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exceptionis that 'in toga candida ,hic me posses in fragments It
containexa violent attachis Catiline Atticus seem to have been at Rome throughout the year.
It mus have been about this time that Cicero received sto his brother Quintus the leue ' de Petitione Consulatus He was elected consul bya large majority in spite os the support hichioth Caesar and Crassus
are sal to have given to Catiline an C. Antonius. Antonius WaSelected by aramali majorit ove Catilines
f 9. Cicero adiso attaine the summitis his destres: he enteredon his consulfhi Jan. I, 63 .c. O that danti addressed the senate against an agrarian a propoSed by P. Rullus, an followedis this speech by one addresse to the eopte O the fame subject in hicli, however, he di no venture to attach the principi os an agraria laW, and spolie illi respectis the Gracchi . It has been atready remacted that litile had been done to remed the socia distres an disorde Whicli ad resulte sto Sulla' legislation. But the restoratio of the old poWer of the tribunate ad made anopening sor attempis to relieverit an P. Servilius Rullus, one os the tribunes sor 64-63 .c. Made a proposa sor the division os the state land in Campania among the eople, an sor the purchas os therlandisor a simila purpose . hi propoSal respected private property, and might have create a valvabie claS os proprietors, hil relieving the capital f iis superfluous population . ut ullus proposed toentrus the carrying ut os the a to a commission armed with very extensive poWers, os hicli Pompe Should not be a member, and which hould e appotnted by a nove mode os election. At these provision might give offence an Cicero' declamations against thesormidabie pomers to e given to the commission, an his appeat topopular ealous os Capua, ere Suffcient to deseat the measure. It is possibi that ullus may have acie in concert illi Caesar an others, and that the commission may have been intende to form a counterpolset the pomer o Pompey But Suchis Suppositio seems needies to
Ascon ad orat in Og Cand. II 8. De Leg. Agrar. a. 5 Io. have occasionali describe the tribunes' ear of ossice thus for the ahe of clearness, a theyentere o their unctions in December an soael ossice during paris of twosears. Whereoni onesea is mentioned that in hicli the Passe the greater par of thei term is reis ferre to. De Leg. Agrar 2 28 76 24-27. The objects of an agraria lawcannot e belle describe than in Cicero's Wn Word On another occasion et sentinam urbis exhauriri et solitudinem Italiae frequentari posse arbitrabar. Ad Att. I. Io, . e protests, hoWever, against the propriet o simila language when used by Rullus. Cp. de Leg. Agr. a. 26, 7o.
account so the introductionis a measure thoroughi in accordance iththe polic os the popular paris Cicero also opposed a measure sor removin the political disabilities whicli Sulla ad imposed on the childreni proscribe person ' Hema have justifie his oppositio by the ange to e seared rom theremovat; ut it an hardi be oubted that the lallure of these two
proposais turne the thoughts of many toWard revolution. The popular eader succeeded however in reversing one os Sulla's reactionar enaciments for the tribune T. Labienus carrie a laWreStoring the mode os appotntin augurs, hicli Sulla ha abolished, and by hicli candidates sor admission into the college mere nominated by tW member of it, electedi I tribes hoseni tot out of the 35 and, sinalty admitte by the college iseis It appears that this la also
restored the electionis the pontifex maximus to theseoples'. Cicero advocate in the senate a grantis unusual honΟurs to Pompey. supplicatio of twelve V was vote in honour of his eaSternvictorie. .
Os the ther speeches delivered by Cicero in his ear, elare his
attention a engrossedi Catiline' conspiracy the two mos important Were, ne Poken to reconcile the eopte to the precedenc enjoyed by the equites in the theatre unde the law of L. Roscius Otho ' andine indelance of C. Rabirius' his manaad ahen an active par in SuppreSS- in the insurrectionis Saturninus in the ear Io B.α, and Wa PrOSe cute sor murder, perduellio, b Labienus. his tria involve thequestion Whether the senat could invest the consul Wit absolute poWerso lis an death and Rabirius ould probabi have been condemned,
is means hadiso been Munyto evade a decision ' hen the case cameon appea besore the comitia centuriata. Cicero introduced a measure relievin the provinces os a considerable burden, by limiting the durationis legationes liberae to ne yeari Io It oes no appear o soon Cicero ecam aware os theresumption os theoreasonable designs os Catiline. He los no time, hoWever, in securin his colleague Antonius to the cause of order. Macedonia an Cisalpine Gaul ad been assigne a the province tobe overned by the consul for 63 .c., o the expirationis their earos ossice Cicero allowed his colleague o obtain Macedonia , hichii destred, and renouncinitiis Wn laim to over a proVince at all,
Cp. A W Zumpi, Comment. Epigraph. I. 72, 273, With ommsen . I, 7O-I7a, and both with the second ratio De Leg. Agrar. passim. Ad Att. a. I, 3. Dion Cassius 37. 37 Cic. De Leg. Agrar. a. 7. M De Prov. Cons. II, 27 Α Fam. I. 9, II. β Ad Att. a. I, 3. b. 7 Dion Cassius 37 27 and 8; Merivale . I 24-Ia Mommse 4. I, I 59. ' Cic. De Leta. 3. 8, 8. ' Ad Att. a. I, 3, note Ad Fam 5 5 Dion Cassius 37. 33.
