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CP supra, Pp. 35; 62; 63 166 I73. The ollowin Word in Ep. I, 3 Crassus tres legatos decernit nec excludit Pompeium ;censet enim etiam ex iis qui cum imperio sint, seem to impi that Pompe was possesse of Imperium in theae nning of thesea 56 B.C. No Pammot Ware Dan public Ommission whic he received in the interva between his retur seo theias in I B.C. and his second consulfhi in 55 .c., except the two following I That os superintending, soneso a Commissionis Τwenty the alloiment of the Campania domains cp. pp. 7 83 : and a the supervision os the suppi of cor With whic he was entruste in Sept. 57 .C. It is doubtia i thes Imperium' was conferrediponaim in connection,it theirs of thesecommissions. Wit regar to the second Dion Cassius 39, 9 speak of his receivin proconsulario er Appian Beli. iv. a. 18hmisdates the commission, ut spealis o Pompeyas αυτοκρατορ τη ἀγομs an Plutarch Pomp. 49 uses language suggesting that he was invested wit 'Imperium. O the oster hand, it is clea that Pompe entered the urbs o various occasion during the spring os 56 B.C. ep. Epp. 23, 24 5 24 I; 29 7 and untes specia privileges adbeen grante him e mus have sorseite his Imperium thereby. p. olei, p. 23. It is no su rising therelare, that Becher Handbuch de Rom. Alt a 2 66-69 should inser that Pompey ha been invested with Potestas ' only, and not with Imperium.' ut Becker does no notice the word quote above romap. II, 3. r. Yonge, o Ad Fam. I. o 7 hinis that a special permissio allo e Pompe to enter the cit without sorseitinghic imperium ' his is possibie but Irao no se any evidenc os it beyon the passages whic cause the dissiculty Lange Rom. Alt 3 3o8, thinks that Pompe received the ordinar proconsula ' imperium forisve ears. O the hole ou materiali perhaps dono justis a decide opinionis either fide.
Titis turne parti upon distinc statutes, parti upo genera constitutiona principieS. I. The Lex Vatinia of 59 B. c. gave Caesar the overnment fCisalpine Gaul with Illyricum, an an arm of three legions sor a termos sive ears to expire o Marci B.α Then, perhaps o thedeath is Q. Metellus Celer, proconsul os Gallia Narbonensis, the Senate
adde that province, illi another legion to Caesar' government. This grant a reneWed annualty and an attemptri get ne of his Wo pro-
Vince aSSigned by anticipation to nother governor in Marcii 5 saliel In x tribune C. Trebonius, go a lamenacte securing the overn-ment of Syria o Crassus sor sive ears, and that os the wo Spain to Pompe sor a like period Perhaps the had atready obtaine these provinces sor ne ea by regula alloiment M. The the two consuis, Pompe and Crassus, proposed a la extendin Caesar' government of the two Gauis sor sive eari .
3. The da of the enacimen os the conSularcia in 55 .c., Sup- posed' have been NOV. I 3. Foro, litu cani faid, excepi that it Was the da on hicli magistrates began thei yearis ossice. For a that it is the mos in accordance illi passages in Cicero ,
Velleius' Appian ' an Plutarch hicli spea os a rea addition os
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Would expire next year; and in another placeti stat the la os 55 addedin realidi three ear to his te . The alter statement ould in nycas be incorrect butis course les soci the ter grante by the lawexpired in so than is it expirexi 49 B.C. b M. Caelius uses languages os,hicli the mos natura constructionis that Pompey a prepare to demand Caesar' recal on Nov. 3,
iaready held his provincessor the time allowed by law. 3. In an case the term grante to Caesar by the lex Pompeia Licinia' ould expire besore the sua time arrive so holding the consula comitia in B.α, the earlies at hicli e could legalty sue sora second consulfhip. It is true that, accordin to the sage hicli ad prevallex sor Some ear besore Ia .c., a Successor o hi ouldoni be sent ut at the endis 49'; ut sine ere require t sue sorme consulfhi in person in the Summer of that ear, he ould have orelinquisti the advantage hicli constitutional Sage thus gave him; andis he est the protectio of his arm besore he was electe consul, hewould run great is o prosecution o various charges Foreseeingstis, he requested the tribunes in ario propos a laW, permittinihi tosue o the consulfhi Without a persona canuasS Pompe Supported this proposal, and it a carried' Cicero, both directly an indirectis'. urnishes evidenc in supportis A. . Zumpi'S conjecture, that the tribunes' a provide that Caesar might retain his command illaster the consula comitia in had been held Caesar' own angvage δ' has the fame tendency Appian V ahes a disserent view The nact-ment of the Lex Pompeia de iure magistratuum' altere Caesar'spositio sor the orse in Wo Ways I I revoked by a genera provision the permissio grantediim to Sue so the consulfhip hil absentsrom Rome et B providin that an interva os sive ears houldelapse etween a magistrate's year os ossice a Rome an his overn-men os a province, it relieved the senate stom the dissiculi Whicli that
that these two provision were contained in distinc laws, the secon in a Lex Pompeia de provinciis. Rom. Alt 3 367 and his vlew receives ome suppor sto the angvage tDion Cassius O. 56 .
