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to Britain. It was on a much large scale than the rst, ut Seemsonlycio have secured a nomina recognitionis Roma Supremac stomine ritish prince Cassivellaunus, ho consente to a tribute an togis hostages. Toward the nil os the ea a sormidabit insurrectio brohe ut in Gaul, ne oscit principat leader bein Ambiorix, hincos the Eburones, horaived etween the Rhine and the Meuse. The scattere Roman legion were expoSed O great Peril. 4
I 3. his ear, as a prerious statemen implies, pene With a series of interregna Pompe a tength employed his influenc tobring about an electio os consuis, an Cn. Domitius Calvinus and M. Valerius Messalla ere chosen, both of whom sterWard Supported Caesar. Much consusion prevalle besore the election, Some urging
be dictator. Byria the mos important eventis the yearma the deseat os Crassus,
Caesar, or it deprived him, at a very critica moment, os a CounterpotSeto Pompey's ascendancy. Caesar a engage during the reater parto the ea in a desperate struggle illi the Belgae, ho destroye two legions and reduce a third, commande by Q. Cicero, o rea extremittes . At the en os thesea he had however, restore the Supremacyos the Roman arms, and was abierio return, as Sual, to orth tal sorthe,inter' in orde to atch the ourse os politica evenis Pompeywas stili o good term With him, an allowed im to sor a legion ut os me os Cisalpine Gaul who had ahen the milita mathis obedienceto Pompe himself Cicero was probabi litile assected by the deathis Crassus' hom heseems neve to have regarde With cordia affection. Crassus son
Cicero was much intereste in Milo' prospecis as a consula candi
cessor closed ithout an electio os consul havin been made, and was sollowed by an interregnum. Atticus seem to have pent me ea a Rome, therWise e houldhardi he without ome letters o im Cicero' main correspondenis at this time ere the ounge Curio ' no quaestor in Asia, an C. Trebatius Testa' a lawye who ad gone, illi Cicero' recommendation to pusti his ortunes in CaeSar' camp.
I . Great turbulence an corruption prevalle during this inter; the partisant of the consula candidates, P. Plautius HypSaeus, T. Annius Milo, and Q. Metellus Scipio, ere ali active. P. Clodius as acandidate so the praetorship, ut as illed by Milo' retinue in anathannea Bovillae in Ian. I or 18. Mucii lotinisollo ed, and the senate-hous Was burni a Clodius lanerat Milo didio renounc his hopes of the consulfhip butrio sto the violence hicli stili prevalled, the senate, at the suggestion o M. Bibulus, proposed that Pompeyshouldie appotnte sole consul This electio too place o the a thos an intercalar monili, insertedietween Februar an Marcii Pompeywas create consul absens et solus quod nulli alii umquam contigit 'an becam virtuali dictator No was e require to a down hisgovernmentis Spain, hich Was administered by his legates. II could
not Wish sor a more exalted position, and a groWing Strangement mayno be traced etween him an Caesar, hos allianc he no longer thought necessary. Pompe resuSed Caesar' proposa os a ne mar-riage connection, an marrie Cornelia', the aughter os Q. Metellus Scipio Her ather hecam his colleague so the las sive monoes of his consulShip. Pompe no proposed and carried a series os important measures.
I. Laws against rioti vis 'hand corruption ambitus'), whichirescribeda briefer an stricter proces an heavie penalties. Perhaps ' that on vis declared it illegat to keep arm in Rome. a. Α a 'de iure magistratuum , providin stat candidates mustatiendri canuas in person, and that five ears δ' should elapse belweenholdin ossice a Rome and the governmentis a province Pompey
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the provincia governments more directi unde the contro of the Senate. 4. O embarraS Caesar, by requirin him to sue so the con-Sulfhi in person, ache ould thus abando the protection finis army, and wout be expose t great anger. For . the operation os thelaws against tot an corruption as extended retrospectivel to the year 7 B.c. M and thus the proceedings o Caesar in o-59 .c. Inight e called in question unde it. Pompe had hoWever, approve os a lawirought in by the te tribunes, among ho M. Caeliu Was prominent, dispensin in Caesar'ssavour With the neceSSit os a persona canuas sor the consulfhip and when it a potnted ut o im that theciam de iure magistratuum Withdre this conceSSion, Pompe grante i again by an appended clause ' os questionable validity. Cicero attache great importances tostis concession, ut is inconsistent in the account i gives of his own
Is Milo as accused os riolous proceedings vis' early in April by Ap. Claudius Pulcher major), P. Valerius Nepos, an M. Antonius. Cicero spohe in Milo' delancein Aprilrath, but ithout his sua abilityan success. The cour Was bese by a turbulent rabbie, an marded by soldiers and the unusual Sight seem to have terrified Cicero Milowas condemne byra to 3 votes. He en into exile a Massilia, and Cicero sent hi there a copy of the speech, no posSeSS. Miloachnowledgexit by an ironica compliment . Cicero succeede belle in two speeches delivere o bellat os M. Saufeius, ho had been a the head os Milo' sollowers in the assiay Τ'
at Bovillae, and was brought to tria o two charge in conSequence.
M. Caelius Rusus Oine Cicero in his delance havin atready interested himself in that os Milo. Cicero as also much gratified by the con-
Civ. a. 23, Mommsen . a. 3 I. 342 p., hoWever, Merivale a. 5o. Butra anno dis- cove Dean Merivale' authorit sor limiting the retrospective operation os the law to 55 .C. Suet. Iul. 28, Caes. Beli. iv. I. 32 Dion Cassius o. 56, Mommsen . a 3 9. Philipp. a. Io, Ad Att. 7. I, 4 Philipp. l. c. ' Ascon in Milonian.
demnatiori os T. Munatius Plancus Bursa' one os the violent supportersos Clodius Pompe trie in alno protect ursa, hos tria took place in December, aster his year nostice a tribune had expired. Cicero seem to have had much occupatio in the ouris os lawJ, butprobabi Mund leisure to egi his orta De Legibus' and possibi tocompose a hori treatis De Optimo Genere Oratorum , as a prelaceto a translationis Demosthenes and Aeschines speeches me Corona.