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II contrived that Cisalpine Gaul shouldie secured to Q. Metellus Celer, ne of the praetorisor 63 Cicero addressed theseoplein the subjeci'It is uncertain o sar the conspirators ere supporte by men siligi position discontented illi the overnment. Both Caesar and CraSSus ere seriousi suspected; ut is the alter a reali priVyto the plot, the an archical designs of Catilinemus have been represented by Cicero illi much exaggeration, hici, is in an case probable . Cicero as et insormed by a pyramong the conSpirators, Q. Curius, of thei proceedings' and invite Catiline in the senate to clea himself. Catiline replied in language of obscure menace , but Cicero complainediliat the senate didiot pas decrees sussicienti stronga meet the dangerand est imo provide sor his own alat at the consula Comitia, Whicli appear o have been hel a se days sterwards, an at hicli D. Iunius Silanus an L. Licinius Murena ere elected consul for a B C. Metellus Celer en to ais sorces in Picenum and aut so thegOVernment, hile Catiline, to void suspicion, offere himself o Dee custod in the ouse of some eminent senator On October 2 the Senate by a decree commissioned the consul to provide so the aset os the state an a plo os Catiline to murde Cicero and other eminent me on October 28 ailed. He was not however, discouraged an at meetin a the ous o M. Porcius Laeca, o the nightis Nov. - ,
aures plot was forme to murde Cicero, ut falle through timelyinformation ein conveye to the intended victim. O therath Cicerodenounce the conspirator besore the senates', an Catiline les Romethat night. ext a Cicero addresse theseopte in term o mingled
II aliae nexi decisive te sollowed the disclosure os intrigues
movement, an state or impi a belles that Caesar supportexit. Ommsen accepi in themain the ordinar view of the conspiracy but hinks that the popular party, in iis basementandriear of Pompey, Was illinxto co-operate it the conspirators. Some of the evidencehe produces is ver striking cp. vol iv. I, 8I-I83 , but hard ly perhaps conclusive. The natur of the conspirac has been probabi some hat misrepresented, and the character of the conspirator blackened by Cicero; ut in my udgment, the asest courseris, wit Meri- vale I 86), to cal the reader' attention to the suspicious natur of the videlice, as derived mainlydrom Cicero, an to leaveaim torior his Wn conclusions Sallust, indeed supporis Cicero in the main; ut considerable doub has been thrown po the historica character
belween the conspirator an some enuoys os the Allobroges then at Rome. The enuoys disclosed the offers made to them, and were arreste o the night of Dec. - . Documents ere Mund ponthem compromiSin Lentulus, Cethegus, and thers, hereo the lalter Were alS arreSted. The senate, o Dec. 4, vote that the shouldbe committe to custody, and that Cicero hould e honoured by a supplicatio. He addresset the eople o the fame day, congratulatin themon the virtua suppression os the plot. NeX day, Dec. 5, the punishment of the conspirators a discusse in the Senate, and, in spite os the essoris of C. Caesar, a majorit vote so thei execution. Cicero supporte this course though no ver decidedly, in his Murthspeech against Catiline. The execution too place that evening Lentulus, Cethegus, and three thers, were strangled ima dungeomnea the Capitol .
At an earlier perio os the ear Cicero ad proposed an carrieda lawJ increasing the penalties sor riber an other illega practices at
elections Ser. Sulpicius, M. Cato, and others, proSecuted L. Murena oneos the consul elect, unde this lam; ut Cicero defended him, and he was acquitted. The speech is stranget omitte in adist giveni Cicero os thos os his consulate . It was delivered aster Catiline' flight sto Romel. On Dec. 3I, ne of the ne tribunes, Q. Metellus Nepos, revented Cicero rom addressing theseople o going ut os office, Ving that he had ut Roman citigens o death Without triat Cicero declared, amid the applause of theseopte that he had faved his count 'ohe incident was significant, o Metellus as a decided adherent os Pompey. It is evident that, e re the lose os his consulfhip Cicero ad definitet quille the popular party even durin his ea os office
tribute to produce his result satisfie ambition and the lalteries of the leadin nobies the estrangement os the popular pari stomPompey and the suspicions under hicli it leader lay os complicitywith Catiline. The fame cause naturali tende to strengthen fiedominant part in the Senate generally. But Cicero a that the senate could ni maintain iis positio byheeping up a good understandin With the equites and with Pompey; an he worked hard to maintain Such an understanding. His letters sho ho his exertions ere affled by the seisistines an personaljealous os Some senators, and by the ill-timed rigouris Cato
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C Octavius, asterWard emperor, a bor on Sept. 23 in his ear an C. Caesar as electe one of the praetor sor 62 .c. He WASalso electe pontifex maximus, though Q. Catulus asarough sor ardagainst him .