mentis Cilicia hegan on ut 3I .
The claus inserted by Pompey on his oW authority in the lamasterit enaciment, o releas Caesar Domit restrictions could hardi beConsidered valid 'D . Thus Caesar hadiso legat claim to retain his provinces sor longertha the time granted hi by the lex Pompeia Licinia os 55 .c. Heliad however, an equitabie laim S against Pompey, hos negligenceor reacher had illidra n a privilege granted With his own Sanction; an he had various constitutiona modes os securin attention to his
It oes no appea that the Lex Pompeia de iure magistratuum
Wa retrospective; ence, ascit paSSed in a B.c., o consulares or
praetorii' ould e qualised unde it ill 46. Perhaps the senate asto provide do the government of the provinces during the intervat. No a The lex Sempronia de provinciis os C. Gracchus provide that the province of the suture consul shouldi fixed besore thei election; and though recent legislation, and the requent assignationis provinces by speciat voles may have diminished iis authorit' it seem to have been thought destrabie to deliberate on the appotnimentis a SucceSSO to any province Some timeae re a vacanc occurred. ut Pompe thought himself ledge to Caesar noto alto any motion to e ut to the senate illi resereno to the Gallic province besore March I, o .c., which would much shorte the time vallabie so discussion. b It would e dissiculi perhaps, o sin me os consular an to succee Caesar in both his provinces, an is his vere no done any tribune might interpose quo prevent the nomination os D praetorius to succeed hi in either. c A majorit of the senate as indisposed sor decided measures LL5. Under these circumstances the preliminar discussion about Caesar' recali pene on' Sept. 29, I .c. alie menate passe a
above, 6 3 and note s. ' p. 32, 2. Intr. to Par II, DI ;Suet. Iul. 28 Mommsen, Rechisstage, 48. r. Long, ho ever, Decline of Roman public, 4. 366, 367 does no notice the apparent invalidit of this amendment. β Ad Fam 8 8 8. β Ad Fam 8 8 9. ' De Prov. Cons. 7. 7. he tribunes veto could o legali be interposed in discussion o province to e hel by consuis.
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decree that the assignmen os the consulari provinces hould occupythe undivide attention os the senate sto Marcho, o .c. ill omedecree had been passed providinisor their government ther motions, Proposing 1 That stron measures hould e ahen against an tribunes homight intersere illi the senate' proceedings. a That Caesar' sol-
vinces, excludin the two auis, hould e entruste to the govemmentos praetorii '-were vetoed intribunes.
In o .c. a struggle, of hicli the particular have been atready 'noticed too place etween Ompey' hiend an Curio It must beremembered that Pompe held his provinces Mi virtve os a la passedi 5a, and might satri decline to surrende them in obedience to a mere
expressionis opinioni the partis the senate.
moderate proposias sto Caesar his hiend among the tribunes compelle the consul to read the proposais in the Senate, ut the consulsdeclinexto put them to the vote. The senat was intimidate by the wo consuis, and by Scipio actingas Pompey' Spohesman: an many os Pompey's soldier fille thecapital .