The Murth book De Finibus'. prosesses o have been writte noW, but reatly belong to a later time. Femos the letters of this date have
been preserved, and thes have litue political interest. At some time early in the year besore Pompe Was name Sole consul, the senate declare the countr in danger, an empoWere the interrex,
the tribunes, and Pompey, to providerior iis aseis' authorigin Pompeyto bind the militar populationi Ital by aniath of obedience to im- seis He had atready a considerable orce at his disposal, consistin os
me levied nominali sor service in Spati'. He eem to have retainedhis proconsula imperium since 55 .c., ut o have been authorige toenter the cit without sorseitin his proconsula 'imperium .' Tacitus' says that Pompe was in his ear auctor idem et subversor os his own laws reserrin probabinio his geliin his overn-ment of Spain prolonged to the exemptio in Caesar' lavour bove 'reserrexto; to his havin sent into cour an eulog os Plancus δὲ andio his interposing in to prevent the convictio of his ather-in-la Scipiosor bribery In the two last cases e violate the rules rescribe is his o n laws against tot and corruption.
16. In Gaul Caesar as occupied in dealin With a mos formidabie insurrection, at the ea os hicli stood Vercingetorix, in os the Arverni. I began with a massacre of the Roman setiled a Genabum Orieans), and was marhed by the capture of Avaricum by the Romans, and by a repulse os Caesar besore Gergovia sollowed by a revolt os the Aedui, old friend of the Romans Finalty however Vercingetorix asoblige to hut imself u in lesia, here Caesar lochade him. vast orce of Gauli arche to the relies of the place, ut alledio force the Roma lines, and Vercingetorix a compelle to Surrender Caesar spent the rest of the eam at Bibracte δ' Autun).
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thei hol on Mesopotamia and Armenia, ut the Parthians ad noserious attach upo the Roman provinces thus C. Cassius, ho adbeen quaestor in Crassus army, and no commande in Syria, as ableto reorganig the remain os the Roman army, and with the et os Herod Antipater, o subdue a riSin os the JeWs, ho ere nraged by Crassus' plunder of thei temple
Ir. The consul so this ear er M. Claudius Marcellus, a leadero me optimates an a manis high persona character, an Servius Sulpicius Rufus, an eminent and upright jurist but o politician. t ometim early in the summer, Marcellus ordere a cilige os Novum Comum to e scourged',ishing to he his contemptrior Caesar, by hom thattown ad been reconstituted. Sulpicius, o the ther and pleadedla moderation , an potnted ut the calamities hicli must attendcivit War. It has been mentioned that Pompey'clam de iure magistratuum provide that provinces hould e governe by ex-magistrates, no immediatel aster thei year of ossice a Rome, ut aster an interva os veyears' his a does no seemo have been retrospective; ut thesenate acting in iis spirit, decreed that alimen qualisied by ossice, ho
renti accordin to seniorit ' Cicero accordingi ha to cast tot sora consula province, an Obtaine Cilicia, hile Bibulus subsequently obtaine Syria. Cicero' province comprised', besides Cilicia proper, Pisidia, Pamphylia, Cyprus, ISauria Lycaonia, and three ther districis orth of Taurus, of whicli the capital appea to have been Cibyra Synnada an Apamea 'The senate recommended Ariobarzanes of Cappadociario his protection. He succeede Appius Claudius Pulcher, rother os . Clodius, and had to complain os much discourtesy, speciali os the nwillingnes inqos Appius to grant him a meeting. Cicero ad litile aste sortis newiunctions, especiali a the orces allotted so the delance of his provinceseeme inadequate V and a Parthia invasion a no improbable He
had however, able ossicem amon his legates his rother Quintus, C. Pomptinus, M. Anneius, and L. Tullius lare mentioned A quaestor he had L. Mescinius Rusus' asterward succeededi C. Caelius Caldus 'Cicero'. son and nephew also accompanted 'im 'illi 'heir tutor Dionysius M. 18. He starte Domin villa ea Pompeii onma Io, an passing
through Beneventum and Venusia Spent three day a Tarentum, here he had a conversation illi Pompes' e the wen to Brundisium, where e me some ossicer os Appius ' e a very anxious that thesorce in Cilicia should not be diminished by disbandment, and wrote to Appius o the subjeci. ster a detention os som days a Brundisium,owin to ill ealth and the non-arrival of his legat Pomptinus' ereached Actium uneo , and Athens June et , here he pent te day Thenceae salie by Gyarus, Scyrus, and Delos o Ephesus' here hearrive Jul 22. During the earlier par of the oyage he had uisered considerabi stom storm weather, sor hicli the light Rhodian esse onwhichae salied was ii suited. Heia been able hen at Athen to do service δ' to the ead of the Epicurean schoo there by ritin to
C. Memmius, then an exile a Mytilene. About the fame time an asthi connected with Milo' exile gave Cicero much annoyance Milo' properi had been sol so the benefit finis creditors, and Philotimus, a Deedmanis Terentia, as ne of the purchasers. Cicero heard that Milo as offende at this; ut represented
that he had acie o good advice so the benefit o Milo, and ould gladi get out of the busines ' I9. Aster a stanos three days at Ephesus Cicero reached Tralles
Jul 27, and there received a despatch rom his predecessor He thenentere his province, and arrive a Laodicea n ' ut 3I. He ound the countr in a deplorabie state, Win to the exactions os AppiuS , andat once applied himself to redres some os iis more serious grievance δ' The change made a great impressioni the provinciais, but Appius asoffended in land thought that Cicero might have ome sinister motive forhis reform s. Cicero as speciali vigilant in repressin ali exactions byyy his retinue but was perhaps tess δ' successsu thani SuppoSed.