lcia Catiline, o hearing of the executio of his accomplices, ad attempte to mali his a into Cisalpine Gaul, illi the orces hicli his partisan Manlius had collecte a Faesulae. But Metellus Celer asprepare to meet im, an he accordingi turne upo the conSul C. Antonius. A desperate batile sollowed in hicli the oya sorces unde M. Petreius legat os Antonius, destroyed the rebeis. Catiline himself seli' an men ere brought to tria a Rome a his a Complices, and Cicero defende one of them, P. Sulla. He also spoli in the senate in delance of his late colleague, C. Antonius and in a Couri preside ove by his rother Quintus, defende the laim of the poetArchias to Roman citigenship whichaad been questiones'. Q. Cicero an C. Caesar er among the praetors. y the adVice, probably, of the alter, the popular part seem to have ought a reconciliation illi Pompey. Caesar proposed to transsero hi sto Q. Catulus the dedicationis the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , but ithout SucceSS; an attempis made by Caesar, and by the tribune Metellus
against Catiline, salle also, principalinowin to the energeticaeSiStanceo Cato. Muci rioting, however, followed an both Metellus and Caesar ere suspende Dom thei functions by the senate Nepos ne to the cam o Pompey; ut Caesar, by a judicious mixture os deserence an firmness, induce the senate to re-instat hi in his ossice He as Oon sterWard denounced by L.Vettius and Q. Curiusas an accomplice of Catiline; ut Cicero declare the charge to egroundleSS, anxit authors ere disgraced o punished 'Cicero bought a large ous o the Palatine hom M. Crassus, sor
sum os monenseo P. Sulla an sto. Teucris y, and in acieiter 'cio P. Sestius, aid that he would rather oin in a conspirac than Suppress
LI a The series of his lettersiegins anem, aster a considerable intervat,
withine ritte to Pompe early in this ear Cicero ad atready senthim a delaile account of his consulfhip and was vexe a receivingi reply What e thought an insuffcient achnowledgment of his public Services This vexation is expresse frankl enough in a secon lettery; the rs an longer ne has been lost. About the fame time Cicero received an nreasonable letteri ho Q. Metellus Celer, overnor fCisalpine Gaul, complaining of his bellavio Oo Metellus Nepos. Cicero' replf was a temperate an dignifie expostulation, he ingthat he had o been the aggreSSOr. The two Metelli,ere probabi brotheri . Q. Metellus Celer, praetori 63 B.C., an aster ard governor of Cisalpine Gaul, had contributed, as has been aid ' to the suppression o Catiline' rebellion He Wasgenerali o good term Willi Cicero, but Was a more uncompromiSingpolitician, bein a determined member of the part of the optimates, and no incline to mahe concession eithe to the equite o to Pompey. He mari te a sister o P. Clodius nichnamed Quadrantaria; a consul in O .C. an die nexi ear a some belleved, oisoned by his ise Q. Metellus Nepos, tribune in 63-6 B.α, has been atready mentionedy. He subsequently gave u his quarret illi Cicero, an promoted a ConSul, his restoration rom exile in si Toward the lose ' of the ear, t was generali belleved that P. Clodius ad been detected in the ous os C. Caesar hile the early sacrifice to the Bona ea a going on, prompted it a SuppOSed, by a passion or Caesar's is Pompeia Caesar refuse to ahe anysteps against Clodius, ut divorce Pompeia, sayin his is must be above suspicion ''
la proposed by the consuis Lex Iunia Licinia provide sorprope publicit in the registration os laWs- ne leges clam in aerarium inserri liceret M.'
I 4. The ne consuis ere M. Pupius Piso and M. Valerius Messalla. Cicero a satisfied illi Messalla, ut not illi his colleague, hostighte him in the senate, an opposed a motion sor enquir into the scandalous assat o Clodius δ' Cicero seem to have been rather despondent a to the issu os that transaction, an relaxe his Wn
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II also suspected Pompe os ealous and insincerity It was stomine campis that genera that Metellus Nepos lia come o Rome to uela the tribuneship and as has been mentioned' Metellus too refugemith Pompe When suspende by the senate Pompe lingere need-lessi in Asia, and when e lande in Italy Janis I .c. order adbeen restored there Helisbanded his orces accordingly, and returnedio Rome with semattendant ' His firs addres to the eopte satisfiedis paris' and subsequently he would no committimself to a definite approva either of the proSecution os Clodius, or of the proceedings o Cicero' consulfhip. eoffende Metellus Celer b divorcin his ise Mucia, alf-sister of Metellus, o suspicio os an intrigue illi Caesar an Metellus Oinedman other Senators in opposing the confirmation os Pompey' acis in Asia. The increasing solationis Pompe lediim to our Cicero 'Meanwhile the tria os Clodius ad taken place. It ad been pro- posed that the udges h were to Graim hould e named by the praetor; ut a tribune threatene opposition ' an Hortensius advised the senate to iv way, and alio the udges tot cliose by tot, a Was
usual saying that o court could acquit here the case a So clear. The senate complied, and the result a that, Win to the roSSeSt
bribery, Clodius as acquitte byra voles to 6'. Cicero ad givenevidence ,hicli contradicted a plea os alibi put sorwardi Clodius, and the lalter determinest have revenge. He was of high patricia nobility, brother of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, an his three sister gere arried OL. Lucullus, Q. Metellus Celer, and Q. Marcius Rex 'Towardithe lose os September, ompe celebrate his triumph ver Mithridates sor two days L e secure the election sine of his adherenis, L. AfraniuS a one of the consul sor o .cia ut rom theother, Q. Metellus Celer, he had oni hoStilit to expect. SomeWhat later, the equites applied to the senate or an alterationos the har term on hicli the had sarme the revenues of Asia. Cicero supporte thei request rom considerations o poticy; ut twas opposed by Cato an Metellus Celer, and though the senateseemediisposed sor concession no decisio Seem to have been arrivedat, and an unsriendi laetin belween the senate any the equites remained' Among the propraetor sor his ear eres Q. Cicero in Asia V,
Ad Att. I. I 3, 4. supra ara a. ' Plut Pomp. 43. in Att. I. 4 I. Ib 4 44 a. 'cib. I. I 6 II; Dion Cassius 37. 49. Ad Att. I. 6, 2. Ib Ib. a. I, 5, note Plut Cic. 29. U Ad Att. a. I, 5 Ad Fam. I. 9,I5. notes. V Plut Pomp. 45a Veli. a. 4o, 3. V Ad Att. I. I7; 8 2. I, 7 and 8. V Ad Q. F. I. I.
le Pomptinus in Transalpine Gaul, an C. Caesar in Farther Spain. Pomptinus ad to repres a revolt os the Allobroges, ho ad atready
risen against C. Piso in 66 B.c. ' Caesar a very Successsul, no Only
in reducing hostile tribes to submission, but in his financiat measures sormitigatin the distres os the provinciat.