Caesar mas require to handisve his province t two successor bya certain Jay. Wo tribunes, M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, vetoe this demand and thei veto a probabi regular, as ne of the tW Successor selected was nino praetorian an The et was anSWered, hoWever, by a Vote investin the consul and ther magistrates illi extraordinar poWers on hicli Anton and Cassius sed rom Rome. Mucii irregularity seem to have marhed the provision subsequently made by the senate so the government of the proVinces.
Ad Fam 8 8 5 Consula province in his passage must mea thos Whicli, unde the Lex Pompeia de iure magistratuum. Would e governe by consulares For iis usualmeanin thos toae assigned to the ex consuls-is excluded by the enaciment of that law,hic interposed an interva osive ear belween the consulfhi and the government
Caesar ad in vetera legions-eight in Transalpine Gaul, ne in Cisalpine He had also ome German and Gaulisti cavalas and auxiliar insaniry Pompe had in Ital two veterat legion of doubisul
says that Pompe had os in Spat an Ital I3 cohoris os Romancitigens an deductin et cohoris fors legioni in Spain, his state-
In Spain besides the even legion just mentioned a large auxiliarysorce δ' ad been raised sor Pompe is his ossicers, Afranius and
The ther provinces ere unde Pompey' control, ut the orces statione there ere no ver important. Sicil surnished V som troopsto Pompe in Epirus, but either that istandior Sardinia ossere muchresistance to Caesar' ossicers . In Africa, . Atius Varus levied tu olegion sor Pompey, and exclude the lawsul overnor Q. Aelius Tubero δ' Varus could count on effective supportoro Iuba os Numidia λε. In the East, at the dependent princes ere incline to supportPompey, ho ad conquere Ilithridates an re-organiged the Romanempire in Asia δ' The Roman orces in that quarter ere mali and scattered Aster the deseat os Crassus the arm os Syria an hardlyhave counte more than Io,oo regular δ' insaniry, and it oes no Seemto have been rein rced besore the civit Wariegan In Cilicia, Cicero as
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Proconsul in I B.α, complained that he had ni nomen duarum legionum exilium. an probabi no resti troops ad been sent there Since his departure. Nor doescit appea that any large bodies of regulartroops ere statione in Macedonia, Achaia, O the province of Sia, When hostilities begat Pompey ma have had an understanding ith the Parthians'. nablinglii to stri the easter province of thei garrisons, and the subjectprinces urnishediim illi considerable forces, Speciali os cavalry .
I. THE event of therars se days os 49 . c. have been atready noticed. Cicero oo no par in the senate' discussions but perhaps privatet recommende conciliation to Pompey. Η arrived e re Rome o Jan. 4 , an remaine some V without the walis perhaps stili cherishing hopes of a triumph. Caesar, hen e ear ho the senate ad received his offers, assemblest his soldier a Ravenna, and addressed them. The ansWeredwith enthusiasm Pand aster sending messages totis other legions to sollowwith at speed rom Transalpine Gaul, he marche to Ariminum, heret, Mund the two ' tribunes holad interposed in his avou and Curio, also the praetor L. Roscius ' an L. Caesar, Son fine of his legates, who ere charged with friendi messages sto Pompey. Caesar asked
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severe bio in the desectio os Labienus 'aut the example a no sol-lowed, and the rapidit os his successes mus have SurpriSed men hohad been told y that his troops only anted a pretex sor desertion. His sorces occupie successively Ancona, Arretium, IguVium, and Auximum: it Was nea the place last mentioned that therars bloodshel too place. The new of these evenis caused the consul and ther magistrates toretire si rom Rome ithout even securing the public treasury. Pompey had atready starte to ah the command of his V legions, hichiadbeen move sto Capua o Luceria, ut e Spent a da o tW at
a. Caesar a presenti joined by the Iath legion an marche onamid the genera sympathyis the population ill e reached Corfinium, where his destine successor in Transalpine Gaul, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Walte his approach at the ea os a considerable orces Anton occupie Sulmo' and iis garriSon of 35o men as incorporaledwith Caesar' army, hicli a surther increased by the arrival of the 8th legion os II,oo Gaulisti levies, and scio horse Domitius find- in that Pompendidio mean to comerio his relies, prepare to Scape;