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INTRODUCTIONTO THE SECOND PARTI 53
He had directed M. Anneius, one os his legates, to assemble his orces a Iconiuin himself appeare in the campi Aug. 24. Hi administration ad conciliated the subjecis an allies of Rome, an heraised a large forceis retire soldiers- evocati He thus fel tolerablySecure hen o Sept. I ews arrived that a large Parthia arm hadcrosse the Euphrates. He decide to leave Cilicia tociis natura de- lances, and to tali uina positio a Cybistra on the order os Cappadocia, henc he might watch the waverin princes of the eighbour-hood . e there received an osse sto Deiotarus, in os Galatia, under hos protectioi the oung Ciceros ere Staying, to Supportalinwith ali his orces This offer Cicero gladi accepted butiavingaeardfirs that the Parthians ere threatenin Cilicia, and aster ard that theylia retire seo Antioch, e sento Deiotarus to a that he need
Lao. The protectionis Cicero' arm had emboldene some os the
accomplices in a plo against Ariobarganes of Cappadocia o mahe dis-closures Whicli texto iis rustration. Cicero no marche fouthWards, and entere Cilicia proper arriring at Tarsusin ' Oct. 5. horti aster-wardsi attached with succes the mountaineers of the Amanus belween Cilicia an Commagene and was Salute Imperator. The year' operations ended with the capture os the stron toWn f Pindenissus, hicli Surrendered Dec. 7, aster a lege of 57 Vs Cicero allowed his sol-dier to retain ali the lunde except the orses, an Sol his prisoners so the benefit of the treasury, apparently'. Then, leavin his brother in command o the inter, he wen to Laodicea. He rejecte ali δ' offersos statues and temples tole alsed in his honour. The reade Parthia invasion ad taken place, but with litile result. Surenas, the victor o Charrae, ad incurre the suspicio os Κing Orodes, who ordere his execution an Pacorus, Son os Orodes, ad-vised by a chie name Osaces, no commanded. The Parthians ererepulsed ear Antioch by Cassius, an Osaces a mortalinwounded LBut Cicero id o thin much os the success, and Bibulus, ho resenti arrive in Syria, suffere some losses. He a SucceSSsul, hΟWeVer, in omentin discor in the Parthia royal samilyyy. Cicero as hept et informe about the ourseis event a Rome byliis correspondent Iliere, Speciali by M. Caelius, ho was elected
. L. curule aediles sor o .c. Cicero complained , owever, that Caelius didiot write enough o serious subjecis. He a very anxiou that theconfusion caused by the debates o the consula provinces hould notlea to a prolongation os his own overnment; and the letters os Caelius ' an Atticus di no remove his apprehension He rote Ocongratulate L. Paulus and C. Marcellus o thei electio a conSutSthough his rea opinio si os Paulus a no favourable-and C. Curio 'on his electio a tribune.
21. On Sept. 29 an important discussion too place in the senate asto the recallis Caesar rom his provinces; ut the interposition os Wo tribunes, C. Caelius and C. Vibius Pansa, prevente the adoption os any
decisive resolution. The question a to e resume in o B.α, aster Marcii Ly. The strangement os Pompe sto CaeSar a no Secret,
and was atteste by various remarhi of the ormer. Curio ad an- nounce his intention o attachin Caesar, ut the rs days os histribunate ere notharhed by an active tepi'. M. Caelius complained δ' that both consul shewed litti energy, and that Paulus as anxiou sora provinciat OVernment. Cicero urge ali his correspondent to dothei best to prevent his ein detaine in Cilicia. He was importuned by Caelius to end him panther sor his hows as aedile, ut id notlikerio impos o the provinciat the burde of providin them λη. His long correspondence δ' illi Appius Claudius atready allude io, mus have been annoying. Appius ad shewn litile consideratio sorhim , in avoidin an inter e whicli Cicero destred, and in detaining Some of his orces et he aste ard spoke like an injured man in . P. Lentulus Spinther triumphe this year sor successes in Cilicia δ' Da a Caesar ad to subdue man desultor rising in Gaul. Hebrought the Carnutes an Bituriges to submission illi litu dissiculty,
butia to age a more obstinate struggle illi the tribes of the north- east. There the Atrebates unde Commius, and the Bellovaci under Correus, too u arm and were ide by Ambiorix ith the remnant of the Eburones Correus, however sell, and the Bellovaci submitted; Whereon Cae Sar, Sendin Labienus against the Treviri, himself marchedio the est, here the Carnutes and thers ere again in armS. TheySOOn hoWever, Submitted P and the last resistanc in the est as
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ossered by a mixe crow collecte a Uxellodunum, probabi on theoliis Lot), unde Drappes and Lucterius Caesar, hoWeVer, orce theplaceri Surrender, and realed his prisoner With great severity. Mean-while Labienus ad subdue the Treviri, and Caesar interemat Nemetocenna Arras in the countr of the Atrebates There e received promise of submission rom Commius, against hom he had sent M. Antonius In the summe Caesaria sent bach ne legion to orth Italy, per-
23. The consul sor his ear ere C. Marcellus cousin os theconsul of the precedin year, an L. Aemilius Paulus Both ererepute Stanch ptimateS. Cicero est Tarsus o Jan. 5 sor his orther districis, here his arrival Wa eageri looked sor. frequent mode os extortio practiSed by previous overnors ad been to require mone sor exemptin citieSsrom the burde os receiving soldier during inter; his practice aS discontinued by Cicero. He continuexto provide so the interest os the Roman publicani, and by expostulation illi the magistrates of VariouS
whichaad been est unpaid, o indit gros peculation .He occupie the greater par of the pring in administering justiceat Laodice to his orther and wester districis, an declare that he
SheWed patience, leni , an affabili , both o the ench an in his
His temperate representation to the cor dealers cause them tobring out thei hoards, and so to relieve the distress hichis allure fili harvest ad rought bout ' and he hewed suci respect so thelaw of the different communities that the thought he says that theyhad regained thei independence'.