I 5. Pompe reneWed his efforis to escape sto his ungatisfactoryposition, and in particular, to obtain granis os lan sor his soldiers, which he had promise them With this objec L. Flavius, one os the tribunes, brought in an agraria law, whicli Cicero revised and supported, but without success . Meanwhile the discussion in the senate about thepetitio of the equites continued, and Cato much to Cicero' vexation, notini oppoSed ii, but propoSed measure os increased severit against judicia corruption a proposa naturali unpleasan to the equites, Domwhom one-thir os the judges ere ahen. In both cases the senate sollowed Cato' advice, and the equites, in consequence, regarde thebellaviour of L. Flavius illi indifference, even hen e ordere theconsul Metellus tot imprisone sor opposing his agraria lawJ. Cicero, disguste by the rivolity os some of the obles, and theperVersit os thers, an much courte by Pompey, incline to thelalter Atticus seem to have criticised his conduci '. About his time Caesar returne sto Spain, and egan at once tosve so the consulfhip withou rishing his hanc os succes by attingoulside the alis to laim a triumph. Cicero speah of his populari 'He had not et reached the age required by law so the consulfhip butthis seem noto have been urge against im' the a ha beenalready brohen in Pompey' caSe. P. Clodius seem to have ished atready to ecome a plebeian, Samualificatio sor olding the office os tribune he had secure theservices of ne of the tribunes of this ear, C. Herennius, ut thers frequently interposed 'The optimates' tost one os their isest eader in the pring by the deathis Q. Catulus. Cicero deepi lamented hi δ' Rumoursia reached Rome early in the ear os movemenis in Gaul
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ich mira mali an intervention necessa . The Aedui an Sequani
vere at war the Helvetii ere meditatin a migration estwardS, and the senate decreed that the two consuis, aster their ea os ossice ad expired, should gover the two Gaulisti provinces Meanwhil enuoysmere sentcio enquire into the state os assairs, and inde other states os Gaul rom joining the Helvetii. The senate complimente both Cicero an Pompey by regardin thei presence a indispensabie at Rome, and di not allow them to serve as enuoy The a rumoursseem subsequentlyrio have die away, to the satisfactio of every one except the consul Metellus, who had wishexto earn a triumph in Gaul L 16. About the summer, the celebrate combination o Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, usuali known a the rs triumvirale, as effected. Cicero seem a firs to have thought that he migh exercise great influence ver Pompey, and even ove Caesar', an he was evidenti flattered by ome temptin offers hicli Balbus made imi Caesar' name ; ut he Dare the reproach of inconsistency. The triumvir succeede in securing the electio o Caesar as ne consulsor 594.c. but the optimates by a prodigal expenditur os money, procure the electio os M. Calpurnius Bibulus, a decide memberos thei party, as his colleague, instea of L. Lucceius, hom thetriumvir had supported 'Cicero seem to have occupied the early monilis fio .c. in ritinga Gree histor of his consulfhip Whicli excitemine enu o Posidonius, he says by the correcinessis it style ' He also revise a translatio ofparis os Aratus, Which he had written in early youth, and wrote a longleiter o his rother Quintus, ho as stili governor of Asia I might be called an Essano the Duties os Provincia Governor '
1 et Caesar ostis time in sulfillin What a probabi his portiono the compaci etWeen the triumvirS. He proposed an agraria law, with the objectis providin both sor Pompey's veterans an sor needycitigens. The state land in Campania Seem to have been exempted 'hom the operatio of the la in iis origina sorm and the an required was probabi toae provide by purchase. The propoSal hoWeVer, et mitti violent opposition in the senate besore hicli Caesar lai it in thesrs instance and e seem to have been provoked into bringincit
χrward again in a more gweeping orm the exemption os Campaniabein removed. A clause Was also appended, indin ali senatorsan ali candidates sor an magistrac to tali an ath publici that the would respect iis provisions. The la was to e executed by commission os twenty, of hich both Pompe and Crassus ere to emembers. Cicero cornsuli remarks that P. Clodius a no thoughtworthyis a place in o numerous a bod 'The optimates naturali disapprove os his lam, and the senate asstili unde thei control. ut in spite of the vehement opposition os the consul Bibulus an os some of the tribunes the la Was Sanctioned by theseople, and was folloWed by another ratistin the acts of Pompeyin Asia
Other laws os the sam date ere:- One mahin concession to the equites illi regardo provincial
One statin the liabilit to prosecutio sor extortion repetundae ofali ho hould in an Way hare the spolis of a uili provincialgovernor This a the Tex Iulia de repetundis; but Cicero says thati introducedio novelis'. One recognising the ille os Ptolem Auletes to the throne os gypt. He was notis legitimate descent, an is aida have bought his recognitio sto the triumvir sor oo talents ' His rother, ho ruted
in Cyprus, a les sortunate 7. Caesar also provide that the senate' proceedings and ther neWs
Buti sar the mos important eventis his year a the enacimentis the Lex Vatinia assigning to Caesar the governmen os Cisalpine aut with Illyricum, and the command of three legions sor ve ears P. Vatinius, one os the tribunes, brought this measure besore theseoples'. The senate ad attempte to prevent Caesar' obtaining suci a position is assigning to the Wo consul sor 59 .c. the ut os repairing road in Ital on the expiration os their ea os ossice But themanoeuvre ad alled an noW, to void assordin another triumphto the popular party the Senate itSel adde to Caesar' province Transalpine Gaul, illi a Murth legion δ' Ι 8. Caesar, about his time, gaVe his auctier Iulia in marriaget Pompey, and himsel marrie Calpurnia, aughter o L. Piso, one
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P. Clodius having been adopted into a plebeian semit with questionabie legaliis , as elected tribune foret B.c. Heraeem to have imposed on Cicero illi regaresto his intentions . Notwithstanding the strengili os thei combination, and the promised suppor of the consul eleci, the triumvir Were astat os serious opposition, and anxious to remove Some of the more eminent optimates DomRome. mysterious tot disclose in one o Cicero' letters, Wassupposed to have been formed illi this object M. L. Vettius, a manulio Cicero ad employed as an informer' tol the ounge Curio that he had determine to hil Pompey, and was arreste o Curio's denunciation. e then charge severa os the eadin nobies illi complicity buti contradicted himself so much that he was no belleved, and was committe to prison, here e was horti aster ard Munddead He a probabi murdered by the contriversis the plot Cicero charges ' Vatinius both illi suborning and with murdering Vettius; and both Mommsen ' and Abehei regard the whole assai as an intrigue prompte by the triumvirs Merivale', however, urges that is such adbeen the case, Vettius Mould ardi have ame M. Brutus, hosemother, Servilia, as a savourite o CaeSar. He there re suspecis stat ome of the more violent optimates ere the true authors of the assair. Cicero a much exed by the bellaviour os Pompes' a times of M. Bibulus e spealis illi respect notrunmiXed however, illi iron M. Besore the lose of the ea he Seem to have hecome thoroughly aware of the designs os Clodius ', ut o have been encouraged parti by the assurances of Pompe δ' parti by the evident unpopularit of the triumvirs M. He declined theresore, an osse of Caesar to takeaim to aut ashis legate, and also one of the degatio libera, though the sorme tempted him considerabi δ' His principat speeches ere,-one or his id colleague, C. Antonius, accuse of misgovernment in Macedonia, WhΟ, ΟWeVer, a Condemned δ' tW sor A. Thermus, ho as acquittedyy and ne stillextant, sor L. Valerius Flaccus, accused os misgovernment in Asia, but acquitted.