but his me mutinied, and delivere hi and the own to Caesar on Feb. I aster a lege of Seve daysΤ'. Caesar dismisse the ossicersunhuri, but retaine the me in his own service in They subsequently
Pompey, illi the two legions hichaeaad Mund in Apulia, and thelevies os fouther Italy, marche to Brundisium, hither Caesar sol-lowed δ' on March 9. Caesar's orces ere increased by desertions Domthe enemy, ut e rene ed his attemptSy to negotiate, hicli proved fruitiess. His arm no amounte to si legions three of Whicli consisted os veterans. The consul had atready salle so Dyrrhachium onMarchia, illi a large in sorce, an Pompe sollowed themis theo et thwith the remainde of his army, hichae embarhed very shilsully δ'. 3. When Cicero a lio Pompe an his Diend were tine bysurprise, he retiremto Campania, an received' charge os the se coast
and of the levies os troops ad there Capua Nas his ea quartersapparently. His fasces ere Stil Wreathe with laure sor his successes in Cilicia, and the notoriety this ave his movement increased the anxiet whicli alliis letters of this time expreSs , and whichisas aggravate by his oubis, o h could secure the Saset os his iis and daughter,ithout by sendin themo, Rome declarin his distrus os Pompey's prospectS. While movin about he had interviews with Pompey, and with the consuis: the date os hi movemenis Seem to have
He est Rome etwee Januar Ia and a ; as a Minturnae 'in the a 3rd, and wentrio Capua y on the 25th, herei probabi received, through Trebatius' an invitatio Dom Caesar o return to Rome Hestayed a Capua illi the 28th, henae est sor Formiae' and was rioinedb his,ise ' and daughter o Februar et revisite Capua on therath atthe invitatio of the consuis, and layed there V tW days, returning to Formia o the th, here e received a letter 'iom ompe invitinghim to gorio Luceria. He est Formiae a though to compinwith his request, but presenti returne d δ' and remaine in Formiae tit early in Marcii' apparently He probabi received there a letter ρ rom Caelius,
4. His letters ollomone nother very quichi during these monilis. He expresses anxiet y a to the late of his is and aughter, finalty deciding δ' to kee them illi him so the present. Η disapprove os the term offeredi Caesar, et thinlicit mos expedient δ' ingrant them ;desponds at the figlit os the genera confusion a Capua an Formiae, the weahnes and irresolutionis Pompe and the lallure δ' of his levies; renews his ot complaints of the past lindnes os Pompe in allowing Caesar's rise δ' and of the impracticabilit os Cato in testifies to the indisserenceis despondenc os large classes and districis, an to Caesar's popularit in the countrynowns and villages ' He admires the spee andvio ou o Caesar M, ear the crueities δ' Whicli might solio the triumphis Pompey, and remind y the lalter significanti ho he had suffered besore
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sor his patriotism, Win to Pompey's desertion He heresore selireluctant to leaves Italy, or even to solio Pompe to Luceria, an Seemst have done nothini in supportis his pari a Capua, an altitudewhicli e represente rather disserenti to Pompey an to Caesar'. He criticised probabinwithout much udgment, the militar conducti os Pompey, Speciali his desertio of the capita an fallure 'o relieve Domitius, and was easti deterred by rumour os dange stom attemptingio complf wit invitation to Luceria anxio Brundisium. 5. O the otheriand Cicero as disgustet with annos Caesar'ssollowers, and regarde his conduci as heer rebellion ' Hencei selilitile inclination to appear in the senate a Rome δ' and at times Was more confident than sua os the succes of Pompey, speciali aster omedemonstrations in his savour a Capua V, and the arriva os Labienus φa Teanum, ho appears o have confirme a genera impressionis thedisaffection Τ os Caesar' amyclo it generat On Januar 27 Cicero, in a lette to Tiro δ' enlarge o the preponderance of the loya sorces. He Was also encouraged δ' at times by exaggerate statements of the number an efficienc of the arm os Domitius a Corfinium, and ossuccesses obtained in the Pyrenees by Afranius ver Caesar' lieuienanis.