Various circumstances, however, disquiete him. He a uneaSyabout the provision ad sor a successor in his province, Specialty Sone of his bestissicers, Pomptinus, est hiis about this time. M. Caelius was stili teasinthim to en panther to Rome and he was compelled ais ense os justice to resus M. Brutus ' a savour. To a modern reade Cicero illiseem rathe to have erre o the fide os indulgenc in
the ast-mentioned assair; ut perhaps se os his contemporaries ould have shewn s much firmnes as e did. He as again alarmed by the prospectis a Parthia invasion, and ad litti confidenc in his eigh- bour Bibulus, ut seem to have ad ome opes that Pompe mighttake the command in the East. The rumour os invasion, however, tedaway and he was thus relieve of some of his dissiculi in selectin a temporar Successor. He hos his quaestor ' C. Caelius Caldus, thoughWith som hesitationi accountis his youth and want firmness. et . O MM , Cicero et out so Cilicia proper an Seems to have spent the monili sciun there, arriuin a Tarsus o the th ' He und rigandage prevalent in the province, ut there a nothin tohinde his return to Rome, an he made up tW copies of hi accountsto e deposite at Apamea an Laodicea, as e a required by the Iulian law to deposit them at two lowns in his province He eem toliave amasse a considerable sum os mone durin his proconsulShip, but his ossicers were offendedi his payin into the treasury the Surpius
He was stillis Tarsus o Jul Ir' and seem to have embarhed at Sida in Pamphyliam Aug. 3. Thenceae attexto Rhodes', o nable his son and nephewrio se the fland and was much distresse there byhearin os the death o Q. Hortensius. From Rhodes e salie to EpheSUS, Where, o Sept. 29', he received very alarmin politica reporis sto Rome, an embarhed ext V He lande at the Piraeus n
Fro Athens, here e made no long tay, he rote o Terentia, beggingae to come a sar a sit could without injurnio heriealth tomeet im . e the wen to atrae, here e arrive early in November, and est Tiro, his avourite heedman δ' there Aster visitingAlygia δ' ea Leucas, e reache Actium in Corcyra' Nov. 7, and Corcyra tW days later. He pent about a wee there, an aster Ming much detained by torms, lande a Brundisium o Nov. 24. Terentia arrived there by and the fame day δ' He a very anxious bout Tiro'saealth in lalso about politica prospecis' a Rome and Wa eagerto urge his laim to a triumph Das. At Brundisium e learned ' that Atticus a convalescent stom
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156 INTRODUCTIONTO THE SECOND PARTI 57
serious liness. Political newsaecam more and more alarming and Cicero Seem to have istie so vigorous war illi Parthia, to divertmen' mind sto domestic troubles. From Brundisium e en to Aeculanum in Samnium on Dec. 6 and thence to an State os L. Pontius in orther Campania, here, probably, he had a conversation o politica assairs illi Pompey, who Spok of civit War asinevitabie. The me again ear Formiae, hen Ompe again X-PreSSed his apprehensions, an spoke os a violent attach made ponhimselfin Dec. I by M. Antonius, ne of the ne tribune 'Cicero asked Atticus his opinioni the risis denouncedy the hort-sightednes Whicli ad allowed Caesar o gro S po ersul expreSSed
side illi Pompey, ather against his reasonable convictions. He Wasanxious theresore t pay his debis to Caesar besore ahing up armsagainst im. At the conclusion os the ea he was probabi at
26. The flair a Rome in hicli Cicero ad ahen mos interest
I. The marriage of his daughter He thoughtis Tiberius Claudius Nero sor her, ut eard that he and Terentia both referre P. Cornelius Dolabella a dissipate man who ad jus divorce his o nWise, ut o good amit an agreeable manners δ' This match asrathe embarrassin to Cicero sorte ad recently been reconcile to Appius Claudius, and was no doin his est to Serve him; hereas Dolabella accused δ' Appius os treasonable conduci. Dolabella ad been electedy one of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, deseatin L. Lentulus Crus, contrar to generat expectation. a. The discussion o the honour due to his successes in Cilicia. The senate vote him supplicationes early in his ear inq; both theconsulSV, With M. Caelius an Curio, supporte the grant, ut Cato δ' opposed it an his risu delance of his conduci naturali excited Cicero' indignation, hen e learne that Cato ad supporte theclaim os Bibulus to a like honour. Caesar' seem to have been pleagedat the estrangementi Cicero and Cato. Cicero Seem to have ope that the vote ould e solioWed by an
achnowledgmen os his laim to a triumph. His exploit ma hardlyseem to have justiste such a liope, ut very lihely the Were a great asthos o Lentulus Spinther, ho triumphed in I .c. Cicero aseSpeciali anxious sor a triumph, as a means os restorinthim to the
dignit he enjoyed besore his exile . a 7. 3. The progress of the discussion in the senate bout the
At the eginning of the ea both consul and the tribune Curio passe sor decide enemies ' o Caesar; ut e manage to Secure atteas the neutralit of the consul aulus by a bribe osci 5o talenis, and the active supportis Curio by a stili large one Hence, hen it Wasproposed in the senates that Caesar hould e requiremto lay down his command Curio pratsed the propoSal, ut suggested ami great applause, that a simila demand should e addresse to Pompes' ThediscusSion egan apparently,in or Soon after Marci I , but, Win tolli interposition o Curio the senate came o no decision Nor erethe optimates more successsu When the measures tot adopte against Curio ere discusse soon sterWardi'. Toward the lose of the year,shortly besore the tribunes en out os office, the Senate adopted by an immense majority, Curio' proposal that both Pompe and Caesar shouldbe require to a down thei commands; ut the consul Marcellus angrii declared the sitiing at an end-apparently be re a sorma decree had been passed' Presenti aster ard a rumour reached Rome thata large partis Caesar' arm had rosse the Alps. Suchis movementinight have been lawfuit carrie out by Caesar a proconsul; ut ith-Οut even atting to Scertain the truth, the consul Marcellus hastened out of the ity illi Lentulus, consul elect, o Pompey, ho a in the
delance of the constitution. Under the retextollat men ere ante so the Parthian war, the Senate require Caesar an Pompento sumisti ne legion ach so that Service Pompe require the I 5th, hichae had lentrio Caesar Thus Caesar a rather unlairi deprive os Wo legions. e obeyed hoWever, the Senate' orders. The two legion vere statione a Capua, butwere not et satisfied illi the transser δ' Pompe no lest Romeso a tour in centra an souther Italy durin Whicli, a besore mentioned V, he me Cicero.
