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praebuisti dolori meo, quod erat amoris, tamquam ipSe gin quod meriti mei persectum oportuit, ut dies et noctes, quid mihi
iaciendum esset, cogitares, id abs te meo, non tu Scelere PraetermiSSum est Quod si non modo tu, sed quisquam fuisset, qui me 5 Pompeii minus liberali responso perterritum a turpisSimo OnSiliO
reVocaret, quod unus tu sacere maxime potuisti, aut occubuiSSem honeste aut victores hodie viveremus. Hic mihi ignosceS: me enim ipsum multo magis accuso, deinde te quasi me alterum et simul meae culpae socium quaero ac Si restituor, etiam minuM a videbimur deliquisse, abs teque certe, quoniam nullo OStro tuo
ipsius beneficio diligemur. Quod te cum Culleone scribis de pri 5
popularit o Clodius increased by this
measure Cp. In Pis. 4, and Asconius com ment Pro est. 25 55 Monamsen . ,
Tantum lacrimas, oni tear an notadvice 'aut o di a muchrior me a I didsor myself. I. Tamquam ipse ego, c. praebui. Quod . . perfectum oportuit, What Lovglito have earne by a prope displayos affection to ou. See a se clines above, si . . deberes. O the ood of oportuit, See p. 4, I, note the omission is esse after perfectum, se Madv. O7,
3. Scelere, neglect ' Tyrr. . 4. Quod si . . fuisset, but is there had been found- domo saysou, but ny
5. Pompeii . . perterritum Cicero inone place represent Pompe a replying torepresentations made to imo bellat ofCicero, ' that he could not oppos a tribune without the authorit of the consul and of
the senate' In is 3I, 77 in another place that he could do nothinidispleasingto Caesar' Ad Att. o. 4, 3). The astrepi probabi expressed the real state of the
Turpissimo consilio, i .e. that o re-tiring ro Romerio void a conflict. 7. Hic. - in hac re' Forcell. , sor my
remonstrances On this subjeci. Ignosces see EP. II. 3, note.
8. Te quasi me alterum p. p. ao, 7. 9. Etiam minus . . deliquisse, shallseemo have deserve even es than the
moderate amount of lanae illi hic Iliave visited our Oint offence. Cicero onlycharge himself,ith want of penetration, an Atticus illi that and want os eat. Compare it this passage laifaliis letter.
IDCicero ere restored their horicomingswouldae thought les serious than iste rema ined in exile. Io. Quoniam nullo nostro . . diligemur, 'shallis dear o ou sor services done i no received by ou. On the abi. beneficio, cp. Madv. 255. With the sentiment, p. Thucyd. a. O;
Arist. Eth. Nic. 4. 3, 7, 25. Nullus,
versation illi Culleo as to the law against me ein privilegium V may do omegood. ou or his suggestion a b ossonae value. Pros Tyrret suggest tecum Culleonem, remarking th.it there could eno reason sor the mention o Culleo i thesuggestion didio originate ithaim. On quod . . scribis, see Ep. 8, I , note. Cum Culleone 4 Terentius Culleo was ne of the tribunes for 59-584.C., andalso one of the pontifices minores. p. De Harusp. Resp. 6. a. Aster the batile os
Mutina e est Anton and oine Lepidus,
De privilegio Thelawsos the welve Tabies sorbade ali legislation against individuals an ali capita triat except efore
the eopte assemble in the conaitia centuriata. p. Cic. de Legg. 3. I9 4 . NON Cicero ha been banished by a la , naminglii individually, and passe in the comitia tributa thus oubi illegat Atticus, or Culleo, seem to have argued that it might be declare void by a simple decree of the
senate; ut Cicero remarks that suci, decree ould e a ope as a la to the veto os a tribune si erit . . intercedet). Accordin to the oratio De Donao I 8, the
EP. 6. EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM III. 15. o
vilegio locutum est aliquid, sed multo est melius abrogari: si enim nemo impediet, quid est firmiusi si erit, qui serri non Sinat, idem senatus consulto intercedet Nec quicquam aliud opus est abrogari nam prior te nos nihil laedebat quam si, ut est Promulgata, laudare voluissemus aut, ut erat neglegenda, 5 neglegere, nocere omnino nobis non potuisset Hic mihi primum meum consilium defuit, sed etiam obfuit Caeci caeci, inquam,suimus in Vestitu mutando, in populo rogando, quod, ni Si nominatim mecum agi coeptum esset, fieri perniciosum suit Sed pergo
Praeterita; erum tamen ob hanc causam, Ut, Si quid agetur, Io
legem illam, in qua popularia multa sunt, ne tangatis Verum est Stultum me praecipere, quid agatis aut quo modo utinam modo agatur aliquidi multa occultant tuae litterae, credo, ne vehementius desperatione perturber. Quid enim vides agi posse aut quo modo: Per Senatumne I ast tute Scripsisti ad me, quoddam is caput legis Clodium in curiae poste fixisse, E REFERRI NEVE DICI
LICERET Quo modo igitur Domitius se dixit relaturum quo
iubeatis ut M. Tullio aqua et igni interdictum sit. I. Sed multo . . melius abrogari,
but a regula repea is much more de- strabie. a. Qui ferri non sinat, there bean tribune disposed to prevent the nact- mentis a law recallin Cicero. 3. Nec quicquam . . abrogari. nordoes nything eis require repeat, eXcept thespecta la sor myianishment. 4. Prior lex : se Intr. to Par I I9. It is the fixi law there mentioned. 5. Laudare. Cicero might have pratsed a law drawn u in such genera terms, speciali as herael that Lentulus an his ac- complices ha been no citigens, but publicenenates. p. in Cat. . , IO Intr. to
7. Defuit, sed etiam obfuit oreti. ould infert non solum' e re laesuit, Balter hinks that aster laesuit ' nec solum defuit ma have roppe out. Boot however, argue seo the omission os non solum by the MSS in simila passages, that sed etiam' may be equivalento quinetiam, cp. speciali Ad Q. F. I. I. 5, 4 .Forceli agrees With Boot. 8. In vestitu . . rogando, in puttingon mourning an supplicatin the eople.'The senate id so oo. p. Pro Sest. II, 26.
9. ergo praeterita, C. commem rare. continue o har o the past.'
See p. 8 6, note, and p. perge reliqua
Ad Att. 4. II, I. Io ob hanc causam . . ne tangatis,
la mentione above. hic contain many popular provisions 'The prior lex asserted found constitutiona doctrine. Ut . . ne : See Ep. 7, 5, note.