sS B.c. I9. The ne consuis, as has been aid ,ere connected illi hepart of the triumvirs an Clodius, no tribune, relying on their id, prepare sor his attach o Cicero. He reviousty howeVer carried number os measures intende to in the avour os various classes os citigens He propoSed I. To abolisti the smal payment hitherio made by recipient os the public dole os cori'. a. o repea the ex Aelia Fusia, hicli secure that the auspices shouldi respected at the time os holding the comitia' 3. o repeat a decree os the senate against the ormation os collegia-clubs, orauilds M. 4. T curtat the power os the censor 'These proposais ould, taen together, and om suppor stomalmost ali classes; so the powers of the cenSors ere regarde Withdislike by many of the nobies, an after Sulla' legislatio the appotniment of such officer had been discontinuexsor severa years' avingilius secured his position Clodius propoSed Wo more laWS 5. Assignin Syria o Gabinius, an Macedonia, apparently illi Achaia, o Piso, o the expiratio of thei consulsiiij 6. Enacting, aha any one ho ad ut Roman citigens o death Without triat, houldae sorbidden fire and water' ἔ o. The las measur Was evidenti directe against Cicero, and
caused great consternation. The SenatorS, the equites, an many thousand citigens, ut o mourning, hicli the Senators, hoWeVer, ereoblige to lay aside L. Ninnius, a tribune, an L. Lamia, ne of the equites, ere active in suppor os Cicero. Opinion dissere a towhat he ought to do. He a notisame in the laW, and om advised him to stantillis more direct attach Was made pontim L. Lucullus, in particular, Was eager to resor to orce in his delance To have doneso would perhaps have been in the en the best polic so the optimates in no other cause could the have on o much Suppor sto the massos moderate and eace te citigens the countr toWnS specialty ere devote to Cicero' ut Pompey, to hom earnes appeal Were made
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on his bellais, declinexto intersere, excepi a the equest os the consul '; and the counset os Cato an Hortensius, hici Cicero' own familysupported prevalled. e les Rome accordingly toward the en os Marciis. O the ver da os his departure, Clodius carrie a a 'hanishing Cicero b name; ut Cicero' hiend go a claus inSerted, allowinthim to live anywhere beyond the limit suo miles rom Rome . Asteriis departure, his ous o the Palatine, an his villas a Formiae an Tusculum, ere illage an destroyed the consul approprialed
good deal of the spoli, an Clodius dedicated the sit of the hous onthe Palatine to Liberis'
Clodius then carried another law, giving Cato a commission to anagethe annexationis Cyprus, hicli Cato accepted though un illingis' Caesar, Who ad lingere nea Rome, o hastene acros the Alpsi meet the Helvetii, hom he completet deseated nea Bibracte. Heasterward also deseated Ariovistus . The legalit of the executionis Lentulus, Cethegus, and their SSociales, depend o the extent of the oKers conferre by the senate'svote commissioning the consul to provide so the alat of the state. Cicero maintained ' that he might have ordere Catiline' executio by virtve os that decree; ut the prosecution os Rabirius ad shewn that some of the popular eader thought disserently, and Cicero imsel by consultini ' the senate a to the punishment to e inflicte onLentulus and his accomplices, had seemed totoub the extent of his ownpo er a con Sul. Cp. Appendix IV. et I Aster leavin Rome Cicero repatre atrars to the eighbour-hood os ibo, in Bruttium, here e had a Diendisame Sicca and thereae heard of the enacimen sorbiddin him o live illiin o milesos Rome . He was refuse an asylum in Sicil by iis propraetor, C. Vergilius' ,ho though a frien o Cicero, as stat o offending the dominant part a Rome Cicero decided, therelare, o goin to Macedonia δ' declining an invitation y to the estatem Atticus in Epirus,
and avoiding Greec sor ear of meetin some of the accomplices' os Catiline ho lived there. Hement accordingly, to Thessalonica δ' Where, unde the protectionis the propraetor L. Appuleius-Whicli appears, however, notato have been very heartii given U-and in thelous of his own
devoted riend the quaestor, Cn. Plancius, heclived in security though in dee dejection He apprehende that his brother Quintus, then returning rom his administration o Asia, might e persecute sortis ahe ;Suspected salse dealing on the partis Hortensius an other ' and was tormente by ear sor his is and children He earnesti dissuaded Terentia rom selling partis her properi to id hi in his exile 'ToWard the close of the ea his prospecis rightened On Caesar's departur sto Rome Pompe shewed imself unable to hee Clodius in order and the ill-feelingietween the two as increased by the Scapeos Tigrane. an Armenia prince hom Pompey had brought to Romeas a hostage, ut ho Clodius helpe to escape-and by an allegedattemptis Clodius to procure the assassination o Pompes' Moreover, eight ' at leastis the ne tribunes ere friendi to Cicero; and of the consul elect oneri P. Lentulus Spinther, as a Warm Diend the ther, Q. Metellus Nepos, a much unde the influence of Pompey, and
the ac banishing Cicero Atticus, and his Diend Q. Terentius Culleo oneos the tribunes, thought os attachiniit a D privilegium, o la enacted against an individual, such laws ein prohibited by the welve abies. This course however did not seem advisablerio Cicero ' L. Ninnius Quadratus, ne os the tribune sor 59-58 .c. ha broughtinis bili sor his direct reces o June I; ut though it et illi theunanimous approva of the senate, ne os the tribunes, P. Z Aelius Ligus, interposed his veto '.