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158 INTRODUCTIO TO THE ECOND PART
Curio, aster the loseis his tribunale hastene to Caesar a Ravenna, to lay be re hi an account of the state os assairs, an returne to Rome bearin Caesar' final proposais, o Jan. I , 49 B.C. Among the new tribunes, Q. Cassius Longinus an M. Antonius ere devotedio Caesar Antonius ad been chosen augur in the oom o Q. Hortensius inet, . 28. 4. The trialsis Appius Claudius Pulcher, Cicero' predecessor in Cilicia. Appius as acquitie both os reason ' and of corruption , and presenti asterWard was electe censor. He exercised his functions with great vigour , expelling the historia Sallust, among therS, stom
Caesar a able o devote much time this ea to the work of paci*ing Transalpine Gaul, hichae effected in great measurei indulgence' He visite Cisalpine Gaul, however, o recommen M. Antonius to the inhabitant asin candidate so the augurship an himself so the consul-shi,' in 84. c. His progress through the different towns a triumphant He then returne to Nemetocenna, and concentrate tenlegions o the rontier of the Treviri Theosthae had est ovili fili mps, and when Pompe requirexit, Caesar replaced ita theo 3lli'. O the est os his amy, our legion unde C. Fabius intere among the Aedui, an Mur unde C. Trebonius among the Belgae CaeSarhimself,entrio Ravenna δ' so the inter Labienus had been in chargeos Cisalpine Gaul, an Caesar ould noth sisten to rumours of his intende desertion. The result of the electio os consul sor 9 .c. ad disappotnted Caesar He had ope that Ser. Sulpicius Galba ' one os his officers, would e chosen; ut the two successsu candidates ere L. Lentulus Crus an C. Claudius Marcellus, both decidedi hostile to Caesar. Marcellus as cousin f his amesahe, the consul of the revious year, and brother os M. Marcellus, the consul os 5 U.
I. 'rite immediatel aster m retum, to a that while Pthin Phad previoustysome reason to complain, ou late semices me ad me ample amenos a. and Iwis yo were here o hare my satisfaction. In future I Wil mali uiso past neglect. 3. I have regatae my id position to a greater extent than I could have hoped, butm properi has been seriousi impatred les Dyrrhachium o August , and arrive nexi da a Brundisium, here Tullia me me, an Ppresenti learne that thela for m recal ha been carried. Both at Brundisium an along the road to Rome received the warmes congratulations hom very one 5 an on m arrival literaltyeVery one of the lightest importanc came to meet me, hile the paris of the itythrough hic I passe to the Capitol mere throngedi a vast multitude ext dari Sept. 5, I returne thanks to the senate. 6. Wo lay aftemare there,ere disorder caused by the dearnes of com suggested in accordance it Pompey' known Wishes that he hould e entrustem it a commission to suppinit an in senate passe a decree to that effect then addresse the eople a. ext day, in a iuuSenate, a bili a dram patuin Pompenthe management of the suppinos cor sorfive years, wit power tota me fifteen legates, of whom he name me first Messius proposed that he hould have stili more ample powers. The way in Whic I shali receive compensatio sor my housemili dependi the udgment of the pontifices. I. ou See m position. I am in difficulties asso know, about m property, and haVe Somelamii troubles'hic I domo mention brother is mos devote to me Praycome Peedij; ome of those ho latet serve me are atready eginning to salt
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CICERO ATTICO SAL. PARΤ Π.CUM primum Romam veni, suitque cui recte ad te litteras darem, nihil prius faciendum mihi putavi, quam ut tibi absentide reditu nostro gratularer cognoram enim-ut Vere Scribam
te in consiliis mihi dandis nec sortiorem nec prudentiorem quam me ipsum me etiam propter meam in te observantiam mmmmi custodia salutis meae diligentem, eundemque te, qui Primis temporibus erroris nostri aut potius furoris particeps et salsi timoris socius suisses, acerbissime discidium nostrum Julisse plurimumque operae studii, diligentiae, laboris ad conficiendum
io reditum meum contulisse es itaque hoc tibi ver adfirmo, ma
maxima laetitia et exoptatissima gratulatione unum ad cumulandum gaudium conspectum aut potius complexum mihi tuum desuisse quem semel nactus si umquam dimisero, ac niSi etiam praetermissos fructus tuae suavitatis praeteriti temporis omnes
exegero, profecto hac restitutione fortunae me ips non dignum iudicabo. Nos adhuc in nostro statu, quod difficillime a
recuperari posse arbitrati sumus, splendorem nostrum illum forensem et in senatu auctoritatem et apud viro bono gratiam magiS, quam optaramus, consecuti Sumus in re autem amiliari, quae
parentin nec etiam Whic Wesenb retams. Propter meam in te observant Iam, o account of m regard oraOur advice.