Si quid agetur, ' Dan steps are talienon m bellat LyI5. uoddam caput legis, ' a certain sectio of his law for myianishment. I 6. Ne referri . . liceret, thati m tion hould e brought forinard, and nospeech made. Cp. In Cat. 4. 4, 8 sor a simila proviso. speech might e madein the senate pon a potnt no directi comprised in the motion unde discussion Tomahe suc a speech was calle egredio lationem.' p. ac Ann. 2. 38. Orinstances os the practice, se Philipp. 3. 3, 13 7. I, I. 17. Domitius see Ep. 5. 6, note. Se relaturum Domitius could ardlydo his in the presence an in spite of the opposition of the consuls me a have
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modo autem iis, quos tu scribis, et de re dicentibus et, ut ese retur postulantibus Clodius tacuis Ac si per populum Poteritnen i d omnium tribunorum pl. sententia Quid de bonis qvid de domo poteritne restitui aut, si non poterit, egomet quo
sin autem spei nihil est, quae est mihi vita Itaque Xspecto Thesses icae acta Kal. Sext. ex quibus statuam in tuoSne agroS.
videam et propius sim, si quid agatur-idque intelleX cum tibi, io tum, ratra placere , an abeam Cyzicum Nunc, Pomponι quoniam nihil impertisti tuae prudentiae ad salutem meam quod aut in me ipso satis esse consilii decreras aut te missi plus mihi
coniectus in fraudem omnia mea praesidia negleXi, totam I aliamri in me erectam ad me defendendum destitui et reliqui me meo que meis tradidi inimicis inspectante et tacente te, qui Si In plus ingenio valebas quam ego, certe timebas minus: Si pote
erige adflictos et in eo nos iuva; sin omnia sunt obstructa id ipsum fac ut sciamus et nos aliquando aut obiurgare aut comitera consolari desine. Ego si tuam fidem accuSarem, non me Potis . simum tuis tectis crederem meam amentia accuso, quo Qtantum me amari, quantum ego Vellem, PutaVi quod Si fuisset, . fidem eandem curam maiorem adhibuisses, me certe ad Xitium praecipitantem retinuisses, istos labores, quos nunc in naufragus
reckonexo thei being absent, or departingsor thei province besore the en of the year. I. Iis Among these L. Ninnius asprominent. Cp. Post Red in Sen. 2, 3. 2. Per populum, sc agetur, 'it ne matter hallae brought sorwardo the assembl of theseople.'Poteritne, Sc. agi.'4. Restitui, b rebulli. Cp. Intr. to
5. Otero Sc. restitui, 'te restore to
Acta Kal. Sext. 'the agette os the firs of August. The publication of the pro- ceedings of the senate and of ther eris date sto Caesar' frs consulfhip 59 B C. Se Inir to Pari I, 6 17. Tuos . . agros Cicero refers to the properi os Atticus in Epirus, hic is ostenmentioned in hi lettex. I3. Ut praesto esses, cloae at hancl, ready to give advice Dasked.
EΡΡ. 16, 17. EPISTOLARUM AD FAMILIARES XIV. et io9
S nostris suscipis, non Subisses. Qua re fac ut omnia ad me per- Specta et Yplorata perscribaS, meque, Ut faciS, Veli eSSe aliquem, quoniam, qui sui et qui esse potui, iam SSe non POSSum, et ut his litteris non te, Sed me ipsum a me SSe accusatum putes. Si quierunt, quibus putes opus SSe meo nomine litteras dari, velim sconscribas curesque dandas Data XIIII Kal. Sept.
TULLIUS S. D. TERENTIAE ET TULLIOLAE ET CICERONI SUIS. Noli putare me ad quemquam longiores epistolas scribere, nisi si quis ad me plura scripsit, cui puto rescribi portere nec enim habeo quod scribam, nec hoc tempore quicquam dissicilius facio. Ad te vero et ad nostram Tulliolam non queo Sine plurimis Io
In naufragiis nostris, in the wrechosis fortunes.' An instance of the metaphorical se of the wor is inund also a Philipp. 36. a. I. Non subisses, Mould no have subjected ourself to. For is Cicero ad notbee banished Atticus ould not have adso much troubie in tryin to procure his
restoration. 2. X plorata, in certa. Cicero sus
pected that Atticus coloured his prospecistoo rightly, and equest accordirigly thatoni trustworth neWs may be sent im. Esse aliquem, to e of Some consequence: 'somebody. Cp. Iuv. I. 7 Si vis esse aliquis.'3. Potui. O the indic se note n suit. Ut . . Putes These Words depend on lac: the expression is pleonastic See note o Da. 4. Si qui erunt . . dari . . dandas, is thereae an men to whomso thin letters ought to e ritiei in m name. Thepractice os employin secretaries ould prevent the andwritin excitin suspicion, an perhaps Cicero ad est his eat with
Τerentia. See Ep. 8 I, 2. Forceli howevereXplain meo nomine as 'On m account. For an account os erentia an Tullia,
7. Nisi si almost, nisi,' ut is sed when the exception is a conditionat clause. Forceli See also Madv. 44 c. r. ingin his note o Philipp. a. 28 7 remarks that misi si is mos commoni thus sed illi indefinite pronouns and adverbs. 8. Nec . . habeo quod scribam. Non habeo quod scribam ' - nihil habeo, or mihi deest quod scribam non habeo quid scribam 'in nescio quid scribam, im- plyin a dependent question See Madv.
363, an Obs a Zumpi 56 a. 9. Difficilius, win to his dejection.
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lacrimis scribere vos enim video esse miSerrimaS, quas ego beatissimas semper esse volui idque praestare debui, et, niSi tam timidi fuissemus, praestitissem. Pisonem noStrum merito eiu 2 amo plurimum eum, ut potui, Per litteras cohortatu Sum gra-
ktiasque egi, ut debui. In novis tribunis l. intellego spem qhabere id erit firmum, si Pompeii Voluntas erit, sed Crassula
tamen metuo. te quidem omnia fieri sortissime et amantissime video, nec miror, Sed maereo caSum eiu modi, ut tanti Stuis miseriis meae miseriae subleventur: nam ad me P. Valeriu',1 homo ossiciosus, scripsit, id quod ego maXimo cum fletu legi, quem ad modum a Vestae ad tabulam Valeriam ducta essea. Hem, mea tu X, meum desiderium, unde omne opem Petere solebant te nunc, mea Terentia, Sic veXari, sic iacere in lacrimis et sordibus idque fieri mea culpa, qui cetero SerVaVi, Ut
is nos periremus L Quod de domo Scribis, hoc est de area, ego Veros
Tam timidi Cicero stili dwelis o his supposed error in avoid in a struggle with Clodius. The change stom the plura suis
3. isonem : see Ep. 3, 3, Ole. Merito eius: se Madv. 55, and P. merito tuo feci Ep. 3I 6. 5. Novis tribunis plebis Cicero reser to thos electe sor 58-57 .C. Os who Milo as ne of the mos active. Se Intr. to Partes,4 I. 6. Si . . voluntas erit, Ic firma
os Pompe shali continue.'Crassum cp. Ad Att. 2. 22, 5, an Ad
8. Casum eius modi, ut, a missor
tune whicli causes. See Madv. 36 , and Obs. I. A simila constructio is found Ep. 3,
3 adulescentium consilium . . t.'
Tantis tuis miseriis. Explaine bywhat immediatet folio s. 9 P. Valerius seem to have been ahien o Cicero to who Atticus ad lent money Cp Εpp. 36, 4; II7 I.
tha it means a couri here he had to give Securities sor payment, perhaps that of the tribunes Cp. In Vat. 9, ac cum . . ab tabula Valeria collegae tui mitti iuberent.' Ducta esses ha been oblige to repair, at the bidding of her creditors, o perhapsos a magistrate Tabula Sestia is memtioned Pro Quinct. 6. 25. Cp. Manut. II. Lux CP EP. 43 I. Desiderium, 'an object is destre, orregret. p. or Carm. I. 4, 8, nunc desiderium. Opem petere: .e. to as her torus herinfluence withae hvsbandis thei bellaif. 13. e . . sic vexari The iniin expresses indignation See Ep. 2. I. Ole.