On October 29 eight os the tribune brought in a bili sor Cicero's
restoration on hicli Atticus asked his opinion It was no savourable som oscit clauses seeme to he either negligence or reacher in iis stamers L Cicero rote stom Dyrrhachium, hither he had gone bothio avoid meetin L. Piso' soldier anxio bemeare to Italy '. The ne tribunes came into ossic o Dec. Io, ster the consul hadalready departe so thei provinces δ' T. Annius Milo, T. Fadius, and P. Sestius, ere prominent among the tribunes δ' and the whole college promise to suppor Cicero. Wo, hoWever, Sex. Atilius Serranus and Q. Numerius Rusus δ' subsequently went ove to his nemies. In this ea M. Scaurus, sonis the celebrate Princeps Senatus, WaS
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curiale aedile, and distinguished himsel by the splendour os his hows', Whicli exhausted his ortune t. Da a Cicero's letters during this year domo fhew him in clavourable light. erandiim indulginii unmani lamentations ' suspectingiis
best hiend of luhewamnes ororeacher Without adequale round M; regretting the ourse he had been persuade to ahe when it a too late to alter it' and stoopingo unWorthy artifices in orde to regain the lavour os men hom he had offended ' It must e remembered, however, that he had been Ounde in W mos tender potnis,-his affectio sor his amit and his love os fame. The patriotism hichiadnervexhim so the reali magnanimous reSolution to leave Rome, atherthan expos it to the hances of a civi conflict di no suppori imunde the datly earines and annoyance of a lis in exile. Moreover, the prospectis retur Was uncertain, and his life a insecure, exceptwhenae a unde the direct protectio os Some ossiciat. In spite os the lavourabie signs atready mentioned he a very despondent at theciose of the year, especiali on account of the departur of Atticus stomRome . of the me referrexto in his letters of this date, me mos important, besides thos atready mentioned, ere M. Terentius Varro and Cicero's
The former, an eminent antiquary, illi osten mentioned. He adbee o good term Willi Cicero , ho ooked sor his suppor against Clodius, ut sterward suspected him os duplicit δ' and ni partiallyregained confidenc in him M. C. Calpurnius Piso, a connectio os Cicero' enemy the consul L. Piso, hewed the greates devotion to his ather-in-law, bothi tryin toconciliate the consul, his hinsman ' and by declining to go into a province a quaestor, in orde that he might Walch ove Cicero's interest at Rome seem to have die soon aster Cicero' retur stom exiles M. Cicero alWay spealis os him in theaighest terms δ'
et a The consul Lentulus proposed Cicero' recal on the si os January. He a supporte by Pompe anda L. Cotta, and a decreewould have passedis that very day but that Sex. Atilius Serranus, one
os the tribunes, demandex night so consideration The decree eems afterwardcto have been regardexas legali passed ' Various dissiculties prevented a renewal os the discussion illi Jan. 3, he Cicero' stiendsbrought a bili fortis recallaesore the popular assembly. Clodius, hoWever, intersere With his arme rabbie, and Q. Cicero a grievoustyliuri' o surther teps seemo have been ahen in Cicero' bellaissor some monilis; in July, Clodius appears stillo have been master of the street os Rome M. The senate subsequently pasSed a series os decrees in avour os Cicero, but thei precis number and dates areio eas to determine Perhapsthree may be distinguished. I. Summoning the Italians to Rome sor Cicero' protection; thanhing the allies sor attentions hewn him, an recommendin his alat toossiciat in the province an to oreign princes ' his a paSSed, apparently in the monument of Marius V and was sollowed by areat demonstratio at the theatre in honou o Cicero' et Declaring that Cicero' counselchad Saved the State, and perhapS, directing the consul to propos a la sor his recal . his decree was passed apparenti in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 3. One passe on the da following, hicli containe expression sos gratitude to ali ho ad come o Rome so the ahe of supportingCicero' recali; threat against an who hould inde the passin of la in his savour' and an invitation to himself to retur is suci a lawdid not pascwithi sive days ' O this occasio the consul Metellus Nepos declared himself reconcile to Cicero'. This decree perhaps passed δ' on August , on hicli da a a forCicero' recali a sanctione by the comitia centuriata δ' Milo, hoharaiready indicted Clodius oratot brought arme me into the Forum to proieci the olers sto disturbance ' et . Cicero est Dyrrhachium, here e ad been since the en ofNovember 58 .c., o the ery da on hicli the a passed Helande nexi da a Brundisium, here e Mund Tullia waitin his arrival and on therath heard rom his brother Quintus that he a sorhis restorationiad passed He the travellexto Rome receiving very-where a arm reeting, and reache the capital on Sept. 4. Me Was
Pro seges et Ad Att. 3. 26. y Pro Sest. 35. ' Pro Milon.