Cicero ad complied it Atticus advicenosto ris a struggle with Clodius m 58 B.α, and though asterward that his complianceshewed timidity. 6. Eundemque te, but that ou not-withstanding. See adV 488- . . Erroris nostri, mistake inreti inciso Rome. Se Intr. to Pari ,hh ao a a The whole passage is a delicate reproo of Atticus for the want os penetration and eat hic he had shewn, Cicero' opinion, earlyci 58 B.C. A similarmixture of prais andalam may be Dund,
I4. Praetermissos suggest a lauit on Cicero's pari, and is not thereire Superfluous. O the oubie genitive, suavitatis tempOris, se Madv. 288, and p. Ad Fam. . , a superiorum temporum fortuna reipublIcae. Exigere is a Mordisse for the exactio os arrear os axes, frequent in the writings of Cicero an Caesar. I 6. In nostro statu, wit regarda mypolitica position. millerb. Quod . . sumus. There seems t be confusion belwee quod dissicillimum arbitrati sumus, and quae difficillime recuperari arbitrati sumus. I7. Forensem. In foro partam, mulintorum causis defendendis Manut.
Io In re . . familiari, wit regar tom property. It ad sussere maint homine demolitio of his ous a Rome, and the lunder of his villas. Hi losses musthave amounteda a leas Lao,ooo. Vicies DCC millia H.S. Ad Att. 4. 1, 5.
quem ad modum fracta, dissipata, direpta sit, non ignoraS, valde
laboramus tuarumque non tam facultatum, qua ego OStra CSSeiudico, quam consiliorum ad colligendas et constituendas reli quia nostra indigemus Nunc, etsi omnia aut Scripta SSe a tuis arbitror aut etiam nuntiis ac rumore perlata, tamen Cata
Scribam brevi, quae te puto potissimum e meis litteris velle cognoscere. Pr Nonas Sextiles Dyrrhachio sum prosectu S, PSo illo die, quo lex est lata de nobisi Brundisium veni Nonis Seκtilibus ibi mihi Tulliola mea sui praesto natali suo ipso die, qui casu idem natalis erat et Brundisinae coloniae et tuae ro vicinae Salutis; quae res animadversa a multitudine Summa Brundisinorum gratulatione celebrata est Ante diem VI. Idus SeXtiles cognovi, cum Brundisii essem, litteris Quinti mirifico Studio omnium aetatum atque ordinum. incredibili concursu Italiae legem comitiis centuriatis esse perlatam inde a Brun Isdisinis honestissimis ornatus iter ita feci, ut undique ad me cum gratulatione legati convenerint. Ad urbem ita veni, ut nemo ullius ordinis homo nomenclatori notus uerit, qui mihi obUiam non Venerit, praeter eos inimicos, quibus id ipsum se inimicos esse non liceret aut dissimulare aut negare. Cum oveniSSem ad portam Capenam, gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant, a qua Plausu maXimo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata, simili et frequentia et PlauSus me usque
ad Capitolium celebravit, in foroque et in ipso Capitolio miranda multitudo Tuit Postridie in senatu, qui fuit dies dis
3. Constituendas, 'settin in order. 4. Omnia, ' ait Roman ne s. 8. Lex the la sor his recilli See Intr. to Pari I,4 23. Io Natalis. The colon o Brundisium was founde a 4 B.C. BOOt, hoWever, referring to A W Zumpi Comment. Epigraph. I. 393, hinks that the date of iis reconstitutioni Drusus, the rival o C. Gracchus,
II. Salutis. The temple os Salus, o the Quirinal, and nea the hous of Atticus WasVowed by C. Iunius, consul, in II bulli 3o7, and dedicated 3o3 B.C. See Liv Io. I. I 3. Cum Brundisii essem. I these Word are genuines thinh, with Mr. Jeans, that the mean ieing, or, in I was,' stillat Brundisium, an so id not mis theletterisI6. ornatus. reli proposes to add decretis aut a no the Ord mean, havin received attentions hom the ostrespectable me of Brundisium γ' p. Pro
Reg. Deiot. I, 2 regem quem mare antea Cuncto cum Senatu Solebam.
17. Legati, ' deputies rom the various
Ita . . ut in such style that. I 8. Nomenclatori: see EP. I 5, 9 note.
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M. TULLI CICERONIS PARTII EP. O.J EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICVM IV. 1.163
Nonarum Septembr. senatu gratias egimus. Eo biduo cum CSSet annonae Summa caritas et homines ad theatrum primo, deinde ad senatum concurrissent, impulsu Clodii mea opera frumenti inopiam esse clamarent, cum per eo die SenatuS de annona haberetur et ad eius Procurationem Sermone non Solum Plebis, Verum etiam bonorum Pompeius vocaretur idque IPSe cuperet, multitudoque a me nominatim, ut id decernerem, Postularet, feci et accurate sententiam diκi. Cum abessent ConSulareS, quod tuto Se negarent POSSe Sententiam dicere, Praero ter Mesallam et Afranium, factum est senatus consultum in
meam sententiam, ut cum Pompeio ageretur ut eam rem SuSciperet leXque erretur; quo Senatu consulto recitato continuo cum more hoc insulso et novo plausum meo nomine recitat ido dedissent, habui contionemri omne magiStratu PraeSento Prae
a ter unum praetorem et duos tribunos pl. dederunt Postridie I
I. Gratias egimus se Inlr totari II, DI O the plural egimus after ve
Eo biduo, two day aster ards Cp. Caes. Beli. iv. I, I eo biduo Caesar cum equitibus in castra pervenit.
a. Ad theatrum. The Ludi Magni
ere celebrate Sept. 4-Io. Stipfle. 3. Ad senatum, besore the senate house. Concurrissent clamarent. Forthe omissionis a conjunction, P. Ep. 54, 7 etsi Scipionem cum cohortibus duabus praemiserat, legionem a Fausto conscriptam in Siciliam sibi placere a consule duci scripserat. More curious is the want of a conjunctio belween cum esset an cum . . a beretur, illi,hich, cp. Philipp. a. 43 IIO,
supplicationes . . . contaminari PaSSus es,
Pulvinaria noluisti Τ' Mea opera, by m sauit. Perhaps Clodius meant, ' owin to the crowd thatha comerio greet Cicero. Boot. 7. Ut id decernerem, that Iciliould vote so that measure. p. In Cat. q. 5 Io. F. Feci, I complied.'