I . Qui . . servavi . Ut . . Periremus,
men servasse ut essent qui me perderent Τ'
Suet. Iul. 84. Cicero wed his banishment to his havin complied it the senate s
recommendation to have Lentulus an his accomplices Xecuted. I 5. Hoc est de area Cicero correcis
EPP. 17, 18. EPISTOLARUM AD FAMILIARES XIV. a. 111
tum denique mihi videbor restitutus, si illa nobis erit restituta;
verum haec non sunt in noStra manu illud doleo, quae impensa facienda est, in eius partem e miseram et deSpoliatam Venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, omnia conSequemur; in eademno sortuna premet, etiam ias reliquia tua misera proiicies sobsecro te, mea vita, quod ad Sumptum attinet, Sine alios, qui OSSunt, Si modo Volunt, Sustinere, et Valetudinem istam infirmam, si me amas, noli veXare: nam mihi ante oculos die noctesque versariS; or mellabores te eXcipere Video 'imeo,
ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia qua re, ut id, quod io Spera et quod agis, OnSinuamur, Servi aletudini. Ego ad quos Scribam, nescio, nisi ad eos, qui ad me scribunt, aut ad eos, de quibus ad me vos aliquid scribitis. Longius, quoniam ita vobis Placet, non discedam, Sed Velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim, Si quid est firmius, quod peremuS. Valete, is mea desideria, valete. D. a. d. III Non. Oct. Thessalonica.
a. Quae impensa . . venire, thatyo fhould have o hare the necessaryexpenditure. O the attractionis impensa to quae, an on the positio of the two WordS, P. Ep. 3. I. one Was probablywanted a Stipsse suggesis to bu voles
an hire band of gladiator cp. Εp. 8, 5, and Intr. to Pari I,4 23 also for Cicero's suppor in exile. 4. Si conficitur negotium, is myrestoration is essected. With this combination of the res conficitur' and the fui. Consequemur, p. qui si condemnatur desinent homines dicere In Verr Act. 2. I. 2 6. 7. Sustinere, to contribute sor my
II. Agis, yo are attempting. Ad quos scribam nescio. Terentia may have suggested that he hvsband might write to more people and exert himself morethan e id, and these ord may be his justification. I 5. Si quid est . . speremus, i there
Thessalonica. Acc. tomota son Ad Att. 3. 5 Ad Fam. 4. 4 , he place herea lette is writte is more osten give in the ablative than in the genitive. p. Epp. 5a
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P.S. 7. I have comerio Dyrrhachium, a re cit devote to me, an near o Italy.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE, CICERONI SUO SALUTEM DICIT. Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad me, incredibilem tuam virtutem ines sortitudinem esse teque nec animi neque corporis laboribus defatigari miserum te ista virtute, fide. probitate. humanitates in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse Tulliolamque noStram, e quo Patre tantas voluptates capiebat, e eo tantos percipere luctus Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam qui cum Primum Sapere OePit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae Si tu ut Scribis, sat sacta putarem, ferrem paulo acilius, Sed omnia sunt meato culpa commissa, qui ab iis me amari putabam, qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod si nostris consiliis usi
essemus neque apud nos tantum valuiSset Sermo aut stultorum amicorum aut improborum, beatiSSimi ViUeremus nunc, quOniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo operam, ne mea Valetudo
is tuo labori desit. Res quanta sit, intellego, quantoque uerit
I. Perfertur, ne cis brought,' Plearn. 3. Me miserum cp. Madv. 236. Te . . incidisse : P. Ep. II, I, Ole. 4. Ista virtute : P. ΕP. 6, 2, Ole. 5. X quo patre. Ο the order of the wOrds, P. Ep. 3, I, and Madv. 3I9. 7. De Cicerone. is son arcus Was m 65 .C. Cp. EP a I. Qui cum primum . . percepit, Who since e egan to notice anything, has experience nothing ut the mos bittersuiferings.' , 9. Fato, in the naturat course of things
Io. Ab iis, b his rival among the optimates.' Manutius hinks that Hortensius, Arrius, and Pomperare referred o. p. a to Hortensius Ad Att. . , a Cicero suspected Cato at one time: p. p. 6, a. II. Qui petebant, Who ought ysriendship ς' .e Caesar, ho ad offeredhim a post achis legate. Cp ΕP. II, 3.
Ia Aut stultorum . . aut improborum, of friend who ere either Oolish,
like Atticus and perhaps Cato ' Tyrr. orireacherous like Arrius an Hortensius '' Tyrr. . I 3. Beatissimi. O the adjectoas adverb see Ep. 2, 2, Ote O P. I . Ne mea . . desit, to prevent thestate of m health aking ou exertions fruitiess. That the state of myraealth mayno sal to secondbour exertions. Tyrr. Ut valeam, ne tu pro mea salute frustra laborem suscipias. Manut. Valetudo is a neutra Word, meaning
p. 18. EPISTOLARUM AD FAMILIARES XIV. 1. i 13
sacilius manere domi quam redire sed tamen, si omnes tribunos pl. habemus, si Lentulum tam Studiosum, quam videtur, Si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est desperandum. De familia, quo modo placuisse Scribi amicis, aciemuS de loco, nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo ossiciosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Epiro, quo neque Hispo veniret nec milites, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum in Italiam decedat quem ego diem
si videro et si in vestrum compleXum Venero ac si et os et Ionae PSum recuperaro, Sati magnum mihi fructum Videbor per- cepisse et Vestrae pietati et meae. Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnes nos tantus est, ut nihil supra possit utinam
ea res ei voluptati sit gloriae quidem video ore. De Q. fratre nihil ego te accusavi, Sed Vos, cum praeSertim tam pauci Sitis, is volui esse quam coniunctissimos Quibus me voluisti agere gratias egi et me a te certiorem actum esse scripsi. Quod
I. Si omnes tribunos : p. lis of the previous letter. 2. Lentulum P. Lentulus Spinthe hadbeen electe consul sor 57 .C. O more particular about him see Epp. I; ν; 26;29 and Intr. to Pari II, a. Si vero ' i moreover,' certainly f.' Seemadv. 437 d. 3. De familia, ' about ou flaves. Apparently Cicero ha been advised to emancipate them, an Terentia Was anxious a tothe bearing this te might have on herinteresis Cp. Ad Fam. I . 4 4. . De loco, a to the state of this place, Thessalonica. 5. Attigit, attached. 6. Cn. Plancius a no quaestor o L. Appuleius in Macedonia, an rendered Cicero great services, giving him an asylum in his ossicia resideiace. p. Pro Planc. I, 42. e was tribune in 7-56 B.α, and nexi ear Was electe curule aedile, ut accused os bribery by M. Iuventius Laterensis. Cicero defende him successsuli in a speech stili extant He is mentione a living in exile during the civit,ar. p. Ad Fam. 4. I PIL and Pro Planc passim. Me cupit esse: see Ep. 5. II, note. 8. Hispo Supposed by reli. Onomast. S. v. t have been an officer sent by the consul to atch Cicero in exile. Wesenb suggesis Piso, i. e. the consul of 58B.C. WhO Wentri Macedonia a proconsul. Veniret, might come. See p. 5, 8, note liberasset. II. Me ipsum, my orme self,' myol position. Cp. ' mihi restitutus ' in Q os the precedin letter, an 'desidero. meipsum 'ap. 6, 2. I a Vestrae pietatis et meae, ofyou devotion to me, and of mine O my
13. Ut nihil supra possit sc esse. Se Madv. 478, Obs. 3.I . Voluptati. Reserring to the pleasure Piso ould derive rom Cicero' return.