Dread os the opinion of the optimates, and an id seelingis dependen ce, seem, however, o have mainly eighed δ' illi hi in savour of oingto the cam os Pompey and e thought he was ardi treate with sussicient respect yi Caesar's dependenis, speciali by the two Balbi. Accordinglyae ordered shipso be prepare both a Brundisium anda Caieta, but stili delayed y to embarh. 6. mi at this excitemen Cicero di no large his Deedman Tiro, hom he had est illis Patrae, an osten urged δ' imo becaresul of his ealth. With another dependent ' Dionysius, he wason les hiendi terms complained ' os his ingratitude an insolence, and was gratified by his departure, hile achnowledgin his merit as
r. Cicero probabi spen Apri an Mayin the coasi os Campania
o in theraeighbourhood of Arpinum Caesar visited hi δ' nea Formiae,
and entreated hi to attend in the Senate a Rome Cicero, however, di no consent. his interviem mus have ahen place oward theciose os March Cicero avere longos to the ourse os conducthe should pursue He seems never to have reali largiuen himsel sorno mahin greater exertions ocioin Pompey, and o have been persuaded that the ni chance though a flender ne so the constitutionia in his triumph He was also much disappointest by the nremit- ting energnos Caesar' operations, hici alloWedis time o negotiations and as has been e re remarhed 'ohe notion o living onmendi term with Gabinius and ther os his id nemies, Seemedintolerable His disgust at the violence of some os Pomper adherenis Maias greatlas ver an he isapproved the projectis starvin Rome into submission; ut the licentious y an arrogant conduci os Caesar'sossicers as a more present annoyance He Was anxious' oo, o toseem meret to dependis the resultis therapanisli campa ign, and therepresentations os Caesar'. Antony δ' Caelius y and Tullia δ' di no persuade hi to e neutral At times e even seem to have thought fraisin an insurrectio against Caesar in Italy, ut decline the ver- tures madeat by three cohoris a Pompeii, as e Suspecte a nare'. To the lasty he eem to have hesitate betWeen Oinin Pompe andretiring to om neutra place He finali embarhed a Caieta δ' nJune et an falle so Greece his arriva in Ompey's camp, thestate os assair he Mund an Cato' reproach ' sor his follyo going there, mus have disconcerte him stili more. He was hoched by the ferocit δ' os the language heaeard, and distrusted both the essicienc os the arm and the kill of iis leaders. Accordinglyy he oo no prominent par in operations or, a Plutarcii δ' expresses it Pompe Would notentrus him illi an important commission ieing annoyed at his querulousness. Cicero revenge himsel by sarcasm δ' o Pompey'stactios and ossicers. 8. Caesar, aster the interviem illi Cicero mentionem ove, en to Rome an attempte to procure the senate' sanction to negotiations
Ad Att. o. I , 6 or A, where an account is ive os Caesar' propose resting-Places.