Accurate, elaborately. 0. Quod . . negarent . . dicere, be- cause, a the said the could no expressthei opinion in asely. See Mady. 357 a, an Obs. a. o Afranius, See P. I, I, note onmessalla, Ep. 6, a note. II. Ut . . ageretur . . ferretur, ' that
dem in fori Philipp. 6 6, suggeste or approvex the ourse adopted wouldae read to the assembly probab ly.
I 3. Me nomine recitando, whilem nam was ein read. The gerundive in passages like his seem to supply the place of a present passive participle. Osin. Baiter inseris in besore meo, but perhaps Cp. partis honoribus eos- gessi labores quos petendis I 7; also p. 3 Madv. 416, Obs Nagelsb. 96, 26o. I 4. Dedissent, c. qui adstabant. TheMSS. have ' dedisset, an Stipne suggesis cum contio' continuo.' esenb suggest the insertio of quam besores omnes. Contionem. Perhaps the ratio Post Red ad Quirites.
omnes magistratus . . dederunt, c. contionem,' at the magistrates ere pre
sent, an agreed in invitin me to speak, with the exceptionis one praetor and wo tribunes of the plebs. 'Contionem dare, in in contionem producere.' o whicli phraseCP. P. 47, note on l. 6. The praetor referredio is supposedo have been Ap. Claudius Pulcher, the tribunes in Numerius usus an Sex. Atilius Serranus. p. Ad Att.4 2 4 Pro Sestio 33 7M 34. 74 In Pison. I 5. 35 Ascon in Pisonian. p. 26. Livy a. 56 mahes Appius Claudius resus to the
tribunes of the commons the ille of magistratus populi; cp. Monamsen Staatsrectit, I 46-48 and notes. ut the present passage agrees it one in De Orat. I. 7, 25 and the distinctio belween populus and plebs ha tost much of iis importanc in Cicero' time. See the notes of Manutius
Senatus frequens; et omnes conSulare nihil Pompeio postulanti negarunt ille legatos quindecim cum OStularet me Principem nominavit et ad omnia me alterum se ore diXit. Legem conSule conScripserunt, qua Pompei per quinquennium omnis PoteSta rei frumentariae toto orbe terrarum daretur alteram 5 MeSSius, qui omnis pecuniae dat potestatem et adiungit classem et Xercitum et maius imperium in proUinciis, quam Sit eorum, qui eas obtineant illa nostra te consularis nunc modeSta idetur, haec Messi non serenda. Pompeius illam velle se dicit,samiliares hanc Consulares duce Favonio fremunt nos tacemus, Ioel eo magis, quod de domo nostra nihil adhuc Pontifices responderunt: qui si sustulerint religionem, aream Praeclaram habebimus Superficiem consules e senatus consulto aestimabunt: si aliter, demolientur, suo nomine locabunt, rem totam aesti- mabunt. Ita sunt res nostrae, ut in Secundis, uXae, ut in is adversis, bonae. In re familiari Valde SumuS, ut SCIS, Pertur
bati Praeterea sunt quaedam domestica, quae clitteris non
and my Wn nap. 34, 5. I. Senatus frequens, c. suit,' there was a fuli meeting of the senate. O theellipse se Madv. 479 a. esenb. SuggestSthe insertio of fuit. a. Me Principem . . . dixit, named me sirst, an sat shouldae a secon seisto him in verything.'5. Toto orbe terrarum, throughout the worid. See adv. 273 C. 6. C. Messius a no tribune Foranother notice of him, p. Εpp. 28, 9. His proposai,ould have given Pompe enormousPOwer, and would have place Caesar under
his command. 8. Nostra . . . consularis, that Iaw
Io. Hanc, C. eum velle. Duce Favonio Favonius, sor an ac
count of whom se notes nap. 7, 5 hadoni been quaestor, but his energy probablyinduced men of higher position to accepi his guidas Ce. Fremunt, raise amoutcry. Cp. Ad Att. 2. 7, 3 Arrius consulatum sibi ereptum fremit.' II Pontifices Cicero pleaded e re themis Sept. 29 cp. Ad Att. . , a , ando the two followiniday the senate passed decrees for the restitution of his property. His uncertaint a to the decision os the
I 2. Sustulerint religionem, declare against the religious character of the place,' declare the consecrationi Clodius nult.'I3. Superficiem, the uilding hichlia stood there. The consul Would mahean estimate how much Cicero ought to have for rebullding what had been destroyed. p. Ad Att. 4. 2, 5 nobis superficiem aedium
consules de consilii sententia aestimarunt H. S. vicies. I . Sin aliter . . aestimabunt, but
is the decide therwise, the consuis illdemolis Clodius bulldings, contractoo a
for the bulldings. osm. his proceedingwould inflictis light o Clodius Mor, hile recogniZing the validit of his dedicationis the ite, the consuls ould puli down his temple os Liberty.
I 5. Ita sunt . . bonae, suc is myposition: hahen, sor a prosperous man; good sor ne ho has sussere reverses.'I6. In re . . perturbati, myProperty,
asso know, is in great disorder. 17. Quaedam domestica These Words reser perhaps to disputes it Terentia. In another letter e mentions the assectio ofhis rother an daughter but says nothing
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PARTHI. committo. Q. fratrem insigni pietate, virtute, fide praeditum
Sic amo, ut debeo. Te XSpecto et oro ut mature Uenire eoque animo Venias, ut me tuo consilio egere non Sinas. Alterius vitae quoddam initium ordimur. Iam quidam, qui nos absentes defenderunt, incipiunt praesentibus occulte irasci, aperte
inviderea vehementer te requirimuS.
21. a P. LENTULUS SPINTHER AD FAM. I. I).