15. Nihil . . accusavi, I madem complaint of our conduci. Apparenti there had been a misunderstandin belween Q. Cicero and Terentia, and Cicero had writtento his iis urgin the to a reconciliation, interm which sh thought implied a censureuponaer. I 6. Nibus . . gratias. Terentia hadprobabi mentione the ames of Ome menwho ad been active in tryin to secure Cicero' recall. 17. Me a te certiorem factum that I ad been informe by ou of thei services. Cicero a very anxious to gaincredit sor his own courtes in such cases. Cp. p. 4 I. Quod . . scribis. On the OnStr. See Ep. 8, 4, Ole.
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ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendituram, quid ObSecro te,-me miserum l-quid laturum est et si nos premet eadem so luna, quid puero misero et Non queo reliqua Scribere tanta vis lacrimarum est-, neque te in eundem fletum addu-ccam. Tantum scribo: si erunt in ossicio amici, pecunia non deerit si non erunt, tu emcere tua pecunia non poteriS. Persortuna mi Seras nostras, Vide, ne puerum Perditum PerdamuS.
Cui si aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocri virtute opuS St et mediocri fortuna, ut cetera consequatur Fac valeas et ad me 1 tabellarios mittas, ut sciam, quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnino iam brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Ciceroni salutem dic Valete. D. a. d. VI K. Decemb. Dyrrhachii. Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est et in me ossiciosas et proxima Italiae; sed si offendet me loci celebritas, alio mea conseram, ad te Scribam.
DYRRHACHIUM NOV. 29 58 .C. 696 A. V.C. in
I. I have received you three letters. In therant yomencourage me o wait the ne year,it fortitude, and state the ground of our opea in the extoo mentio thehil promulgated by eight tribunes. I Will notice some potnis that have occurre to meon this subjeci. d. The bili of the present tribunes ad three eadso ne a to myI. Vicum. Probabi a village or countryseat, Tyrr. formin part o Terentia's
Forcell. 6. Efficere 'bring bout m restoration. perhaps, a Manutius thinks ut ego in hac misera fortuna ne egeam.'7. Perditum perdamus, ruin ulterly. Manutius says perditum, calamitate nostrari Perdamus, Vic vendito. 8. Cui si aliquid . . Consequatur, sor,hom i he has nough to save imisom positive need even moderate merit and good fortune ili do the est. Io. abellarios, letter carriers, freq.
Vos quid agatis, ,hat oti are Oing,'
ho so are getling on.' II. Iam brevis exspectatio est, mysuspense must Oon end, as Lexpect4oon to
hea stomaou. Manut. I 3. Dyrrhachium. postscript egins here Dyrrhachium, O the coastis Epirus. was previousi called Epidamnus, an is no called Duraggo On iis importa iace in thecivit a between Caesar an Pompey, P. Intr. to Par III l Io II. It was muchattache to Cicero. p. Pro Planc. I, 97 Dyrrhachium quod erat in fide mea. Libera civitas. The re toWns en-joyed certain municipa privileges. hichwill e found numera ted by arquardi Siaatfver aliun I. 35I, 352 se also Smilli' Dici of Antiq. sub voc ' Provincia eSP. P. 966. Among the was that ossetilin disputes by their own laws aridie. fore their own magistrates. p. . . Zumpi, Comment. Epigr. a. I 56 p. 38, 4, note Pros Tyrrei remarks that a Roman exile ould thereae mores sui iuris. I . Celebritas, the busy, crowded natur of the place.'I5. Ad te scribam. esenb thinhs that omethin has fallen ut, an suggest the insertio os quod cum faciam'aster conseram
ΕΡ. 19. EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM IIT. 23. 115
A. d. V. Kal. Decembr. tres epistolas a te accepi unam datam a. d. VIII Kal. Novembres, in qua me hortaris, ut sorti animo mensem Ianuarium XSpectem, eaque, quae ad Spem Puta Perti
nere, de Lentuli studio, de Metelli voluntate, de tota Pompeii
ratione, perScribis. In altera epistola praeter consuetudinem stuam diem non adscribis, sed satis significas tempus lege enim ab octo tribunis l. promulgata scribis te eas litteras eo ipso die dedisse, id est a. d. IIII Kal. NOVembres, et, quid Putes utilitatis eam promulgationem attulisse, scribis in quo si iam haec nostra salus cum hac lege deSperata erit, Velim pro tuo oin me ani ore hanc inanem meam diligentiam miserabilem potiusquam ineptam Putes, in est aliquid Spei, des operam ut maiore
3. Ad spem pertinere, sc. faciendam,' a b hopeia signf. Boot. p. si ista . . . . quicquam ad spem explorati haberent
. Lentuli se on of the preceding
Metelli, of in Metellus Nepos, consul electrior 57 .C. e had been onaad termswit Cicero se Epp. 4 5, notes , howroteo deprecate his hostilit cp. Ad
6. Sed . . tempus, but indicate thedate clearly enough. Lege . . promulgata A proposa sorine recal os Cicero, hic seem to have been rought sorward by eight of the tribunes for 59-58 B.C. but o to have passed The two dissentient tribunes ere
teast eventeen days, O three nundines,
before t rs came o sor discussion, ascalle ' promulgatio.' p. ' ubi promulgatio trinum nundinum Philipp. 5. 3 8.
8. a. d. IIII Kal. Nov. - Oct. 29.
9. Utilitatis. Manutius suggest that this sterio the eight tribune might have
some influenc on thei successors, and that
as earlier in the ea non of them adventure to veto the proposais o Clodius. Attulisse contulisse,' has contribuled. In quo . . desperata erit, in hichmatter, i m prospecis and the enaciment
II. an . . diligentiam . . Putes,
that ou Will thin the seles troubles amabout to expen in examining the law d serving of pit rather than o ridicule. I 2. Maiore diligentia, ',it more
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PAR T. II 6 diligentia posthac a nostris magistratibus defendamur Nam ea veterum tribunorum pl. rogatio tria capita habuit, unum de reditu meo, scriptum incaute; nihil enim restituitur praeter civitatem et ordinem, quod mihi pro meo casu satis es' 'ed, quae cavenda fuerint et quo modo, te non sugit. Alterum caput est tralaticium de impunitate, SI QUID CONTRA ALIAS
LEGE RIVA LEGIS ERGO FACTUM SIT. Tertium caput, mi Pom- ooni duo consilio et a quo Sit inculcatum, video scis enim Clodium sanxisse ut vi aut omnino non posset nec per senatum nec perio populum infirmari sua leX. Sed vides numquam esse observatas sanctiones earum legum, quae abrogarentur: nam, Si id SSet, nulla sere abrogari posset neque enim ulla est, quae non PSase saepiat dissicultate abrogationis. Sed, cum te abrogatur, illud ipsum abrogatur, quo modo eam abrogari oporteat. Moc quod se re vera ita est, cum semper ita habitum observatumque Sit, octo nostri tribuni pl. caput posuerunt hoc: SI QUID IN HAC ROGA-
conjecture o Manutius, ' novis. a Veterum tribunorum. The tribunes for 89-584.C. Clodius colleagues.. ordinem, My an a a Senator. Pro meo casu, considering my IS-
5. Quae cavenda fuerint, Whatshould have been provide for. Cicero refers speciali to the restoratio of the sit of his ouse, an to indemnit in his
6. ralaticium, ordinary,' universallyadopted. Forceli. De impunitate ' indemniwing the pro- posers. It is explained jus below. SI QUID A FACTUM SIT, 'in Case thecarrying out of this la involves the reacho any others. ERGO causa. Forcell. nthe ense of factum sit, se Madv. 379. The apodosis of the sentenceris omitte' itwould rui id ei qui secerit ne fraudi esto. BOOt. .. quo sit inculcatum, by homit insertion was procured. Cicero suspected that Clodius o the obnoxious clause Inserted apparently. . anxisse. Sua lex, adde a sanction,ith a viewnolo 'auch a to, Tyrr. Jprevent, or rende ver dissiculi, the repealo his lavi. For a simila sense V sancire, e M sancit in posterum, etc. In Cat. 4 5, Io ahe word stom ut victo sua lex expres the objectoather than the precise formis the clause in question.