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enthusiasticatly etcomed, and nex da addressed the senate, thanhingiliem sor his recali, possibi in the speech Whicli, no poSSeSS . Only three o his letters belon to therars eight monilis of 57 . c. tW to Atticus, ne opparently ritte about the iddie of January, saying that he ould retur on the strength of the senate' expression sopinion, even is anythin prevente the passin os a lam; the ther , an oviburs os ulter despat aster the event of Jan. 23 ere noWn olim. The third was to the consul Metellus, appealin to imo sorget his private grudges, and promisin gratitude. 25. The oreig assair os this ear er important. . GabiniuS, pro-consul os Syria, ad to mahe war o the Jews, ho ad revolted against the governmen o Hyrcanus, hicli the Romans ad et p. He governe ably, ut a covetous an unscrupulous, and is Cicerois tot belleved met with some serious reverses ' His late colleague, Piso governed Macedonia rapaciousi and disastrousis'. Meanwhile Caesar a prosecutin his conquest in Gaul. He reduce mos os the Belgia tribes to submission deseatin the Nervii in areat batile. He then Sent P. Crassus against ome of the orth-
Ptolem Auletes ad been rive stom gypt by his subjecis in
584.c., and wentrio Romerio intrigue sor his restoration. His subjecis, O thei part Sent enuoys to protest against it but Ptolem ha some of them murdere o their ourney, and employed his moneyrio preventili sumtuor gettin an audience e re the Senate. I 57 a decree of the senate directed that the extiovernor os Cilicia the actua consul, P. Lentulus should restore tolem
he Orat Post Red in Sen. cp. Ad Att. 4. I, 5. Ad Att. 3. 26. Ib. 3. 7. M Ad Fam. 5. 4. De Prov. Cons. I-7 Iniis. V: p. Mommsen . I, 53 an I 54 4 2 329 Joseph. Antiq. I . 6. ' De Prov. Cons. l. c. In Pis. I soli. 7 Caes. Beli. Gall. a. ' Dion Cassius 39. I and I3 Plut Cat. Min. 35. Cicero' biographnis resumed in the Introduction to the Secondiart.
I Wit remescio, canuas for the consulisip Pam resolve no i injure myumspects by putting myseis sorward o soon butrio ait so the 7th Galba. Antonius, and Catiline illae among m competitors, is the last med escape in conviction hicli is his due a. of the candidates for nexi ear, Caesar is thought Sale; I hope Thermus may be his colleague, as Linould then e relieve os a formidabieri l. I inali exert myseis to the ulmos here, an inali perhaps emplo my ratteisure in visitin Cisalpine Gaul, to conciliate iis inhabitants. Wyo urge Pompe sfriendoto attend a the election. 3. I have mina cur orgivenes sor denying ouruncte Caecilius aciequest viet that I Would suppor his laims pon m Men A. Canis nius. 4. 1 in vain represented o our uncte that he wouldie suppone essicienti bymen ho had simila claim to his own pon Caninius: e still inemed omewhat offended, hut ou illinxa sussicient excuse or m conduci in m present mition. 5. Lam glad oesare so muta pleased Withoour Hermathena
CICERO ATTICO SAL. 1 PETITIONIS nostrae, quam tibi summae curae SSe scio, huius modi ratio est, quod adhuc coniectura Provideri possit. Prensat unus P. Galba sine suco ac sallaciis, more maiorum,
present. O the ood of possit aster a relative limitin the Verb, p. MadV. 36
3. Prensat unus . Galba, Galbaalone is canvassin personalty. Accordingio Maiiutius the term ' prensares applied to preliminar testin os public feeling, be-For an accountis Atticus see Appendix 3.
I. et itionis nostrae . . . ratio est, matters stand thus it regar to mycanuas for the consulfhip. Cp rationem tempestatum Pro Muren. 2, 4. a. Quod adhuc . . . possit, 'so aras e can oo sorwardis conjecture at
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negatur. Ut opinio est hominum, non aliena rationi nostraesuit illius haec praepropera prensatio ; nam illi ita negant Volgo, ut mihi se debere dicant. Ita quiddam spero nobis Profici, cum hoc Percrebrescit, plurimos nostros amicos inveniri Nos autem initium prensandi sacere cogitaramus eo ipso temPore, quo tuum puerum cum his litteris proficisci Cincius dicebat, in campo, comitiis tribuniciis, a. d. XVI Kalend. SeXtileS. Competitores, qui certi esse videantur, Galba et Antonius et Q. Cornificius puto te in hoc aut risisse aut ingemuisse. Ut frontem serias, io sunt qui etiam Caesonium putent. Aquilium non arbitramur,
unus iis usual sense here; ut ome have thought that such a meaniniis inconsistent wit the mention os more competitor ala lines elow, and ither suppos that ane letter egins it competitores qui certi foli., o translate inus especially. Ma no the meaning e that Galba alone Was activel canvassing though ther al-lowed their ames to e mentiones Forthe wor prensare, ' p. iv I. 47 cir
P. Sulpicius Galba is et spolien o by
Cicero, p. In Verr Act. I. IO, o Pro Muren. 8, Ι7 Demarusp. Resp. 6, 2. Sine fuco ac fallaciis, without nydeceitsul ne ords.' p. sucosi suifragatores in Cic. de Pet Coi S. 9, 35. More maiorum negatur, 'men sayno it old-fashione frankness. ros. Nettieshi has potnted ut o me a parallelpassage in Plautus cp. Trucul. Prol. 6- 'En mehercle in vobis resident mores pristini Ad denegandum ut celeri lingua tamini.'I. Rationi, ' interest.' p. si rationes mea saluti vestrae anteposuissem Post Red. ad uir. I, I.
2. Ita negant . . . ut . . . dicant, in
refusing him thei suppori profess them-selves unde obligation to me. O the constr. p. Zumpi L. G. 726.3. Quiddam spero nobis profici . . . . inveniri, I hope it is provin ossΟme Se t me, that m friend are eingsound numerous. For the res infin. ith spero, cp. Madv. 395, Obs 3 ad fin Andfor this sense os proficere, cp. ad summam profectum aliquid puto, Ep. 48 I.