I. I Wis I could serve ovis effectivel asao serve me; ut the mone os the Ling' envoys the hypocritica plea os a religious dissiculty, and the agernes of the Ling' friend to serve Pompe are obstacte in m Way. 2. I am alWay Warning Pompe to have regar to his own honour, but indeed he hardi seem to nee any Warnings, and seroes o ZealouSty. Marcellinus, ou know, has a quarret,ith you; but exceptis thi question, promiMMyo his support. 3. O Jan. 13 the subject was discussed in the senate. Hortensius, Lucullus andri, advised that ou hould e em-powerexto restore theaing, hut nota force of arms. CraSsu and ther proposed in substanc that Pompe should restore him Bibulus destres to exclude Pompe Domthe commissiona Servilius hinks ther ought tolemo restoratio at ali There is a genera impressio that Pompe would like to e employed. 4 Μ opinion carries the less,eight wit the public because si obligations tofou, hic are thoughtto prejudice me in your saVour.
M. CICERO S. D. P. LENTULO PROCOS. Ego omni ossicio ac potius pietate erga te ceteris satis lacio 1 omnibus, mihi ipse numquam satis facio tanta enim magnitudo est tuorum erga me meritorum, ut, quia tu nisi persecta re de mea non conquieSti, ego, quia non idem in tua causa emcio, vitam mihi esse acerbam putem. In causa haec Sunt Hammonius,
3. oque animo . . . sinas. Perhaps
a res allusion to Atticus allege indiffer- encerius besore Cicero' exile. Cp. I.
Alterius vitae . . ordimur, Lam O heginning in a certain sense, a secon lise, ne career. Cicero means, ither I
that he has o uild, his fortune again ep. Ep. 42, 4. Whereae spealis of his mi γ- γενεσία , or a that he intend to ac in concert wit Pomperand Caesar or 3ythathe will encesori renounc politics. p. Ad Att. 4 6, a Boot preser the irst of thesethree explanations. I thin wit reason, forCicero does no seemo have give u an independent politica career ei. p. Epp. a5 39, 5-2O. 4. Quidam probabi reser to ome os the eader of the optimates, ho might regard Cicero' approaches o Pompe with
7. Omni . . pietate, in the satisfactionos very laim of uty- might say f
9. Meritorum I.e in promoting Cicero srestoratio stom exile. p. Intr. to Pari I, g a I 23 Pro Sest. 33 7 a. Nisi perfecta re, tili, restorationhad been effected.'
Io In tua causa, in tu negotio, in re ductione regis Manut. II. In causa haec sunt, the causes osm ill-succes are a follows. Hammonius seem no tot elsewhere mentioned.
regis legatus, aperte pecunia no oppugnat res agitur Per eosdem creditoreS, Per quoS, cum tu aderaS, agebatur. Regis causa si qui
Sunt qui velint, qui pauci sunt, omnes rem ad Pompeium deserrivolunt senatus religionis calumniam non religione, sed male volentia et illius regiae largitionis invidia comprobat Pompeium
et hortari et orare, etiam libertu accuSare et monere, ut magnam infamiam sugiat, non desisti musa sed plane nec precibus nostris nec admonitionibus relinquit locum : nam cum in Sermone quotidiano, tum in senatu palam sic egit cauSam tuam, ut neque eloquentia maiore quisquam nec gravitate nec studio nec conten Iotione agere potuerit, cum summa testificatione tuorum in Seossiciorum et amoris erga te sui. Marcellinum tibi esse iratum scis is hac regia causa Xcepta ceteris in rebus se acerrimum
tui defensorem ore ostendit. Quod dat, accipimus: quod instituit reserre de religione et saepe iam retulit, ab eo deduci 53 non potest. Res ante Idus acta sic est;-nam haec Idibus mane scripsi:-Hortensii et mea et Luculli sententia cedit religioni de
eXercitu-teneri enim re aliter non potest-, sed ex illo senatus
5 2.2. Creditores: men ho perhaps were hostile to Lentulus, an furnished Hammonius illi the money hic he employed inhribin senators. Cicero mahes a similarstat ement, Ad in F 2 2, 3. His client, C. Rabirius Postumus cp. suP. P. - . Seemst have been ne of the creditores.' p. Pro Rab. Post a Q. Regis causa . . velint, those homa be interested in the king' cause.' p. Ad Fam. 7. I7, 2 si me aut sapere aliquid
ductum fictae religionis, Ad in . . a 3
Non religione . . invidia, no Domreligious Deling, ut rom ill-wil to the king, and unde the influence of the odiumwhic his largesses have aroused. 7. Infamiam. Pomper ouldae charged both ith ingratitude an ambitio is heopposed the claim o Lentulus. p. 'uorum in se officiorum ' a se lines below.Ia officiorum. p. pP. O, 7 26,
Marcellinum Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus is thought to have been the sono a P. Lentulus who had passed is adoptionstom the famil of the Marcelli into stat of
the Lentuli. The paterna grandiather of the Marcellinus here mentione seem tohave been M. Marcellus Eserninus cp. Cic. Brut 36, 36), who commande at Aesemia in the Marsic ar and was forcedio surrende that placerio the revolte allies. Cp. Livy, Epit. 73 Drumann 2, 4O4 4O5. The grandson ad supported a Patron OfSicily the prosecution o Verres Div. in Caec. 4. 3). e a consul in 56 B.C.wit L. Marcius Philippus, and showe adecided hostilit to Clodius. I od instituit . . non pote St, he cannot e diverte sto his intentionos bringing the religious question belare thesenate. O this se of the pronouns, See
I 7. Hortensii . . exercitu, Hortensius. Lucullus, andra are for respecting eople's scruples a to the employmentis an army, other is ou end the restorationis Pto
For this ense of tenere se Forcell. The Lucullus here referre t was M. Lucullus, adopte bym. Terentius Varro He Wasconsul 3 B. C. di good service a governoros Macedonia, an supported Cicero' mea-
fures in 63 B.C. In Pis I9 44 Philipp. a. 5, I 2. His more celebrate brother Lucius seem to have died i 57, 56 B.C. 18. x illo senatus consulto. Appa