Vix aut omnino non vix aut ne viXquidem. On the repeate negatives non . . nec . . nec See Ep. 8 8, Ole. II. Quae non ipsa . . abrogationis,
which does no try to guar testsel by ne posin dissiculties in the way of iis repeat.'On the ood of abrogarentur' and saepiat, se Madv. 364, an ObS. I. I 3. Illud ipsum, that ver provision against repeat. I . Quo modo . . oporteat, in the wayin hicli the la itfel must e repealed.' Pros Tyrrei says that this ould need oportet, an suggest 'quo minus' - thesanctio forbiddini it abrogation. Cicero means that it ouldie as eas to repea the protecting clauseas the la whicli it protected.
whicli musti talienis explanator of illud ipsum, and as equivalent to thos suggested by Pros Tyrreli.
tumque sit, though his is reatly the practice, an has been alway maintainedan observed, i .e. though me proposingio repea a la are neve deterre stomdoin s by a clause intende to prevent iis 15. Habitum, actum,' practised. For- celi. I 6. Nostri: P. l. I, bove.
ΕΡ. 19. EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM ILL 23. 117
TIONE SCRIPTUM EST, QUOD PER LEGES PLEBISVE SCITA, hoc est quod per legem Clodiam, PROMULGARE, ABROGARE, DEROGARE, OBROGARE SINE FRAUDE SVA NON LICEAT, NON LICUERIT, QVODVE EI VI PROMULGAVIT DEROGAVIT, OB EA I REM POENAE MULTAEVE SIT, E. H. L. . . Atque hoc in illis tribunis pl. non laedebat lege enim collegii sui non tenebantur; quo maior est suspitio malitiae alicuius, cum id, quod ad ipsos nihil pertinebat, erat autem contra me Scripserunt, ut noUi tribuni pl. , si essent timidiores, multo magis sibi eo capite utendum Putarent. Neque id a Clodio praetermissum est diXit enim in iocontione a. d. III Nonas Novembres hoc capite designatis tribuni pl. praescriptum esse, quid liceret tamen in lege nulla esse eius modi caput te non allit, quo, Si PUS SSet, OmneSI. Hoc est quod per legem Clodiam Cicero' rem ark, to he ho the proposa of the eight tribunes ad been marred by caretessues ororeachery. Oros course iis object was to repea the la os Clodius, and an claus saving the provisions of that law ould malae the ne one nugatory. t is possibi that the tribunes didnot conside the privilegium against Cicero
opposition to an old ne legis prioris infirmandae causa, cp. Paulum Diaconum, excerpi in lib. Pomp. Fest. lib. iii P. I 87, Mulier. SINE FRAUDE VA, Without incurringa penalty. NON LICEAT, NON LICvERIT, atthe time o votin o the laM , O Was atthe time o iis promulgation , illegat.' Ilota. . OENAE MULTA EVE IT, 'ma involve punishmentis fine. The more genera term is pultarsi. 5. . H. L. N. R. Eius hac lege nihil rogatur ' Boot , this la is soria void. Hoc in illis . . non laedebat, the violationis the law of Clodius could do noliarm acta a thos tribunes os 59-58 B. C. were concertaed. On the impers. laedebat,' se Madv. 337, Obs. I. 'Hoc refers to si quid of the passage quote at the en os
the previous section. 6. Lege enim . . non tenebantur, so the were o bound by a a sanc
8. Ut novi . . putarent, so that thenew tribunes ould thiniit sar more need sui for them to inseri that clause. Wit thisus os it, expressin result, P. p. 5,I5, note, an 'it odia . . erumperent Pro Muren. 23. 47.
Io. Neque id a Clodio praetermissum est, nor id Clodius fallo see the significance of thei action. Tyrr. II. ΗΟ capite . . quid liceret, that the limits of the powers of the tribunes electwere define by this clause.'I3. Quo si . . uterentur. The S. has quod, ' hic might e rendered, oet filia claus were necessary. In the re ading
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PARTH. in abrogando uterentur. Ut Ninnium aut ceteros sugerit investiges velim et quis attulerit et qua re octo tribuni pl. ad senatum de me referre non dubitarint scilicet quod observandum illud Caput non putabant , iidem in abrogando tam cauti fuerinii, ut id metuerent, soluti cum essent, quod ne iis quidem, qui
lege tenentur, est curandum. Id caput sane nolim novo tribunos pl. ferre, sed perserant modo quidlubet uno capite, quoreUocabor, modo re conficiatur, ero contentus. Iam dudum pudet tam multa Scribere; vereor enim ne res iam deSperata.
io legas, ut haec mea diligentia miserabilis tibi, aliis irridenda videatur Sed si est aliquid in spe vide legem, quam T. Fadio scripsit Visellius: ea mihi perplacet; nam Sesti nostri, quam tu tibi probari scribis, mihi non placet Tertia est epistolas
pridie Idus Novembr. data, in qua eXponis prudenter et dilia genter, quae Sint quae rem distinere videantur, de Crasso, de
Pompeio, de ceteriS: qua re Oro te ut Si qua Pe erit, OSSestudiis bonorum, auctoritate, multitudine comparata, rem confici,
adopted in the texto eo iust e supplied wit opus esset in them S reading, with uterentur.' Pros Tyrret retains quod . For the two constructions of Opus est, See Madv. 266. I. In abrogando, in proposing the repea os the laws. I the clause ereneedsul, Cicero says it Would e tway used in proposais simila tori at of the ei hi tribunes, hereas it ad notaeen Mund in ny. Ut how the ood fugerit,'
Ninnium. L. Ninnius yadratus, tribune or 59-584.C. Was active in promotingCicero' recall. e is mentione Ep. 74,4 Pro Sest. 3I, 68 De Dona 48, 25. Ceteros, his seven colleagues. Se on
Qui lege tenentur. Aliorum colligiorum tribunos plebis intellegit.' manui. 9. Ne . . legas, ahat ou ma rea this lette aster, prospects are tready uined. II. Si est aliquid in spe see Ep. 6,
Q Iam . . Visellius, whicli Visellius has rawn prior T. Fadius, i. e. o Fadiusto propos a tribune T. Fadius Gallus was quaestor 63 B.C., an tribune in 58-57B.C. p. Os Red in Sen. . e musthave been elected e re his letter aswritten, and Visellius seem to have advised hi a to the est for in hicho drawuma proposa sor Cicero' recall. In 52 B.C., probably, Cicero roterio console adius in exile. p. Ad Fam. 5. I 8. C. Visellius Varro was sonis a sister of Cicero' mother; his ather' name a C. Visellius Aculeo. Η was a frien os Caesar cp. De Prov. Cons. 17. O , an is mentione a clearned jurisconsuit Brut. 76, 264 . I 2. Perplacet seem onlyrio e ound here in Cicero' Writings. Sestit . . Sestius, quaestor in DB.C., supporte Cicero ealousi against Catiline and his associates He was ne of the tribunes for 58-57 .C., and too an active par in promotin Cicero' restoration. See the oration Pro Sestio, passim. e appears to have been wit Pompe at theaeginning of the civit,ar, buto have been receivedinto lavoura Caesar Cp. Ad Att. 7. I7, 2, wii Ad Att. II. 7, I, and Beli. AleX. 3 . I 5. Rem distinere. to dela a measuresor, recall. Cp. Philipp. Ia I 2 28. 17. Auctoritate. Pammo sure whether
this ord has here the technica meaning
ΕΡ. 19. EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM ILL 23.
