers. It was calle the valle o crastsmen, Chron. 4 14. comp. Neh. 11 35. About his time mention is made also of artiseers in old and sil-

Jud: 3 3l. 5 8. 1 Sam. 13 I9. Some of the les complicated and

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and esset of lay and the like, Judg 17 4. Isa. 29 16 30 14.

Jer. 24 1. 29 2. Nings 24 14. In the time o David an Solomon there ere Israelites, Wh understoo the constructioni temples an palaees,aut the were inserior to the Tyrians, and were Willin to a lesson from them 1 Chron. 14 1. 22 15. Fromine frequent mentiori made, in the histor of the HebreWs, o nume

During the captivit man HebreWS, mos commoni those, to Whom a barre trae of Oil ad been assigned, applied them-selves to the aris an mercliandiSe. Subsequently When theyWere cattere abroad amon different nations a knowledge of thearis ecam so popular that the almudisis augiit, that aliparent Ouot to learn thei children Ome artis handierast. Theyindee mentio many earne men of thei nation ho practised gome in os manua labor, o as e liould V, sollowed ometrade Accordingly, e sin in the e Testament, that Joseph, the hvsband of Mary, as a carpenter, and that he a assisted by no es a personage than Our aviour in his labors, Mati. 13 55. Mata 6 3. Simon is mentione as a tanne in the ci of Joppa, Acts 9 43 10 32. Alexander a learned JeW, a a cop- persmith, 2 Tim. 4 14; aut an Aquila ere tent mahers,

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eminent Gree tradesmen ere unite together in the time of the Apostles in a society Acts 19 25. Omp. Xenophon, Cyrop. Viii 2, 4. Os ome of the aris e must say somethin Separalely. 85. ANTIQUIT OF ΤΠ AR Ο ITING. Whether symboli representations ere irst sed asterWatas hieroglyphies, the alphabeti Wriling, is no Ver clear, Or sit a potnt necessar to e determine in his place. In regarduo alphabetic riting, at the ancient riter attribute the inventionos it O Ome Ver early age, and om count of the East; ut the do no pretendo designate precisely ither the age or thecountry. They say, further, that Cadmus introduce letters rom Phenicia into Greece in the ear, is e ma credit the Parim chronicie 1519 bes ore Christ, i. e. orty-five ear aster the deathis

Antiolides, se Pliny' Natura Histo , vii. 57. asseris an attemptes O prove that letters ere invente in Egypt fleen ears besere Phoroneus, the mos ancient in o Greece, i. e. seu hundred and nine ear aster the deluge, an in the ne hundred and severiteenthoen o Abraham. O this I remarh, that the mighthave been introduce into Egypt at this time; ut the had been

ham. This statemen receives Some confirmation from the suci, that

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the monili o March is calle ' R, Adar, in the Chaldaic dialeci;

dis the time mentioned viet the eight y-nintli ear O Abraham, the sun during the whole monili o March, as in the sigri fine odiae, calle Aries o the ram. The wor 'us Adar, means the fame illi Aries But, a letter Were unquestionablyinvente so the purpOse of commercia intercourse, the musthave been nown long efore the were emplOyed, o transmitthe motions of the tars of this, have an evidence in thebit os sale, hieli as e me reason to suppOS DOm the expreS-sions sed in Gen. 23 20, as ive to Abraham by the fons os Heth.

Hene it is nolint ad Wonderfui, that books and writings ure spo-ken o in the time o Moses, ascis ellanown Exod 17 14. 24 4. 28 9 11. 32 32 34 27, 28. Num 33 2. Deut 27 8. Nor is it a matteris surprise, that longaesore his time there ad been publicscribes, Wh hept ritte genealogies the were called by the Ηρ- brews, 'mi: Exod. 6 14 Deut 20 5-9. Even in the timo ofJacob, EALS, upon hichisame are engrave in the East, ere in use se Gen. 38 18 41 42 hichris another probabie testimon tost great antiquit of letters. NOT I. Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus mentio the existende in antiquit of tW kind of Writing the ne sacred, themther profane. Clemens Alexandrinus an Porphyr mention three inds, viz. thesacred the profane, and the hieroglyphicat Some interpreter sup- pose, that the phrase es': man's pen, ISa. 8: 1 means the modeos ritin Whieli is denominated profane, Hieroglyphios ere inseribed by the Egyptians, among Whom the Were Sed, upon toneS. The phras metiera i rq a picture Or engraven tone, Lev. 26 1. Num 33 52, means a tone, engraven illi hieroglyphical figures, whicli, in that age of idolatry, a liable to e orshipped. Those persons, horunderStood hoWn read hieroglyphies, ira magicians, mere hold in highistimation and much honored among the Egyptians Exod. 8 3. Gen. 41 8.

o cers. In suppori of his rendering he collates the Arabic

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colonies, and uiaequently by gyptia emigranis, through at the Eas and the est. A stron evidence of this is to e sotan in the different alphabet themselves, hich etra by thei regem-blance a common origin The Hebre Patriarch received their alphabet rom the Phenicians, or, hat is the fame hing, Domiti Canaanites and that thei posterit preserve a nowledgeos alphabetica writin during thei abod in gypt Where SS-tialty the fame alphabet a in se, is evident fro the aut that in Hebrews hil remaining there alWays ad public genealogisis, Deut 24 1 . 17 18 19. The LAW also as ordere to e inscribe o stones a faut hieli implies a nowledge of alphabetica writing. The ritin thias engraven pon tones is designated by ita appropriate name, Vig. in comp. Exod 32 16, 32. Nota se of the Hebrews were able to ea and write, Judg. 8 14; et

moni prissis, lio, a the do to this da in the East, bear an inh- horn in their girdie, Egeh. 9 2, 3, 11. In the inlihorn were themateriai sor riting, and a linis sor harpening the peti, Jer. 36 23. The teli and nobie had scribes of theiriwn and readers also; lieneethere is more frequent mention ad of hearing than f rending, I ings 4 3. Ning 12 11. Isa. 29 18. Jer. 36 4. Rom. 2 13. James 5 11. Rev. 1 3. The scribes took ouili unde thoi care, whoclearia froin them the artis riting. Some of the scribes seemto hau held public school sor instruction; ome of hieli unde thecare os Samuel and ther propheis boeam in time quit illustrious, and were colle the seli is of the propheta, 1 Sam. 19 16 et seq. Κings 2 3, 5 4 38 6 1. The discipies in these schoois ereno children or boys,aut ouia men, Who inhabite separate edifices,as is the casu in the Persia academies The were augiit mu-