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had ultere o his departur seo Rome caused his reluctance. Caesar also in spite os the opposition o L. Metellus, a tribune forcedihe oors of the more sacre treasury of hicli the contenis erereserve so the emergenc os a Gaulisti invasion He then started sor Spain, accordin to Caelius' much incense against the senate. The hostile altitude os Massilia' into hicli L. Domitius Ahenobarbus thre himself, etaine hi sor hirt days, hile e made preparationSsor a lege and began the constructionis a fleet He committed surther operation to D. Brutus an C. Trebonius Meanwhil his legate, C. Fabius, ad orced the Pyrenees at the ea of three legions. Caesar presenti joine him, and egan operations at onc against L. Afranius an M. Petreius, ho commande a large ' orce ear Ilerda This may have been early in June' accordin to the calendar. The campaign hicli sollowed was marhed by great alternation os suc-CeSs, ut terminate aster oris' days illi the capitulation os the Pompeian orces Caesar the marched against M. Varro in Baetica, Where theseopte ere so et disposed toWard the invader, that Varrocould mahe no effective resistance, an ali Spain submitte to Caesar. He place it unde Q. Cassius, one os the tribunes os his ear, illi an arm os Muri' legions and set out so Rome. On his a lie received the submission os Massilia, vhicli ad been besieged δ' illi rea enero b D. Brutus and Trebonius. He there hearly that he had been ame dictato by M. Lepidus, ne of the Praetors, an continue his ourne to Rome On his a he hadio SuppreS a serious mutin δ' at lacentia Aster his arrivalis Romeli preside a consula comitia δ' and was himself elected With P. Servilius Isauricus introduce an equitable measure so the setilement os debis altered δ' in various cases his appotniment os provincia gΟ-
Vernor restore some of the exiles ho ad been condemne under
the Leges Pompeiae in a B.c. except Milo); an a the lose of the
year et os sor Brundisium.*4. In ther quarter the event of the ea had been unlavourable to
CaeSar. Curio, aster occupyin Sicil crossed ver into Africa, and obtaine at rst great successes, ut as sterward de ate an his arm destroyed by Juba, in o Numidia, co-operatin With ompeian ossicers. bout the fame time Dolabella an C. Antonius, ab Ounge brother os Marcus, ere deseate in Illyricum by M. Octavius and L. Scribonius Libo. Antonius a made prisoneri Pompey, in the meantime , was collectin and organigin a large soro in Epirus an Macedonia. Α considerable fleet ave im thecommand of the Adriatic He intered a Thessalonica . 8 B. C. Io Cicero pent the rs monilis os this ea in the cam os Pompey. While there e received letters sto Caelius and Dolabella '. The rs expresse regre so having ahen Caesar' fide thelaS begge Cicero to return to Ital no that he had seen how mallWere Ompey's hances os success. During the batile os Pharsalus Cicero as a Dyrrhachium , in ad health. Labienus rought thenew of the deseat here' and the partisans o Pompe croSSed Verto Corcyra, here, probabi δ' Cato ashed Cicero, a the senior conSular preSent, O ah the command Cicero declined, and was threatenedwith death by Cn. Pompeius the ounger Cato, o ever, Protectedhim, an Cicero salie to Brundisium, here e remaine i Some
He eem to have ritte se letters sto Epirus, and a perhapsastald y to rite Deely. Such as e have he δ' much anxiety his Wise, Wh appears o have been embarrassed by an os money, hicli Cicero could no understand regret quor his mistahe in eavin Italy: and despondencyy at his par 's prospecis. H advance considerable Usum to Pompey. Subsequent letters δ' illustrate stili more strongly the discontent an melanchol Whicli then possesse him. From theriauniso Anton it seems that Cicero' petulance an gloo gave generalos encein H does no comment in detallis the event of the war, but
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reser in one places to the Molisti confidence inspired by Caesar' deseatnea Dyrrhachium. II. In the winter Caesaria succeeded in conveyin seve legionsio Epirus, and was aste ard joined by Antonymith Mur more, ali hoWever, much thinne by batiles, long marches, and unhealthy quarterS. He attemptexto lochade Pompey's lines a Petra, ea Dyrrhachium, but a serious reverse orce him to givem this plan, and he marchedinto the interior, here he wascioined by Cn. Domitius Calvinus, homhe had delache into Macedonia Pompe also forme a junction illi his ather-in-law, Scipio, hom he had recalle sto Syria. Α decisivebatile as ought nea Pharsalus o Augus 9 δ and in spite os Caesar's great inferiorit os numbers, especialty in cavalry, it resulte in a complete victor sor him. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus et in the out Pompey,
giving up his causerior lost, flexio Egypt his Diendidispersed .