des operam ut uno impetu perfringatur, in eam rem incumbas ceterosque Xcites Sin, ut ego PerSPicio cum tua coniectura, tum etiam mea spei nihil est, oro obtestorque te, ut Q. fratremam CS, quem ego miSerum misere Perdidi, neve quid eum patiare graVius On Sulere de Se quam Xpediat sorori tuae filio, meum sCiceronem, cui nihil misello relinquo praeter invidiam et ignominiam nominis mei, tueare, quoad poteriS, Terentiam, unam omnium aerumnosissimam sustentes tuis ossiciis. Ego in Epirum ProficiScar, cum primorum dierum nuntios Xcepero tu ad me
velim proximis litteris, ut se initia dederint, perscribaS. Data 1o pridie Kal. Decembr.
of resolutionis the senate, orcis it means by the influence of ea ling men. Pros.
I 3. 3, 28, here Cicero says that is sonaeo his eminent contemporaries ad been alive Antony ould have been es agressive Auctoritati cessisset audacia.' Multitudine comparata. Elther ' by the et os a large number of voter stomth country districis, where Cicero a very
in force of gladiator an others, hi redi oppos Clodius in street fighting. Sucha ody unde Milo' direction, contribu ted effecti vel to secure Cicero' recali Iutr. ubi
supra . I. Ut . . perfringatur, that e maybrea through ali obstactes, carry the mat- ter through at Iace. In eam rem incumbas eXert Our-
self to that end. 4. Miserum misere perdidi. Ciceroha borrowed considerable sum sto his brother, and ad drawn part os his ossiciat
inconae frona theoreasury. Quintus seemst have been much embarrasse in Conse
5. Filio. The ounge in Cicero. His
mollier a Pomponia, sister of Atticus. 6. Misello rare. Forcell. 7. Unam omnium. These ords strengthen the followin superlative. p. Madv. 3IO. Obs. 2.9 Primorum dierum, the rs daysaster the ne tribunes came into ossice, whicli the would do on Dec. o. p. spes reliqua est in novis tribunis plebis, et in primis quidem diebus Ad Fam. I . 3, 3. Io. Ut se initia dederint, moin thene tribunate egitas.' p. prout tempus ac res se daret Liv 28. . , accordita tosonae editors. O the conj. see Ep. 8, 4,
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At the ris os seeming pedantic, Phave osten used his ord to describe ne os the parties of the later Roman Commonwealth; that sor,hic Sulla had conquered, whicli opposed the
concessionis extraordinar powers to Pompey, supported Cicero in his consulfhip struggled in vain against the firs triumvirate, an finali coalesced, illi Pompe against Caesar. Itcannot properi be calle conservative, sor ome oscit members ere reactio nary noraristocratic, o many of the nobies families in Rome were et represente amoniit adversariesu Or republican for many o Caesar' supporters ere probabi long ignorant of the scope of his plans, an not les devote than thei opponent to a republica formos overnment. The mos prominent optimates between 63 and 49 B. C. Were in Catulus, L. Lucullus, Q. Hortensius, Q. Metellus Celer, M. Bibulus, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, M. Cato, an M. Marcellus. The senate seem to have been unde the contro of theleader of the optimates illis bout Pon the whole, though Pompe had many personaladherent amonitis members. ence, in notes to the letters of thears period the senateis osten spolienis as identica with that part ; ut such identification ouldae a mistaheso the years sol lowin Cicero' retur stom exile. See Intr. to Par II,4 3 soli.
This ord, of whic the derivation is uncertain, eem originaltyrio have mean de-pariment of the public service; or, a Monamsen Rechis stage , p. Siaatsrecht, I, SI and arquardi Siaatsverwaltvng, I, 339 maintain a special depariment allotted for the exercis os the 'imperium.' hus the conductis the war against a particular enem might be callex provincia. Cp. Liv a. 4 ad finta; I. 6. Aster the institutio of the praetorship, iuris dictio would probabi be calle the praetor' provinci ς' and when a secondiraetor was adde to administer justice etween citigens an foreigners, his uties ould forma second provincia. No , he at the lose of the Firs Punic War the Roman acquired considerable territor in Sicily the go vernment of such territor was entrus texto a ne praetor, an called hic provincia; and so the word was applied in genera to any administrative district of the Roman empire, I havin definite boundaries, a subjecto direct taxation, and 3 ruled by a Roman overnor. Marquardi, I, 3 o. The old meaning was, however, reta ined si de by fide illi the ne . p. Ad Q. F. I. I, 43: Pro Muren. Io, I. The provinces, in the later sense, ere probabi from therarsi distinguished homItaly, and aster the Roman ranchise ad been grante to mos of the inhabitant of Ιtalysouili os the Po-as it ad beenae re Cicero enteredispo public lis cp. Smith Dici ofGeogr. I, 945 sub voc Gallia Cis. -the distinctio mus have become more marked. and was generali held on disserent term in Ital and in the provinces, excepi in speciali privileged districis of the lalter, and the inhabitant of the province were subjeci, generali speaking, to persona taxes anxio arbitrar punishment hom hic Italian were exempl. p. In Verr a Act. 2-5 passim esp. 5. 66, 169. The Romanis Latin franchise might howeverae conserre either on individual oris communities in the provinces cp.ap. Io8 I; Dion Cassius I, 24 aut neither appears to have necessarii implied the exemptionis those who enjoyed it rom the usual provincia burdens Marquardi I, 36o, notes . Nor a Pawareos an grant of the Roman or Latin ranchisem a great scaleae re the time os the dictator Caesar, excepi in the case os genuine Romani Italia colonies. The case of the Transpadani cp. Appendix I,4 p. 3I, a notes 'ardi sorm an exception, a the province of
Cisalpine aut hel a peculia position Other town in the province dissered considerably
in thei privileges probabi accordin to their services to Rome, and the circumstances underwhic the had submitte to her supremacy. Cp.rapp. 8. 74 38, 4, notes. Cisalpine Gaul, in the ear DB.C., was a province, ut mos of iis inhabitanis ere Roman citigens. p. Α.M. Zumpi, Studia Romana 3o-37. Perhaps the term provincia was applied loci in a sense intermediate etween the olde politica or militar and thelate loca meaning a seem to have been the a se illi Cilicia besore 6 B. C. The generat authorities for his note besides the passages atready quoted have been Monamsen Die Rechtffrage gwischen Caesar und dem Senat, P. I II; Omisches Staatsrecht, I, 7O-88. Smilli' Dictionar of Antiquities, sub vocα, colonia,' provincia,' Latinitas; Marquardi, Romische Staatsverwaltvng I. 338 365 Corpus Inscr. Lat. I. 78 96 foll.