Cum . . . Percrebrescit percrebre
scere.' p. p. III, 3, note, an Madv. 358, ObS. 2.5. Cogitaramus . . . dicebat in cogitavimus . . dicit. The past tenses are sed because the would e true is the timewhen the letter ould reach iis destination. Atticus ould say, ,hen Cicero Wrote this, Cincius a saying. Cp. Madv. 345.
Proficisci, for prosecturum esse. p. quando te proficisci istinc putes fac ut sciam Ad Att. a. 6, 2 Ter Phorm. 3. 2, 7 p. 36, negavi me audire. Cincius. L. Agent, apparently of Atticus, and osten mentione in Cicero' letters
7. a. d. vi Kal Sext. This ould beabout a year besore the da os election Theforma professio of the candidates generali too place a ' trinundinum, oro daysbefore the electio : p. EP. 52, L Liv 3.
35Q ut the canuass, as e se froni his Passage might egi much sooner. 8. Qui certi . . . . videantur. For themood, se On his seci. quod . . possit.'line 2. Certi appears to mean certain to
Antonius. C. Cicero' colleague in
his consulfhip. He asterward governed Macedonia, an on his return to Rome ascondemne for misgovernment. p. Intr.
Risisse. At the retension o a newman wit no great persona qualifications ingemuisse, at the impendinideseat os aman o good character. Ut frontem ferias; prae admiratione et dolores Sch dig. p. frons non percussa' Brut 8O. 78. Io Caesonium M. Caesonius ascolleague of Cicero a curule aedile, an oneo the judges o the tria o Verres. p.
qui denegavit et iuravit morbum et illud suum regnum iudiciale opposuit. Catilina, si iudicatum erit meridie non lucere, certus erit competitor De Auli filio et de Palicano non puto
te exspectare dum scribam. De iis, qui nunc Petunt, CaeSarcertus putatur. Thermus cum Silano contendere XIStimatur, qui sic inopes et ab amicis et ab Xistimatione sunt, ut mihi videatur non esse ανατον Curium obducere. Sed hoc praeter me nemini videtur Nostris rationibus maxime conducere Ide-
Aquilium C. Aquilius Gallus as
celebrated jurisconsuli, author of the formula de dolo malo. and teacher of the celebrated Servius Sulpicius A the lalter WasCicero' contemporary, Aquilius a prObabi sonaewhat olde than Cicero, though praetor in the fame ear illi im. p. Brut 42, I 53 an I 54.
Non arbitramur, sc competitorem fore.'
I. Iuravit Morbum, proteste anathisaealth would no allo him tot a candidate. Cp. perpetuum morbum iurabo Ad Att. 12. 13, 2. Regnum iudiciale opposuit, pleadeclliis fovereigni in the a couris,' .e his great business. p. ' omnis dominatio regnumque iudiciorum, sat os Hortensius, In
2. Catilina p. Intr. to Par I l . Si iudicatum erit meridie non lucere. I anno find that this expression is et se here sed Apparenti it means, is the udges decide that lac is hite.'3. De Auli filio L. Afranius, consulini B.C., is sal to have been called Auli filius' on account of his own insignificance: quasi terrae filius,' saystrumann I. 35 ,
Tyrret retain the S reading Aufidio, and refers o T. Aufidius Once praetor in Asia ep. pro Flacco I9 45. r. Tyrrei remarks that Cicero does no cali Afranius A. filius besore 6 B.C. Afranius as a devoted adherent of Pompey commande his orces in Spain, illi M. Petreius, in B.C., and perished in the Africa campaigia three years
Palicano M. Lollius Palicanus, tribuneso 72-7 B.C., is mentione In Verr Act. 2.2. I, I . e seem to have been et in great contempt, and tris sal that the consul Piso declared in 6 B.C. that he would notannounc Palicanus as electe even i heobtaine a majorit of the votes. P. Val. Max. 3. 8, 3. i. Nunc, this eae election,' .e tohold office in 6 B.C. L. Iulius Caesar, consul 6 B.C. His sister ulla married I M. Antonius Creticus, o hom he ore the celebra ted triumvir, a P. Lentulus, the associat os Catiline. Notwithstanding this ea connection, Caesar voted in December. 63 . , for the executionis Lentulus. Seeip. 96 I. Aster the murder of the dictator Caesar, Lucius trie to mediate etween the senate and Antony was proscribed by the triumvirs, and narro ly escaped death. p. Philipp. 8. I. I; 2, 7, 18 App. Beli. CiV. 4. Ia; 4.37. Certus, certain of succeSS.
5. in Minucius Thermus. Sal to havebec me C. Marcius Figulus by adoption. and sorio have been consul in 6 B.C. But cannot in an evidenc for his, beyonditie probabilit arising rona a comparison os this passage with Ep. a. I, Drumann 5. 5 is satisfie wit the probability.
Silano. D. Iunius Silanus, consul orsa B. C. When consul elect he proposed in thesenate that Lentulus an his accomplices
4. but sterWard supporte a motionfor delay. Thermus cum Silano soli. the strug-gle is thought torii belween Thermus and Silanus.' 6. Ab amicis in respect os hiends. Se Madv. 253, Observations so the ablat. 7. Curium obducere, to bring or-ward Curius against them. Boot say thisis the oni passage in Cicero where the ord
tra illos in Campum Martium ducere. Asconius ad orat in tog. cand II 8 quotes honi C. Licinius Calvus the word ' et talis Curius pereruditus in illustrationi Curius' love o gambling. The Curius reserre toma have been the in Curius Whoaetrayedio Cicero the secret os Catiline an his
associales. The contexi hows that he was a manis lites consequence Cicero' stighl- in mention o Thermus seem inconsistent