ra. In Ital some troubie a caused by the turbulent proceedingsos M. Caelius Rufus, one of the praetors. Heiad previousis expressedio Cicero his discontent illi Caesar, an now proposed' various laWs, grantinxto debior term more avourable than Caesar had offered them. Caelius as opposed by C. Trebonius, ne of his colleagues, and by the consul Servilius, and was suspende by the senate. In revenge he sent messages to Milo, lio came to Italy, and the wo together attempte tosti up a servile ar. Both, hoWever, ere hilled without effecting anything '. In a letter o Cicero, mentione above, Caelius ad affirmed that discontent illi Caesar a generat, exceptismong the great moneylenders. Dion Cassius describes opinion a reali divided, ut apparenti savourable to Caesar He allows, hoWever, that Pompey' probabie crueli aster Success as eared. Appian says that the eopte
Was anxious sor a eace te setilement, and ne that in case os a decisive batile the victor must ecome iis master These Wo State-ment are consistent,ith each other, an probabie, but, do notanomon hat contemporar authorit the rest.
I 3. In Africa aster the death of Curio the Pompeians and Iuba had
apparenti no been disturbed. In Spain the overno test is Caesar, Q. Cassius Longinus , as
Very oppressive, and a tot a forme against hi lila. The conspirator attachediim henae a revie in his arm a Corduba Cassius,hOWever, Scaped though Severely Ounded, and rene ed his severities.
Par of his arm then mutinied, and placed M. Marcellu Aeserninus, thequaestor, at iis ead He id not isown his allegiance to Caesar, and Wa Supporte by M. Lepidus, proconsul in o Hither Spain These dis-Order Were ut a sto to nexi ea by the arriva os Trebonius toaSSume the overnmen os Spain a proconsul L hereo Cassius de- parted, and was dro ne nea the mouili os the Iberus. Prectous timelia been lost for Caesar, o he had wished that Cassius hould invade Africa sto Spatii '
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CICERO ATTICO SAL. SUBITO consilium cepi, ut ante quam luceret eXirem, ne qui conspectus fieret aut sermo, lictoribus praesertim laureatis. Dereliquo neque hercule quid agam nec quid acturus sim scio; ita Sum Perturbatus temeritate nostri amentissimi consilii Tibi vero quid Suadeam, cuius ipse consilium exspecto Gnaeus sΤhis letter must apparenti have been writte betwee Jan. Ia Cp. Ad Fam. 16. II, 3 and Jan. 9 cp. Ad Att. 7. 2, I). Probabi Jan. 7 cp.rap. 63 . I. Ut . . exirem Cicero must mean, to leave the ne hbourhood o Rome. Forhe hadiso forseited hic imperium. as hewould have done by entering Rome . p. Ep. 54. 5 and 6 p. 37, note On l. 5.2 Conspectus, attentiora.'Lictoribus . . laureatis, especiali asmy asces are stili laureiled sor successes in Cilicia. his ould attraci more notice to his movemenis. 4. Nostri amentissimi consilii. thestanti decision o our party. Refer ingeithe to their asty defiance of Caesar, orto thei leaving Rome unguarded. Tibi . . suadeam. Perhaps Atticus had asked Cicero' ad vice.
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noster quid consilii ceperit capiatve nescio, adhuc in oppidis
coartatus et stupens. Omnes, si in Italia consiStat, erimus una; sin cedet, consilii res est. Adhuc certe, nisi ego insanio Stulte omnia et incaute. Tu, quaeso, crebro ad me scribe vel quod in buccam Venerit.