The lette was writte either cp. Ad Att. a. I, Ihwit a stylus on tabulae, thin stipsos,ood o ivor covered with wax an solde together illi the writin inwards, whichwas protected sto desacementa the tablet having projectinguims-or cp. in F. a. I b, I wit a reed en and in o papyrus o parchment. In either caserit a secured by threa passing round it an sealed. A letters ere usuali dictate to a secretary the eat was osten the ninguarante sor genuineness, and was preserve unbrohen the receive cui the thread whenae opeiae the letter. The oulside addres of the letter,a very simple cp. Ad Att. 8 5 a . The letterteganwith a friendi wisti seo the writer to the receiver ' salutem dicit, or salutem plurimam dicit; some times impin salutem. These ord were generali expressed by thei initialletters Thera se or omission of the sui nantes an tities of the writer an receive depended naturali on the degre of formalit whicli the writer istie to observe. The greeting was osten sollowed by the word si vales bene est,' ut Cicero raret uses these Word in confidentia letters excepto Terentia Letters osten ende wit the ord vale, aut this a frequently dispense with. There asino regula post a Rome ossiciat might emplo attendant nam ex statores to carry thei letters cp. Ad Fam. 2. 17 I a. 9, 2),aut Cicero speah in another passage of employing the messen ger of the publicani o tax-gatherers. ho ould naturallyleep pa constant omniunication etween the capital and the provinces cp. Ad Att. 5. 6, I . Private eople had to trus to theiriwn or thei stiends' flaves o Deedmen letter-carrierswere callex tabellarii. Cicero osten expresses apprehension that his letters may be tam- pered ith- e.g. Ad Att. I. 13. I; 4. I 5 7 , an occasionali dismises his meaning.-writin in Gree o substitutinifictitious sor real ames Ad Att. a. 9, 5; P. I. 3, 4;6 4 and 5 . p. Supsse,aini. 36-38 milli' Dictionar of Antiquities, sub vocc. atramentum, calamus,' liber, stilus, tabellarius,' tabulae.
Cicero, Writin to Atticus in B.C. says that there a no regula collectio os his letters, ut that Tiro had collected about eventy, and that he himself meant to ad to and pubi isti them. Ad Att. 6. 5 5. Perhaps the letters Ad Familiares andis Quintum Fratrem ere published by Tiro, havin been procure in part rom optes existiti in Cicero' house, in part rom those ho ad received them. The ille Ad Familiares is modern or at eas post-classical in ancient times ac book was distinguished by thenanae of the person to whom the rs lette in t was addressed, .g. book I. as called Ad P. Lentulum.
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The letters o Atticus ere probabi publishe eithe by Atticus himself or aster his
deatha his orders. Cornelius Nepos, writing shortly besore the deat of Atticus, mentions II-or accordin t a suggestion, I 6-book of them sit. Att. I 6. Letters of Cicero re quotexo referre tora Seneca Epp. 7, 4; II 8 Quintil. Inst. Orat. 6. 3 Io9 8. 3, 35 Suet. Iul. 9 octav x Tib. 7. p. Hosmann Io I 3 Stipne 39, o Boissier, Recherches fur lamianthre doni furent recueillies et publiges te lettres de Ciceron 8-35.
' Imperium dissered froin potestas both in the powers hicli it compri sed, and in thesac that it could onlyae regulari grante by a distinc vote of theseople cp. Paul. Diac.
EXcerpt. p. 5o , he de curiata de imperio '-whicli, however, does no seem in Cicero 'stimerio have been universali regarde a necessary cp. Ep. 29, 25, note . In the time Osthe kings, Imperium' seem to have comprised military, judiciat, an administrative prerogatives, an to have passe into the and of the firs consuis, subjectisni t two limitationsa that it a made annuat, and divided belwee two persons. Accordin to Monam-sen Staais recli I. 48-5o , potestas' when the word is notissed pleonasticatly a by Cicero in Verr Act. I. 3. 37 , no a includ indi imperium. expresses meret a negative notion, that os ossicia power ithout imperium.' Imperium 'ae explain a describing the power of thos magistrates on hom the supreme authorit sormeri possessed by the ings ad devolved. The vie os Lange Rom. Alt. I. 32-24 26 - 269 -that potestas, describe the patriarcha powers of the in or magistrate, considere as paterfamilias, ona great scale, hil imperium describe the 'iwers conveyed to him by the voluntar actos a bod os independent ' patres familias '-is ingenious an plausibie but hardi demon
The constitutionat histor of Rome is to a reat extent, a histor os the surther limitationis the Imperium by subdivision by direct legislation, and by the increasing stricinesso the senate' contro ove publicissicers. The institutionis the praetorshi in 366 B. C. was an important te in his direction. Iuris dictio was apparenti regarde a an exercise of the 'imperium ' see p. IIo and was the transferred stom the consul to the
Besore considering the meanings hic the wor Imperium' bore in Cicero' time, it willi convenient to potnt ut an important change hic had aken place in the systemo Roman administration. For many years the oreign province of Rome ere overned by praetor during theiryear of office, unies a formidabie a happenextoae going on in oriear to any of them, in hic cas the conduci of the wa was osten entruste to a consul But a change was ad during the later ear of the common ealth's existence, Wing to the gradu a in- creas in the number of the provinces, an to the reate demand for the services of the praetor a Rome These Wo causes made it necessar to entrus the govertamentis Pro- vinces osten to proconsul or propraetors and after Sulla ad organige si permanent criminal ouris, these togethe with the two civi colaris, require the superintendence of allthe praetors, though thei number a at that time increased to eight. p. Smith Dici os Antiq. sub Occ. iudex, praetor.
The might ho ever,ae employe o militar service in case os extreme need and Q. Metellus Celer Was so employed in 63 B C. Cp. Ep. 4, notes and reserences. At ome time uring Cicero' lis itaecam usual for the consul also to remat in Italyduring theiraearis office. Ommsen thinks that this change dated rom the legislation os Sulla, but allows that there,ere many exception during the lalloWing twenty years Rom.