command in Campania and the adjacent coas districis o Pompey, no a uouble-
Quaeso, quid hoc est aut quid agitur mihi enim tenebrae
sunt Cingulum' inquit nos tenemus, Anconem am1SimuS;
Labienus discessit a Caesare. Utrum de imperatore populi Romani an de Hannibale loquimur o hominem mentem etio miserum, qui ne umbram quidem umquam os καλοῖ viderit. Atque haec ait omnia sacere se dignitatis causa. Ubi est autem dignitas nisi ubi honestas honestum igitur habere exercitum
I. In oppidis, among the owns os Campania probabb. p. Intr. to Pari III, 6 a sor an account of Pompey' move-
ments. a. Coartatus et stupens, embarrassecl
and confounded by the number of his partisan who thronge inere. The ord coartatus seem to e rare in Cicero s. itings. Consistat. Mesenb. consistet. 3. Consilii res est, citris a matte soreonsideration.' Stulte omnia et incaute, Sc. sacta sunt. 4. Vel quod in buccam venerit,
Mihi enim tenebrae sunt. Tenebraeis I hink, the predicate. O the plural sunt, cp. Madv. 16. It is quite obscuret me. Forcell. 7. Cingulum. In Picenum, about a m. SM. of Ancona, no Cingoli. I ha been rebullia Labienus p. p. 28 I, Ote n
sor arde to Atticus a letter containing tne new o whichae comments. Anconem : P. IuV. Sat. 4. M. Ante domum Veneris quam Dorica sustinet Ancon.
nullo publico consilio I occupare urbe civium, quo facilior sit aditus ad patriam χρεῶν ποκοπάς, φυγάδων καθοδους, CScenta alia scelera moliri,
Sibi habeat suam fortuna si unam mehercule tecum apricationem 5 in illo lucrativo tuo sole malim quam omnia Stius modi regna, vel potius mori millies quam semel istius modi quicquam cogi a tare Quid si tu velis λ' inquis Age quis est, cui velle non liceat λ Sed ego hoc ipsum Velle miserius esse duco quam in crucem tolli una res est ea miSerior, adipisci quod ita volueris io Sed haec hactenus, libenter enim in his molestiis ἐνσχολάζω ' cocox Medeamus ad nostrum per fortunas quale tibi consilium Pompeii videtur hoc quaero, quod urbem reliquerit. Ego enim ἀπορῶ Tum nihil absurdius Urbem tu relinquas ergo idem, si Galli venirent. Non aest' inquit in parietibus res 15 publica. At in aris et Iocis Fecit Themistocles; fluctum
I. ullo publico consilio, without an public authority. On the ablat., P. Ep. 34, 2 note. 2. Patriam, his oWn city. Cp. De Leg. 2. 2, 5, here Cicero spealis of himself as having two patriae'-Arpilium by birth, Romea citiZenship. χρεῶν ποκοπας, an abolition os debis. Cp. Demosth. adv. in1Ocr. 7 6. φλυγαδων καθοδους, restorations os exiles. A these ould osten e political offenders, a comprehensive restoration ouldbe a revolutionar measure A. Gabinius, T. Munatius Plancus and Q. Pompeius Rufus, ere no politica exiles. p. Philipp. I. I, 3, here Cicero, in pra iseos Antony, represent hi as ans ering to the question ' num qui exsules restitutiss
Cp. p. 8O. 4. τὴν θεῶν, κ.τλ. Eur Phoen. 5O6.5. Unam . . apricationem, orae daF's basking with ou. 6. Lucrativo. I canaardi explain this Word Boot says, sol lucrativus dici potuit et is quem Atticus negotiis surripuisset, et is quo ut rueretur aliquo loci impedimento amoto essecisset. Quintil. Inst. Orat. IO. 7, 27 uses opera lucrativa in a sense apparently - opera subseciva.' Lucrativus is
Quidni Haec cupias et qui nolunt occidere
9. Hoc ipsum velle, the mere isti sor suchio er.' p. Ep. 83, 2 ut ipsum vinci contemnerent. II. nim . . ἐν σχολάζου ' COCO VBaiter suggest σω ἄν, dat thus idt while ani sala, reserring to his ather declamator attacion Caesar in this letter.' esenb. Suggest σοι. Enim,' enough of this declamation it canae justifiefas a relies o myspiriis.' have indulge myself,it it, for. The word ενσχολάζω is found in Arist. Pol. 7. 2, 7 in the sense os spending
time in a Place. Ia. Nostrum, C. Pompeium. I 3. O . . reliquerit, I mean his
I 5. Idem, c. faceres. An imagina dialogue between Pomperand Cicero follows. I 6. At in aris et focis, Cicero repties.