Studia Romana, P. 73 73 In the time thenis Cicero' politica activit We an recogniZe tw kind of Imperium,' Ihthat helda consul or praetors during theiraea os office a Rome cp. In Verr. I Act. 13, 37 In Pis. I 3, 29 Messalla ap. A. Gell. I 3, I 5 a that hel by provincia governors.
ora commissioner speciali invested it it in Mommsen's word the imperium domi and imperium militiae: term whicli do not so much perhaps define the qualit os the imperium ' a the spher of iis exercise Cp. Monamsen Staatsrechtisp. 95s m. The militar Imperium' was no ordinarii exercised by the consul in Ital aster thechange above referre to ad ahen place nor indeed, a there ordinarii occasio sor iis exercise Sallust Cat. 29 seem to have thought that a specia vote os the senate asneede to investis consul illi it. A the more important judicia functions ad been long since transferre to the praetor an permanent couris, the ordinar 'Imperium os the consul mus have consisted apparently in practice of litti more than the right os convoLing the comitia centuriata' for elections and sor legislation a right whicli probablyrestexupon the Imperium. Cp. A. Gell. 3, 5 I5. 27 Varro L. L. 6. 88-93. Thc Imperium os provincia governor comprised like that of the old Roman ings, military, administrative, and judicialio ers and was probabi oni limite locali While thego vernor' termis office lasted Aster that term ha expired, he might of cours be prosecuted sor misgΟvertament. Η seem to have entere o the exerci se of his Imperium in certain sense lienae les Rome illi prope ceremon paludatus ' ; butio to have heldit in iis entiret tillae reached his province Cp. Mommsen Rechissrage 34 35. e osti altogether, except so the da of a triumph, whenae recrosse the pomoerium, or ancient sacre limit of the cit os Rome . p. Ep. 29, 25 Philipp. 3. II, 7 and r. ing' note; Ulpian Digest. I. I 6, 16. It couldae grantexto private person by the people-as morethan oncerio Pompe cp. In tr. to Pari I, 7 8);-and was apparenti conferre by the senate, though, illi sonae irregularity on various person in 49 ep. Caes. Beli. iv. I. 6 andis Octavia in VB.C. cp. Philipp. 5. 6 45 . The unconstitutional combinationis powers in the hand os Pompenduring his hir consul ght was altogether exceptional Cp. Intr. to Parim, j I p J5: Mommsen . ,3r , 325. The ille Imperator seem during the republica period o have been os a purei militarycharacter. Perhaps it could legallyae assumed by an ossice who ha been investe withthe militar 'Imperium.' p. Dion Cassius 43, 44 A. W Zumpi. S. R. 232, 233. In Praetice, however, I hin that i seems ni t have been orne by is cer possesse os Imperium', ho had obta inexsuccesse in War, and hail consequently been greete as Imperatores by thei soldiers. p. Ad Att. 5. 2o, 3 Tac Ania 3 74 Monam sen Rom. Siaatsrecht Io5. It was osten confirmed by a vote os the senate. Cp. Philipp. 4 4; d In Pis I9 4 For an account of the ille Imperator ' prefixed to the ames os the emperors, p. Dion Cassius 53 17 , Who consider it equivalent to that os hin or dictator also ommse 4. a. 47 47Ι; A W. Zumpi, S. R. 23M 233. It is dou bisulcis the possession imperium' as necessar so the praetors hopreside in the criminal couris, or quaestiones perpetuae. Cp. Mommsen Rechisseage,
I use this termis the eares equivalent for Imperium militiae in Monamsen's Work, though admitting that it is no quite accurate.
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I. I the East, Nicomedes III os Bithynia ad die in et B. c.,
and had equeathed his ingdom to the Romans. In the fame ear, however, Mithridates renewed hostilities, an a firs obtaine considerable successes, ill the arrivalis L. Lucullus in Asia change the aspectos Dirs. J Iithridates as deseated, and drive to see a refuge illi his son-in-law, Tigranes Os Armenia The Roma frontier, o ever, Wasstili fluctuating on the whole, it ma have early coincide With thecourse of the Halys. The Romans ad three province in the East; Asia, comprising Mysia, Lydia, mos o Caria an partis Phrygia cp. Cic. pro Flacco 27 65); Bithynia, bounde on the orth-wes by the Propontis and the Thracia Bosphorus and ending at the mouth of the Sangarius, hil iis easter frontier a advance during the Mithridaticwar Domiti Sangarius to the Halys or even ome hat surther; and Cilicia, hicli, hoWever, an have comprised litti or non os Cilicia Proper a a permanent OSSeSSion besore the suppression os pirac byPompe cp. Intr. to Partes, Appendix in Lycia ad received iis
freedom sto Sulla asin reward sor iis attachmen to Rome. In the district between the Adriati and the Euxine, the Romans ad exertexiliemsetve to Secure thei frontier, anxio conque or ridie herobber-tribes of Dalmatia an Thrace, an great, though no complete, successaad attended thei efforis. his the owed in great measure toth abilit os M. Lucullus, governori Macedonia in 73-7 B.C. Macedonia, to hicli Illyricum a probabi long annexed, a the nly Roman province in his region Thrace a stili governe nominalty b iis own princes, and Dalmatia asini Walched by the overnor os Cisalpine Gaul, to hicli Illyricum a subsequently attached. a. Farther est ere the two Gaulisti provinces The Cisalpine, though realexas a partis Ital sor ome time aster iis conques by the Romans, and though iis outher districis ere inhabite by Romancitigens seem to have been Organige a a province a Some time
Cp. ho ever, A., Zumpi, Studia Romana, pp. 45-72, Who places iis organization asa province in 59 B.C.
to the Rubicon and the Macra Many os the toWns in the northern or Transpadane, district ad received the Latin ranchise in 89 .c., and Were eager to exchange it so the Roman They thus naturali became allies of the democrati part a Rome, hicli, the hoped, ould gratibthei WiSheS. The Transalpine province or Narbonensis, consiste os atroad tripos land stretchin Do the ipso the Pyrenees, and encircling the nominali independent territor os Massilia. t outpost Seem to have been-on the weSt, Lugdunum Convenarum St. Bertrand an Tolosa Toulouse); o the orth an north-east Vienna Vienne an Genava Geneva). An nrui spiri prevalle in considerable districis os his territory, especiali among the Allobroges. The two province into hicli the Roman conquest in Spain eredividediad just been reorganiged by Pompey, aster the death of Sertorius and the dispersio of his followers. The influence of Pompe Waspredominant, at leas in themither province, sor many years. 3. In Africa the Roman frontier might be occasionalty, ut notseriousty threatened by the tribes of the interior. The province called
Africa consisted maint of the territor whicli Carthage had retatne justbesore the thir Punic ar, hichia perhaps been increased aster thewa with Iugurtha by the addition os the Tripolis Leptis, Aea, an Sabrada), and was ver important sto iis sertilily, hich nable it to Suppi Rome illi much corn. The eighbouring ings of Numidiacould hardi be sormidabie, unies aide by dissenSion or corruptionamong the RomanS.Cyrene, illi the Mur eighbouring owns os Apollonia o Soetusa, Teucheirco Arsinoe, Euesperides o Berenice, and Barca o Ptolemais,had been equeathe to the Roman by Apion, an Egyptia prince, in 95 B. C., an reduce to a proVince probabi in 75 o 74 B. c. p. A.' Zumpi, S. R. 48, Wh reser to a Dagmentis SalluSt, a. 47, p.
The three great istand of the wester Mediterranean ad long been subject directi to Rome Sicil ha been seriouSi impoverished by
three years os misgovernment unde C. Verres, anxiis important supplies os cor mus have been much diminished. Sardinia. ith whicli Corsica a combinexas ne province, alSo produced much corn. These fland had principali to ea insurrections os flaves and depredations os pirates. Greece a probabi subjecto the overnor os Macedonia theorganigationis a distinc province os Achaia elongin to a later period. Cp. Epp. 3η, 8; O, , noteS.